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FM1010 > ANATOMY - SPINAL NERVES and HISTOLOGY OF NERVE > Flashcards

ANATOMY - SPINAL NERVES and HISTOLOGY OF NERVE Flashcards

1
Q

In the spinal cords, what is the ventral horn , what does it look like?

A

The horn facing the front of the Body. It is the rounder of the 2 horns

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2
Q

What is contained in grey matter? Where in the spinal cord is it?

A

It is in the centre, the part that looks like a H.
It contains nerve cells

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3
Q

What is contained in the white matter of spinal cords

A

axons, many myelinated

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4
Q

Where is the spinal cords located?

A

In the vertebral canal

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5
Q

Where is the central canal located?

A

In the grey matter of the spinal cords

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6
Q

Do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord through the ventral or dorsal horn?

A

The dorsal

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7
Q

Do motor neurons exit the spinal cord through the ventral or dorsal horn?

A

Ventral

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8
Q

Are spinal nerves paired?

A

Yes

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9
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? List them

A

31 pairs.
C1-C8
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
1 Co (coccyx)

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10
Q

How is the spinal nerve formed from the spinal cords?

A

The posterior root and anterior root which originate from the spinal cords fuse to form the spinal nerve.

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11
Q

Do the spinal nerves divide?

A

Yes.
Into anterior and posterior rami.

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12
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A strip of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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13
Q

What is a myotome?

A

All the skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve.

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14
Q

What must you test for when testing nerve function?

A

Motor and sensory loss

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15
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A

Motor neurons which exit through the ventral horn of grey matter and innervate skeletal muscle

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16
Q

What is contained in the dorsal root ganglion?

A

The cell bodies of many sensory neurons

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17
Q

What is one structural difference between motor and sensory neurons?

A

Motor neurons are multipolar

Sensory neurons are unipolar

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18
Q

Where can sensory nerve endings be found?

A

Skin
Joint capsules
Muscles

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19
Q

Draw a motor neuron

A
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20
Q

Draw a sensory Neuron

A
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21
Q

Draw an Interneuron

A
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22
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

24
Q

What are the 2 cell types in nervouse tissue?

A

Neurons
Neuroglia/support cells

25
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Send signal through CNS pathways

26
Q

What are bundles of neuron processes called in the CNS?

A

Tracts

27
Q

What are bundles of neuron processes called in the PNS?

A

Nerves

28
Q

What is the cytoplasm called int he neuron cell body?

A

Perikaryon

29
Q

Neuron cell bodies have few mitochondria t/f?

A

False. They have many

30
Q

What are Nissl bodies and where are they found?

A

Clusters of RER
Found in base of dendrites and axon hillock

31
Q

What are neurofilaments

A

Bundles of intermediate filaments found in neuron cell bodies
They give scaffolding and shape to the cell bodies

32
Q

What structures allow transport of neurotransmitters within neurons?

A

Microtubules

33
Q

What do dendrites do ?

A

Transmit impulse towards cell body

34
Q

How many axons does one neuron have?

A

1

35
Q

What do axons do?

A

Transmit impulses away from cell body

36
Q

What are the branches at the end of the axon called?

A

End axon terminals/ terminal boutons

37
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons?

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • pseudounipolar / unipolar
38
Q

Describe structure and function of a multipolar neuron

A

Has many dendrites and one axon
The most common type of neuron
Innervate skeletal muscle

39
Q

Describe structure and function of bipolar neurons

A

2 processes
Rare neurons
Found in some sensory organs e.g retina of eye

40
Q

Describe stucture and function of unipolar/ pseudounipolar neurons

A
  • 1 short process
  • Have a short projection which extends into 2 axons
    -One axon goes into CNS
    -One axon goes the the PNS
  • SENSORY NEURONS
41
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Site at which one neuron
communicates with:
• another neuron, or
• an effector cell

42
Q

Can synapses transmit impulses in either direction?

A

No. One direction only

43
Q

What are the different types of synapses (STRUCTURALLY)

A
  • axodendritic
  • axosomatic (axon -> cell body)
  • axoaxonic
  • others which are uncommon
44
Q

What are the types of synapse (method of transmitting signal)

A
  • electrical synapse
  • chemical synapse ( more common)
45
Q

What are the components of a chemical synapse?

A
  1. Presynaptic terminal bouton
  2. Synaptic cleft
  3. Postsynaptic membrane
46
Q

What are the support cells on the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • oligodendrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
47
Q

What are the support cells in the PNS?

A
  • Schwann cells
  • Epineurium
  • Perineurium
  • Endoneurium
48
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A
  • scaffolding
  • blood brain barrier (foot processes line the meninges forming an impermeable barrier)
49
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes ?

A
  • form myelin sheath around many axons in CNS
50
Q

Function of microglia?

A
  • small phagocytes ( macrophages of CNS )
  • migrate towards injured neurons
  • engulf invading organisms and dead neurons
51
Q

Function of Ependymal cells?

A
  • line cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities
  • have cilia to help circulation of CSF
52
Q

What is the Epineurium ?

A

Surrounds entire nerve

53
Q

What is the Perineurium ?

A

Surrounds each nerve fascicle

54
Q

What is the Endoneurium ?

A

Surrounds each individual nerve fibre/axon
Extends from spinal cord almost to nerve ending

55
Q

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

A
  • visual disturbances
  • muscle weakness
  • sensory loss
56
Q

What is the cause of Multiple sclerosis?

A

The immune system attack myelin around axons in the CNS
- impulse conduction if slowed and eventually ceases

FM1010 (11 decks)

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