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MODULE 11 - Niche Species > ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - Poultry > Flashcards

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

What are broiler breeders?

A

Broiler breeders are the parent stock of broiler chickens

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2
Q

What are broiler chickens?

A

Broiler chickens are chickens used for meat

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3
Q

What are laying hens?

A

Laying hens produce table eggs

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4
Q

What are the seven desirable characteristics for selective breeding in the poultry meat industry?

A

Good liveability
Disease resistance
Good feathering
Rapid growth rate
Good leg health
Good conformation
Correct flesh colouring

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5
Q

What is the maximum stocking density for rearing broiler chickens in the EU?

A

15 broiler chickens per square meter

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6
Q

What is the feed conversion ratio (FCR)?

A

The feed conversion ratio (FCR) is the feed requirement per unit of weight gain

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7
Q

What is the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chickens?

A

Less than 1.5

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8
Q

What are the two main causes of lameness within broiler chickens?

A

Tibial dyschondroplasia
Food pad dermatitis

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9
Q

What is the main metabolic disorder seen in broiler chickens?

A

Ascites

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10
Q

What is the main welfare concern regarding broiler breeders?

A

Food restrictions are implemented when rearing broiler chickens to control their growth rate and prevent excessive weight gain

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11
Q

Which three methods can be used to improve welfare when rearing broiler breeder chickens while also controlling their growth rate?

A

Scatter feed
Environmental enrichment
Provide more food with lower energy content

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12
Q

What is the ideal temperature for incubating fertile eggs?

A

37 - 38°C

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13
Q

What are the five main components of the egg?

A

Yolk
Albumen (egg white)
Chalazae
Shell
Air cell

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14
Q

What is the name of the specific spot in the egg where fertilisation takes place?

A

Germinal disc

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15
Q

What is the function of the yolk?

A

The yolk is a source of nutrients

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16
Q

What are the functions of the albumen (egg white)?

A

The albumen is a source of nutrients and is involved in water conservation

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17
Q

What are the functions of the shell?

A

The shell provides protection and allows for gaseous exchange

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18
Q

What is the function of the air cell?

A

The air cell allows the chickens to draw its first breath during internal pipping

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19
Q

What is the difference between a single stage and multistage incubator?

A

For a single stage incubator, all of the eggs will enter the incubator at the same time and will be at the same stage of development. For a multistage incubator, the eggs will all be at different stages of development with the later stage eggs giving off heat along with artificial heat to incubate the eggs at earlier stages of development

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20
Q

Which way up should an egg be placed in an incubator to ensure successful hatching?

A

The larger end of the egg should be facing upwards as this is where the air cell is located

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21
Q

What temperature are eggs stored at before being put into the incubator. Why is this?

A

Eggs are stored between 16 to 18°C the prevent any further development of the embryo until there are enough eggs to fill the incubator

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22
Q

What is the purpose of candling?

A

Candling is the use of a light source to illuminate an egg to identify is an embryo is developing or not. This allows for non-fertile or dead embryos to be removed if necessary

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23
Q

Why are eggs turned during storage and incubation?

A

Eggs are turned during storage and incubation to prevent the embryo from sticking to the shell

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24
Q

On which day of incubation are eggs placed in the hatching chamber?

A

18 days

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25
Q

On which day of incubation do chicken eggs hatch?

A

21 days

26
Q

What are the key parameters which stimulate the chick to begin the pipping process?

A

Rising CO2 and decreasing O2 levels

27
Q

What are the two phases of the pipping process?

A

Internal pipping
External pipping

28
Q

What is internal pipping?

A

Internal pipping is when the chick breaks through the air space

29
Q

What is external pipping?

A

External pipping is the penetration of the shell

30
Q

Which three methods can be used to vaccinate day old chicks?

A

Aerosal
Subcutaneously
Eye droplets

31
Q

(T/F) Broiler chickens are mainly reared free range

A

FALSE. Broiler chickens are mainly reared on floor based systems

32
Q

What is the minimum darkness requirement for broiler chickens in the UK?

A

Six hours

33
Q

How is lighting manipulated within the broiler chicken industry?

A

According to regulations, broiler chickens must have a consistent 24 hour cycle with at least 6 hours of darkness (at least four hours of consistent darkness)

34
Q

What is the typical marketing weight of broiler chickens?

A

2.2kg

35
Q

What are the four desirable characteristics for selective breeding in the poultry egg industry?

A

Good liveability
Disease resistance
Slow growth rate
Extended egg laying season

36
Q

What is the average egg laying season for laying hens?

A

Laying hens lay from 17 to 74 weeks of age

37
Q

What is the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of laying hens?

A

2.1

38
Q

What were the five reasons for banning conventional battery cages in Europe?

A

Barren environment
Lack of movement resulted in reduced bone strength
Cage structure resulted in feather and feet damage
Inspection of birds was challenging
Prevented normal behaviours

39
Q

What is the difference between feather pecking and aggressive pecking?

A

Feather pecking is an allopreening or redirected foraging behaviour and can be directed towards anywhere on the body however aggressive pecking is a dominance behaviour only directed towards the head area

40
Q

What can feather pecking escalate to if not controlled?

A

Cannibalism

41
Q

How can feather pecking and aggressive pecking behaviours be controlled?

A

Beak trimming

42
Q

How does the red poultry mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) lead to economic losses within the egg industry?

A

The red poultry mite is a blood-feeding parasite which can cause stress, discomfort and anaemia in laying hens, leading to decreased egg production and egg quality, leading to economic loss

43
Q

Why are ageing layer hens prone to bone fractures?

A

Egg shell formation requires both dietary and bone calcium which can cause ageing layer hens that have had a high egg yield to suffer from a progressive loss of bone strength and are thus prone to fractures

44
Q

What are pullets?

A

Pullets are laying hens which have not yet reached sexual maturity

45
Q

What is the difference between brooding and rearing in the egg industry?

A

Brooding is the period of special care and attention that must given to chicks immediately after hatching to ensure their survival. Rearing refers to the period between brooding and reaching sexual maturity

46
Q

What is the ideal temperature for a brooding room?

A

A brooding room should be between 32 - 35°C which will slowly be decreased over 6 weeks until the chicks have feathered and can thermoregulate by themselves

47
Q

What is the ideal relative humidity for a brooding room?

A

60 - 70%

48
Q

What is the best way to assess if the environmental temperature is correct throughout the enclosure when brooding and rearing chicks?

A

The temperature is correct if the chicks are evenly distributed throughout the room

49
Q

What are the dietary requirements for a starter diet in the egg industry?

A

A high energy, high protein and nutrient rich diet is essential for rapid growth and feather development

50
Q

What are the dietary requirements for a grower diet in the egg industry?

A

Decreased energy once the pullets are fully feathered to allow the pullets to maintain a steady growth rate until reaching sexual maturity

51
Q

What are the dietary requirements for a pre-laying diet in the egg industry?

A

Increase calcium and other nutrients that are required for egg production

52
Q

Why is controlling light so important for optimal egg production?

A

Light stimulates the reproductive cycle in hens and thus the duration and intensity of light can be manipulated to optimise egg production

53
Q

How should light duration and intensity be manipulated during brooding and rearing?

A

Throughout brooding, it is important to provide consistent light however at the end of rearing when you want the hens to reach sexual maturity, gradually increasing the light duration and intensity will stimulate the hens’ reproductive cycle

54
Q

How should light duration and intensity be manipulated during active laying?

A

When hens are actively laying, it is important to provide them with consistent lighting to help regulate their reproductive cycle and encourage consistent egg production

55
Q

At what age do layer hens begin producing eggs?

A

18 - 20 weeks old

56
Q

How many hours of light are optimal for egg production in layer hens?

A

15 hours of light per day

57
Q

What are the four diseases vaccinated against in laying hens?

A

Marek’s disease
Newcastle disease
Infectious bronchitis
Infectious Bursal disease

58
Q

Which egg production system supplies the bulk of eggs consumed in the UK

A

Free range production system

59
Q

What are the three main breeds of turkey?

A

White turkey
Black turkey
Bronze turkey

60
Q

What is the name used for a day old turkey?

A

Poult

61
Q

(T/F) Commercial turkey industries rely on artificial insemination (AI)

A

TRUE.

MODULE 11 - Niche Species (20 decks)

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