Ankle and foot

Question 1

What is the ankle joint?

Answer 1

Tibia plus talus plus fibular

Question 2

What is the subtaler joint?

Answer 2

talus and calcaneous

Question 3

What is the tibiofibular joint?

Answer 3

Tibia and Fibular

Question 4

what is the Medial malleolus

Answer 4

Tibia

Question 5

What is the lateral malleolus

Answer 5

Fibular

Question 6

Which malleolus is lower?

Answer 6

Lateral 1cm lower than medial

Question 7

What are the movements of the ankle joint?

Answer 7

Dorsiflextion and planter flextion

Question 8

In which position is the foot more stable? Why?

Answer 8

Dorsiflextion Talus is wider anteriorly

Question 9

Where is the medial (deltoid) ligament located? What does it attach to?

Answer 9

Medial side Attaches Medial malleolus to tibia to calcaneous to navicular

Question 10

Describe the main features of the medial ligament

Answer 10

•4 adjacent and continuous parts (ligmanets)

Question 11

Functions of the medial ligament?

Answer 11

•Very strong, stabilise ankle joint during eversion and prevent subluxation

Question 12

Location of the lateral ligament? How many parts does it have? Name the parts

Answer 12

Lateral ankle

3 parts

• Anterior talofibular
• Posterior talofibular
• Calcaneofibular

Question 13

Where is a sprained ankle most likely to occure and why?

What action does it involve?

How many athletic injuries does it account for?

Which ligaments are most affected?

Answer 13

Lateral ankle- has weaker ligaments

• Inversion injury
• 15% of all athletic injuries
• Anterior talofibular
• Calcaneofibular

Question 14

Which muscles are responsible for dorsiflextion and toe extension? Which nerve innervates this muscle?

Answer 14

• Muscles in anterior compartment of the leg
• Innervated by deep branch of common peroneal nerve
• Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus and Extensor hallucis longus

Question 15

Which muscles are responsible for eversion? Which nerve innervates it?

Answer 15

• Lateral compartment
• Fibularis longus, brevis and tertius
• Innervated by superficial branch of common peroneal

Question 16

Which muscles are responsible for planterfelxtion and toe flextion? Which nerve innervates these muscles?

Answer 16

•Superficial and deep flexors

Posterior compartmnt of the leg

•Superficial 3 muscles attach via calcaneal tendon - gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris

Toe flexors

•Deep muscles attach to bones of foot - tibialis posterior, F. digitorum longus and F. hallucis longus

Tibial nerve

Question 17

What happens when you rupture your calcaneal tendon?

Answer 17

You loose definition in the back of your foot

Question 18

What is a retinacula? What is its function?

Answer 18

Thick deep fascia

•Hold tendons in place as they enter foot

Question 19

How many retinaculas are there in the ankle? Name them and there location.

Answer 19

3 retinacula

2 extensor retinacula (inferior and superior)- anterior part of the foor

1 flexor retinacula- medial malleolus

Question 20

What goes underneath your extensor retinacular?

Answer 20

•Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve and anterior tibial artery pass under the extensor retinacula

Question 21

What goes underneath your flexor retinacular?

Answer 21

•Tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery pass under flexor retinaculum

Question 22

What articulates with what during inversion and eversion? What is the purpose of these foot movments?

Answer 22

•Talus articulates with calcaneus and navicular

Purpose- •Helps foot to adjust to different surfaces

Question 23

Flex your toes

Extend your toes

Abduct your toes

Adduct your toes

Use image to make sure you did it right

Answer 23

Question 24

Name the ligaments on your foot. where are they located? What do they do?

Answer 24

These ligaments give stability

Spring (plantar calcaneonavicular)- located on the medial part of the foot

Long and short planter ligaments- located on the lateral part of the foot

This ligament helps mainatin the arches of the foor

Question 25

What is the Spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) contineous with?

Answer 25

The medial (deltoid) ligament

Question 26

What is the function of the Long and short plantar ligaments

Answer 26

•Help maintain arches of the foot

Question 27

Purpose of the intrisnic muscles of the foot? How many layers are there?

Answer 27

• For precise movements
• Constantly contracting and relaxing responding to dynamic changes to stand, balance and propel forward
• 4 layers

Question 28

How many arches of the foot are there? Name them

Answer 28

3 arches

Medial longitudinal

Lateral longitudinal

•Transverse arch

Question 29

Name an important feature of the medial longitudinal arch. Which bones help to form it?

Answer 29

medial side of foot missing from footprint

Calcaneum, talus, navicular cuneiform and cuboid layer

Question 30

Why is the lateral longitudinal arch flatter?

Answer 30

fewer bones and talus transmits body weight

through it.

Question 31

Name the main points of weight distribution on the foot?

Answer 31

Sesamoid bones of the 1st metatarsal and the head iof second metatarsal

Heads of third to 5th metatarsal

Tuberosity of calcaneus