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Praxis > Ancient Civilizations > Flashcards

Ancient Civilizations Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Mesopotamia located?

A

Between Tigris and Euphrates

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2
Q

What is Mesopotamia known as?

A

Cradle of Civilization

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3
Q

Why was Mesopotamia ideal for agriculture?

A

Fertile land from river flooding

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4
Q

Who were the Sumerians?

A

Earliest known civilization

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5
Q

Around what year were the Sumerians active?

A

3500 BCE

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6
Q

What city-states did the Sumerians develop?

A

Ur, Uruk, Lagash

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7
Q

Who founded the Akkadian Empire?

A

Sargon of Akkad

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8
Q

When was the Akkadian Empire founded?

A

around 2334 BCE

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9
Q

What is the significance of the Babylonian Empire?

A

Hammurabi’s law code

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10
Q

Who was the king of the Babylonian Empire?

A

King Hammurabi

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11
Q

What system of writing was invented?

A

Cuneiform

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12
Q

What did cuneiform begin as?

A

Pictographs

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13
Q

What number system did Mesopotamians develop?

A

Base-60

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14
Q

Why do we have 60 seconds in a minute?

A

Base-60 number system

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15
Q

How many degrees are in a circle according to the Mesopotamian system?

A

360 degrees

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16
Q

What type of beliefs did they follow?

A

Polytheistic

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17
Q

Name a god associated with the sky.

A

Anu

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18
Q

What were ziggurats?

A

Religious centers

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19
Q

What did ziggurats connect?

A

Heavens and earth

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20
Q

What is the Code of Hammurabi?

A

Legal code

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21
Q

What principle did the law code establish?

A

An eye for an eye

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22
Q

What aspects of daily life did the law code cover?

A

Property rights, family law, trade

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23
Q

What are the levels of the social hierarchy?

A

Nobles, commoners, slaves

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24
Q

Who were at the top of the social hierarchy?

A

Priests and kings

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25
Q

What technological innovation was developed for agriculture?

A

Irrigation systems

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26
Q

What flooding issue did irrigation systems control?

A

River flooding

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27
Q

What metal was used for tools and weapons in Mesopotamia?

A

Bronze

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28
Q

What significant invention is attributed to Mesopotamia?

A

The wheel

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29
Q

What agricultural tools did Mesopotamians develop?

A

Early plows

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30
Q

Which groups frequently invaded Mesopotamia?

A

Assyrians, Persians, Alexander

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31
Q

What advancements from Mesopotamia influenced later civilizations?

A

Writing, law, urbanization

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32
Q

Where is Ancient Egypt located?

A

Along the Nile River

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33
Q

What created fertile land for agriculture in Ancient Egypt?

A

Predictable flooding

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34
Q

What are the two divisions of Ancient Egypt?

A

Upper and Lower Egypt

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35
Q

What period is known as the ‘Age of the Pyramids’?

A

Old Kingdom

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36
Q

When did the Old Kingdom occur?

A

c. 2686–2181 BCE

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37
Q

What was marked by a strong centralized monarchy?

A

Old Kingdom

38
Q

What significant construction occurred during the Old Kingdom?

A

Great Pyramids at Giza

39
Q

What period is known as the Middle Kingdom?

A

c. 2055–1650 BCE

40
Q

What characterizes the Middle Kingdom?

A

Reunification, prosperity

41
Q

What was the New Kingdom period?

A

c. 1550–1070 BCE

42
Q

What is referred to as the ‘Imperial Age’?

A

New Kingdom

43
Q

What were Pharaohs considered?

A

Kings and gods

44
Q

What significant construction occurred during the New Kingdom?

A

Karnak and Abu Simbel

45
Q

Who was Ramses II?

A

Great military leader and builder

46
Q

Who was Hatshepsut?

A

Female pharaoh who expanded trade

47
Q

What is Tutankhamun known for?

A

Intact tomb discovered

48
Q

What type of government did ancient Egypt have?

A

Highly centralized theocracy

49
Q

What was the role of the pharaoh?

A

Held ultimate power

50
Q

What did ancient Egyptians practice for the afterlife?

A

Mummification

51
Q

Who were some major gods worshiped in ancient Egypt?

A

Ra, Osiris, Isis

52
Q

What is the purpose of the ‘Book of the Dead’?

A

Navigate the afterlife

53
Q

What writing system did ancient Egyptians develop?

A

Hieroglyphics

54
Q

What are some monumental structures known from ancient Egypt?

A

Pyramids, temples, obelisks

55
Q

What medical advancements did ancient Egyptians achieve?

A

Early medicine and surgery

56
Q

What calendar system did ancient Egyptians develop?

A

Lunar and solar cycles

57
Q

What is the hierarchy of the ancient Egyptian society?

A

Pharaoh, nobles, priests, scribes, artisans, peasants

58
Q

What were the main crops in the ancient Egyptian economy?

A

Wheat and barley

59
Q

What resources did ancient Egypt trade for?

A

Gold, ivory, cedar wood

60
Q

Which regions did ancient Egypt engage in extensive trade with?

A

Nubia and Levant

61
Q

How did ancient Egypt expand its influence?

A

Military conquests

62
Q

During which period did Egypt notably expand its influence?

A

New Kingdom

63
Q

Who did the Egyptians fight against?

A

Hittites and Nubians

64
Q

What marked the decline of Egypt?

A

Internal strife and invasions

65
Q

Who conquered Egypt after its decline?

A

Alexander the Great and Rome

66
Q

What is one cultural impact of ancient Egypt?

A

Art and architecture

67
Q

What preserves information about ancient Egyptian culture?

A

Archaeological remains

68
Q

Where was the Indus Valley Civilization located?

A

Northwestern South Asia

69
Q

What are the two most well-known cities of the Indus Valley Civilization?

A

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

70
Q

What years did the Indus Valley Civilization flourish?

A

2600 BCE to 1900 BCE

71
Q

During what phase did the Indus Valley Civilization reach its peak?

A

Mature Harappan phase

72
Q

What caused the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization?

A

Climate change, river drying

73
Q

What was notable about the city layout in urban planning?

A

grid-pattern streets, drainage

74
Q

What standard building material was used for houses?

A

fired-brick

75
Q

Name a large public work feature in Mohenjo-Daro.

A

Great Bath

76
Q

What indicates a complex social structure in public works?

A

granaries, assembly halls

77
Q

What crops were grown?

A

Wheat, barley, peas, cotton

78
Q

What advanced technique was used in agriculture?

A

Irrigation

79
Q

Which distant region was engaged in trade?

A

Mesopotamia

80
Q

What goods were traded?

A

Beads, metals, pottery, textiles

81
Q

What type of society is suggested?

A

Egalitarian

82
Q

What does the society lack evidence of?

A

Powerful ruling class

83
Q

What crafts were highly skilled?

A

Bead-making, metallurgy, pottery, textiles

84
Q

What is the status of the Indus script?

A

Undeciphered

85
Q

How many symbols does the Indus script consist of?

A

Over 400

86
Q

Where has the Indus script been found?

A

Seals, pottery, artifacts

87
Q

What was a primary use of seals in the Indus Valley?

A

Identification and trade

88
Q

What did seals feature?

A

Animals, script, patterns

89
Q

What type of early religion is indicated in the Indus Valley?

A

Early forms of Hinduism

90
Q

What animal was worshiped in the Indus Valley?

A

Bull

91
Q

What figure is possibly associated with early Indus religion?

A

Mother goddess

Praxis (6 decks)

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