Animal transport

Question 1

Hemoglobin reaction

Answer 1

Haemoglobin + oxygen= oxyhaemaglobin

Hb + 4O2 = HbO8

Question 2

How many molecules of oxygen can haemoglobin carry?

Answer 2

It has a high affinity for oxygen as it can carry 4 oxygen molecules

Question 3

What does haemoglobin affinity depend on?

Answer 3

It depends on the partial pressure of oxygen

Question 4

The partial pressure of haemoglobin

Answer 4

Oxygen loads onto haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin where there’s a high pO2. Oxyhaemoglobin unloads its oxygen where there’s a lower p02.

Question 5

Closed Circulatory system

Answer 5

The blood is enclosed inside blood vessels

Question 6

Open circulatory system

Answer 6

Blood isn’t enclosed in blood vessels all the time and flows freely inside the body cavity

Question 7

Cardiac cycle

Answer 7

Ventricles relax, atria contract. The atria contract increasing pressure and pushes blood into the ventricles through the AV valves
Ventricles contract, atria relax. Ventricles contract increasing there pressure and forces AV valves to shut to prevent backflow and the high pressure open the semi lunar valves and blood is forced out the pulmonary artery and aorta.
Ventricles relax , atria relax. High pressure in pulmonary artery and aorta cause semilunar valve to shut preventing backflow. Atria fill will blood and ventricles relax causing av valves to open.

Question 8

Tachycardia

Answer 8

This is when the resting heartrate is far too high around 120 bpm and shows the heart isnt pumping blood efficiently

Question 9

Ectopic heartbeat

Answer 9

• An extra heartbeat caused by an earlier contraction of the atria than the previous heartbeats it can be caused by an earlier contraction of the ventricles as well

Question 10

Fibrillation

Answer 10

A really irregular heartbeat atria ir ventricles completely loose there rhythm and stop contracting properly and can cause death

Question 11

Foetal haemoglobin

Answer 11

It has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin as it has to get oxygen from its mothers blood and in order to get enough it has to have an higher affinity.

Question 12

Arteries

Answer 12

• Carry blood from the heart to rest of body
• Walls thick and muscular and have elastic tissue to stretch and recoil as the heart beats maintains high pressure
• Endothelium is folded allowing artery to expand maintaining high pressure Carries oxygenated blood

Question 13

Arterioles

Answer 13

• Much smaller than arteries and have a layer of smooth muscle but less elastic tissue
• Smooth muscle allows them expand or contract controlling the amount of blood flowing into tissues

Question 14

Capillaries

Answer 14

• Smallest blood vessels

- Substances like glucose and oxygen are exchanged between cells and capillaries walls only one cell thick

Question 15

Veins

Answer 15

• Take blood back to heart
• Large lumen with very little elastic or muscle tissue
• Contain valves to stop backflow and blood flow is helped through the veins via muscle contraction and carry deoxygenated blood.

Question 16

SAN (sino-atrial node)

Answer 16

• Pacemaker it sets the rhythm of the heartbeat by sending out regular waves of electrical activity to the atrial walls

Question 17

AVN (Atrioventricular node)

Answer 17

• Responsible for passing the electrical waves of electrical activities onto the bindle of His.
• Slight delay before the AVN reacts to make sure the ventricles contract after atria have emptied

Question 18

Bundle of His

Answer 18

• Group of muscle fibres responsible for conducting the waves of electrical activity to the finer muscle fibres in the right and left ventricle walls called the purkyne tissue

Question 19

Purkyne tissue

Answer 19

Carries the wave of electrical activity into the muscular walls of the right and left ventricles causing them to contract simultaneously from the bottom up.