Anatomy Workbook - gastro Flashcards
Name the muscles of the abdominal wall
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
Rectus abdominis action
flexion of trunk
Obliques actions
flexion + lateral flexion of trunk
Other than movement, when else can the abdominal muscles be used?
forced expiration
to raise intra-abdominal pressure
What is the purpose of the tendinous intersections along the rectus abdominis muscle?
dividing the long muscle into smaller sections gives the muscle more power
What is the somatic innervation to the abdominal muscles?
intercostal nerves T7-T12
Intraperitoneal structures
distal oesophagus
stomach
spleen
liver
gallbladder
D1
D4
jejunum
ileum
caecum
appendix
transverse colon
proximal 1/3 rectum
Retroperitoneal structures
D2
D3
pancreas
ascending colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
kidneys
ureters
adrenal glands
bladder
pelvic organs
IVC
aorta
Explain why the bare area of the liver can be involved in spread of infection from the abdominal to thoracic cavity
area of liver that IVC passes close to has no peritoneal covering
IVC passes through the diaphragm into thoracic cavity, therefore no serosal barrier between abdominal and thoracic cavities at this point allowing infection spread
Why do adhesions occur?
when inflamed, serosal membranes will fuse together as part of the healing process
greater omentum would particularly migrate to area of inflammation and cause peritoneal adhesions to form
When do incisional hernias occur?
occur when AAW has been compromised by surgery and has not healed effectively
can occur when linea alba used for emergency access as it has poor blood supply and therefore healing is poor
When do umbilical hernias occur?
at umbilicus where there is a natural opening in AAW for umbilical vessels to pass to placenta as a foetus
When do femoral hernias occur?
when fatty tissue or a loop of bowel pass through the natural space below the inguinal ligament
When do inguinal hernias occur?
at superficial and deep inguinal rings where there are structural defects
Which structures compose the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
medial = internal oblique + transversalis fascia
lateral = transversalis fascia
Which structures comprise the roof of the inguinal canal?
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
Which structure comprises the floor of the inguinal canal?
inguinal ligament
The conjoint tendon reinforces the inguinal canal at the location of the superficial inguinal ring. Why do we need reinforcement here?
superficial ring = weakness in abdo wall, increase in intra-abdo pressure will push abdo structures against abdo wall and risk of herniation in weak area
tendon reinforces ring posteriorly
What reinforces the inguinal canal at the lateral aspect at the location of the deep inguinal ring?
the other anterior abdominal wall muscles
Where do direct hernias pass relative to the inguinal canal?
does not pass through the canal, only through superior inguinal ring
Where do indirect hernias pass relative to the inguinal canal?
passes into deep inguinal ring, along the canal and out of the superior inguinal ring
Where do femoral hernias pass relative to the inguinal canal?
passes inferior to inguinal ligament and therefore the inguinal canal
Direct hernias are controlled by applying pressure at which anatomical landmark?
superficial inguinal ring
Indirect hernias are controlled by applying pressure at which anatomical landmark?
deep inguinal ring