ankle and foot

Question 1

what are the functions of ankle and foot

Answer 1

shock absorbers, adapt to level/ unevenness of ground, provide stable base of support

Question 2

what is the only true weight bearing bone of the lower leg with landmarks of crest, medial malleolus

Answer 2

tibia

Question 3

what are parts of the fibula

Answer 3

head, and lateral malleolus

Question 4

what is the parts of the hindfoot

Answer 4

talus, calcaneus

Question 5

what are the parts of the midfoot

Answer 5

navicular, cuboid, cuniform/ provide stability and mobility

Question 6

name the parts of the forefoot

Answer 6

metatarsals, phalanges/ weight bearing occurs at the third and fifth metatarsals

Question 7

what is the talocrural or talotibial/ consists of the distal tibia whcih sits on the talus and the lateral malleolus of the fibula

Answer 7

true joint

Question 8

describe the other joints

Answer 8

not true joints but do assist in function of ankle/ superior and inferior tibiofibular joint (distal end of radius and ulna)

Question 9

what motion does the subtalar allow

Answer 9

inversion/eversion

Question 10

what motion does the transverse tarsal allow

Answer 10

inversion/eversion

Question 11

what motion occurs at the MTP/PIP/IP/DIP

Answer 11

flexion/extension

Question 12

what is the movement towards the superior surface

Answer 12

plantar flexion

Question 13

what is the movement towards dorsal surface

Answer 13

dorsiflexion

Question 14

what is the movement of rolling the feet in

Answer 14

inversion

Question 15

what is the movement of rolling the feet out

Answer 15

eversion

Question 16

abduction/adduction

Answer 16

difficult to purely isolate this movement , really occurs with a combination of movements below

Question 17

combination of inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion

Answer 17

supination

Question 18

combination of eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion

Answer 18

pronation

Question 19

what is the movements of the MTP joint

Answer 19

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction

Question 20

what are the movements of the PIP/DIP joints of the foot

Answer 20

flexion, extension

Question 21

what is the medial border of foot, talus at top and considered the keystone because it receives the weight, never flattens or touches the ground though will depress with WB and recoil

Answer 21

medial longitudinal arch

Question 22

what is the lateral border of the foot, rests on ground during WB

Answer 22

lateral longitudinal arch

Question 23

through cuneiforms to cuboid with second cuneiform as keystone

Answer 23

transverse arch

Question 24

describe the medial collateral ligaments

Answer 24

deltoid ligament strengthens medial side, holds calcaneus and navicular against the talus, helps maintain medial longitudual arch

Question 25

describe the lateral collateral ligaments

Answer 25

3 parts connect the lateral malleolus to the talus and calcaneus, lateral ankle sprains most common which may be attributed to the Mechanism of injury and the weakness of the anterior talofibular, will not need to know the individual ligaments

Question 26

what four groups does the extrinsic muscles consist of

Answer 26

superficial posterior, deep posterior, anterior, and lateral

Question 27

abnormally high arch

Answer 27

pes cavus

Question 28

abonormally low arch

Answer 28

pes planus

Question 29

great to develop valgus deformity/ distal end pointed laterally

Answer 29

hallus valgus

Question 30

degeneration of the 1st MTP joint of great toe with pain

Answer 30

hallus rigidus

Question 31

PIP flexion/ DIP extension

Answer 31

hammertoe

Question 32

PIP extension/ DIP flexion

Answer 32

mallet toe

Question 33

PIP flexion/ DIP flexion

Answer 33

claw toe

Question 34

pain around the matatarsal heads, pain feels like pebbles under their feet or walking on bruises and worsens with activity

Answer 34

metatarsalgia

Question 35

abnormal pressure on plantar digital nerves causes them to ball up, symptoms: pain and numbness in toes, most common in web space of 3rd and 4th metatarsals

Answer 35

morton's neuroma

Question 36

most common injury among recreation and competitive athletes, most common ligament involved is lateral ligament, most common injury if foot landing in plantar flexion,

Answer 36

ankle sprains

Question 37

what are the grades of sprains

Answer 37

one, two, and three

Question 38

treatment of ankle sprain

Answer 38

elevate, tape, brace, rest, ice

Question 39

lateral malleolus is most often involved, usually results from a twisting motion of ankle

Answer 39

ankle fracture

Question 40

common overuse injury resulting in pain in the heel, plantar fascia acts as a shock absorber at heel, it becomes irritated at the calcaneus

Answer 40

plantar fascitits

Question 41

inflammation of gastrocnemius-soleus tendon

Answer 41

achilles tendonitits

Question 42

rubture of the gastrocnemius-soleus tendon

Answer 42

ruptured achilles tendon

Question 43

joint disease with deposits of uric acid and urate crystals in joint that causes acute inflammation response. common in men over 40

Answer 43

gout

Question 44

etiology of gout

Answer 44

hyperuricemia develops if renal excretion is not adequate or if metablic abnormality occurs

Question 45

typical course of gout

Answer 45

uric acid is a waste product of purine metabolism normally excreted through kidneys, is deposited in joint, damages articular surface of joint

Question 46

Signs and Symptoms of gout

Answer 46

severe pain, swelling, single joint, redness

Question 47

medical procedures, diagnostic/treatment

Answer 47

Dx: blood test, examine synovial fluid; Tx: diet changes, increase fluids, meds, pain relief and inflammation

Question 48

Formation of white bumpy hard things that build up in one section, common in ears and forearms

Answer 48

tophus