Ankle

Question 1

What are the 3 divisions of the foot and their subdivisions?

Answer 1

Hindfoot- Talus and Calcaneus

Midfoot- Navicular, Cuboid, and Cuneiforms

Forefoot- Metatarsals and Phalanges

Question 2

Describe the superior tibiofibular joint

Answer 2

Synovial plane joint with a capsule

Question 3

Describe the inferior tibiofibular joint. What 3 ligaments bind this joint?

Answer 3

Syndesmosis:
Posterior tibiofibular ligament
Anterior tibiofibular ligament
Crural tibiofibular interosseous ligament

Question 4

What is another name for the ankle joint?

Answer 4

Talotibial (Talocrural) joint

Question 5

What are the 2 joints involved in the ankle joint AKA Talotibial (Talocrural) joint?

Answer 5

Mortise Joint:
Fibular malleolus
Tibial malleolus
Distal end of tibia

Tenon Joint:
Head of talus

Question 6

Describe the axis of the Talotibial (Talocrural) joint. In what plane does this mostly occur in?

Answer 6

Toe out stance= normal tibial torsion

Pathological: External/Internal tibial torsion

Question 7

What are the movements involved in the ankle joint/ Talotibial (Talocrural) joint? What plant does this occur in?

Answer 7

Dorsiflexion= increased toe out

Plantarflexion= decreased toe out

Mostly occur in the saggital plane

Question 8

What are the 2 major ligaments of the ankle joint?

Answer 8

Medial Collateral- Strongest

Lateral Collateral- Weakest

Question 9

What are the components of the Medial Collateral Ligament?

Answer 9

Tibionavicular
Tibiocalcanean
Anterior Tibiotalar
Posterior Tibiotalar

Question 10

What are the components of the Lateral Collateral Ligament?

Answer 10

Anterior Talofibular
Posterior Talofibular
Calaneofibular

Question 11

Describe the Talocalcaneal (subtalar) Joint. What are the 3 surfaces of the Talocalcaneal (subtalar) Joint.

Answer 11

Very Stable
Uniaxial, triplanar

3 Surfaces:
Posterior- Concave facet on talus with convex faceton calcaneus

Anterior- Convex facets on body and neck of talus.
- Concave facets on calcaneus

Question 12

Describe a unique structure associated with the Talocalcaneal (subtalar) Joint.

Answer 12

Tarsal Tunnel:

• Nonsynovial
• Ligament=talocalcaneal ligament

Question 13

What are the movements that the Talocalcaneal (subtalar) Joint allows for?

Answer 13

Inversion:

• Adduction
• Supination
• Plantarflexion

Eversion:
-Opposite of inversion

Question 14

What are the ligaments of the Talocalcaneal (subtalar) Joint?

Answer 14

Interosseous talocalcaneal

Posterior and lateral talocalcaneal ligaments

Question 15

What are the 2 composite joints of the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint?

Answer 15

Talocalcaneal joint

Talonavicular joint

Question 16

What are the 2 movements that the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint allows for?

Answer 16

Inversion (close packed)

Eversion

Question 17

What is the ligament associated with the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint and what is the function of it?

Answer 17

Calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament:

• From sustentacuum tail to the inferior navicular
• Continuous medially with the deltoid ligament
• Continuous laterally with the medial band of the bifurcate ligament
• Helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch

Question 18

What is the composes the composite joint of the Transverse Tarsal joint?

Answer 18

Talonavicular and the Calcaneocuboid

Question 19

What are the 5 functions of the Transverse Tarsal joint?

Answer 19

Link between the hindfoot and the forefoot

Adds to the inversion and eversion range

Keeps distal foot inverted with the lateral surface in contact with the ground while the hindfoot is everted

Compensates forefoot for hindfoot eversion

Compensation between hindfoot and forefoot not possible when the hindfoot is inverted

Question 20

What are the 3 main Retinacula?

What is a retinacula?

Answer 20

Superior/inferior Extensor Retinacula
Flexor Retinacula
Peroneal (fibular) Retinaculum

A retinacula is a thin band of connective tissue that typically binds down tendons, nerves, and blood vessels

Question 21

Describe the Superior/inferior Extensor Retinacula

*Thickening of what?

Answer 21

Localized thickenings of the anterior crural fascia

*Inferior retinaculum is “Y” shaped

Question 22

What 4 tendons does the Superior/inferior Extensor Retinacula bind down?

Answer 22

Tibialis anterior
Extensor halllucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius

Question 23

What 2 structures does the Superior/inferior Extensor Retinacula cover?

Answer 23

Deep peroneal (fibular) nerve
Anterior tibial artery

Question 24

Describe the Flexor Retinaculum

*Thickening of what?

Answer 24

Localized medial thickening of the crural fascia

Question 25

What 3 tendons does the Flexor Retinaculum bind down?

Answer 25

Flexor halucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibilias posterior

Question 26

What 2 structures does the Flexor Retinaculum cover?

Answer 26

Tibial nerve

Posterior Tibial Artery

Question 27

Describe the Peroneal (fibular) Retinaculum

*Thickening of what?

Answer 27

Binds down tendons of:
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
Peroneus (fibularis) brevis

Localized medial thickening of the lateral deep fascia

Question 28

What 2 tendons does the Peroneal (fibular) Retinaculum bind down?

Answer 28

Peroneus (fibularis) longus

Peroneus (fiibularis) brevis

Question 29

In what directions do the plantar arches support the foot longitudinally?

Answer 29

Medial

Lateral

Question 30

What are the 2 pathologies associated with the plantar arches?

Answer 30

Pes Cavus- high arch

Pes Planus- flat foot

Question 31

What are the 5 Support Ligaments associated with the Plantar Arches?

Answer 31

Plantar Calcaneonavicular (spring)- primary support for medial longitudinal arch

Long Plantar- Primary support for lateral longitudinal arch

Plantar Aponeurosis
Plantar Calcaneocuboid (short plantar)
Marginal Abductors