ankle and foot Flashcards
what are the functions of ankle and foot
shock absorbers, adapt to level/ unevenness of ground, provide stable base of support
what is the only true weight bearing bone of the lower leg with landmarks of crest, medial malleolus
tibia
what are parts of the fibula
head, and lateral malleolus
what is the parts of the hindfoot
talus, calcaneus
what are the parts of the midfoot
navicular, cuboid, cuniform/ provide stability and mobility
name the parts of the forefoot
metatarsals, phalanges/ weight bearing occurs at the third and fifth metatarsals
what is the talocrural or talotibial/ consists of the distal tibia whcih sits on the talus and the lateral malleolus of the fibula
true joint
describe the other joints
not true joints but do assist in function of ankle/ superior and inferior tibiofibular joint (distal end of radius and ulna)
what motion does the subtalar allow
inversion/eversion
what motion does the transverse tarsal allow
inversion/eversion
what motion occurs at the MTP/PIP/IP/DIP
flexion/extension
what is the movement towards the superior surface
plantar flexion
what is the movement towards dorsal surface
dorsiflexion
what is the movement of rolling the feet in
inversion
what is the movement of rolling the feet out
eversion
abduction/adduction
difficult to purely isolate this movement , really occurs with a combination of movements below
combination of inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion
supination
combination of eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion
pronation
what is the movements of the MTP joint
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction
what are the movements of the PIP/DIP joints of the foot
flexion, extension
what is the medial border of foot, talus at top and considered the keystone because it receives the weight, never flattens or touches the ground though will depress with WB and recoil
medial longitudinal arch
what is the lateral border of the foot, rests on ground during WB
lateral longitudinal arch
through cuneiforms to cuboid with second cuneiform as keystone
transverse arch
describe the medial collateral ligaments
deltoid ligament strengthens medial side, holds calcaneus and navicular against the talus, helps maintain medial longitudual arch
describe the lateral collateral ligaments
3 parts connect the lateral malleolus to the talus and calcaneus, lateral ankle sprains most common which may be attributed to the Mechanism of injury and the weakness of the anterior talofibular, will not need to know the individual ligaments
what four groups does the extrinsic muscles consist of
superficial posterior, deep posterior, anterior, and lateral
abnormally high arch
pes cavus
abonormally low arch
pes planus
great to develop valgus deformity/ distal end pointed laterally
hallus valgus
degeneration of the 1st MTP joint of great toe with pain
hallus rigidus
PIP flexion/ DIP extension
hammertoe
PIP extension/ DIP flexion
mallet toe
PIP flexion/ DIP flexion
claw toe
pain around the matatarsal heads, pain feels like pebbles under their feet or walking on bruises and worsens with activity
metatarsalgia
abnormal pressure on plantar digital nerves causes them to ball up, symptoms: pain and numbness in toes, most common in web space of 3rd and 4th metatarsals
morton’s neuroma
most common injury among recreation and competitive athletes, most common ligament involved is lateral ligament, most common injury if foot landing in plantar flexion,
ankle sprains
what are the grades of sprains
one, two, and three
treatment of ankle sprain
elevate, tape, brace, rest, ice
lateral malleolus is most often involved, usually results from a twisting motion of ankle
ankle fracture
common overuse injury resulting in pain in the heel, plantar fascia acts as a shock absorber at heel, it becomes irritated at the calcaneus
plantar fascitits
inflammation of gastrocnemius-soleus tendon
achilles tendonitits
rubture of the gastrocnemius-soleus tendon
ruptured achilles tendon
joint disease with deposits of uric acid and urate crystals in joint that causes acute inflammation response. common in men over 40
gout
etiology of gout
hyperuricemia develops if renal excretion is not adequate or if metablic abnormality occurs
typical course of gout
uric acid is a waste product of purine metabolism normally excreted through kidneys, is deposited in joint, damages articular surface of joint
Signs and Symptoms of gout
severe pain, swelling, single joint, redness
medical procedures, diagnostic/treatment
Dx: blood test, examine synovial fluid; Tx: diet changes, increase fluids, meds, pain relief and inflammation
Formation of white bumpy hard things that build up in one section, common in ears and forearms
tophus
