Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FM1010 > ANATOMY - BONES > Flashcards

ANATOMY - BONES Flashcards

1
Q

How are bones classified on the basis of shape?

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones (e.g facial bones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give examples of long bones

A

Humerus , femurs , metacarpals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What defines a long bone?

A

They must be tubular ( length > breadth )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give examples of short bones.

A

Vertebrate, carpal bones, tarsal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What defines a short bone?

A

Must be cube shaped
Have no medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give examples of flat bones

A

Sternum
Scapula
Skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the general function of flat bones?

A
  • protection e.g skull
  • attachments for muscle e.g scapula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is compact bone?

A
  • Solid mass
  • It forms the outer covering of bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is spongy bone?

A
  • it is found inside compact bone.
  • composed of a branching network of trabeculae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is found in the spaced between trabeculae in spongy bone?

A

Red marrow
Yellow marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

The ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

The shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

The growth plate during childhood which allows bone to increase in length

Hyaline cartilage is present until growth stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

It is formed from the bone fusing ( epiphyseal plate disappearing )

  • forms around age 18-21
  • no more growth happens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the medullary cavity ?

A

A hollow cavity in the centre of the diaphysis containing yellow and red marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Do long bones have a good blood supply?

A

Yes.
They have nutrient arteries and veins which enter//leave at characteristic locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the nutrient foreamen usually located on long bones?

A

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the membranes of a long bone?

A

Periosteum
Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the periosteum

A
  • on external surface of long bones
  • continuous with articulate cartilage
  • has perforating fibres
  • tendons, joint capsules, ligaments attached to periosteum.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Endosteum ?

A

The internal surface of bones, surrounds medullary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are trabeculae in the spongy bone of long bones orientated?

A

They are aligned along stress lines

22
Q

What is the difference between compression and tension On bone?

A

Compression is when the bone is being squashed
Tension is when the bone is being stretched

23
Q

What is the chemical composition of a bone?

A

1/3 organic components
2/3 inorganic mineral salts

24
Q

What are the organic components which make up bones?

A

Cells, fibers, collagen, organic substances

25
What kind of cells are found in bone?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
26
What is the main kind of inorganic salt found in bones and what is the function?
Calcium Resists compression by hardening bone
27
What is ossification?
Osteogenesis / bone tissue formation
28
What are the two methods of ossification?
- intramembranous ossification - endochondral ossification
29
What is the first model of the bone that is laid down?
A mesenchymal model (simple version of the adult bone)
30
What bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
Skull bones clavicle
31
How is intramembranous ossification carried out?
- takes place in connective tissue membrane - the mesenchymal model is turned directly into bone without becoming cartilage first
32
Describe steps of endochondral ossification.
1. A bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model 2. Cavitation of hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model happens 3. Internal cavities invaded by periosteal bud, spongy bone is formed
33
Does the epiphyseal plate maintain a constant ethickness, even as the bone is growing?
Yes
34
What happens to the epiphyseal plates at age 18-21?
They becomes thinner Cartilage stops growing They are replaced by bone tissue Epiphysis and diaphysis are fused
35
When can bone atrophy occur?
When stress on the bone diminishes
36
Where does bone deposition and removal happen?
Periosteal and endosteal surfaces
37
What cells carry out bone deposition?
Osteoblasts
38
What cells carry out bone resorption?
Osteoclasts
39
Describe the process of endochondral ossification
1. Hyaline cartilage model of skeleton laid down in embry 2. Bone collar formed around cartilage by osteoblasts 3. Cavities form in the hyaline cartilage within the model (by chondrocytes dying) 4. Periosteal blood invades the cavities and spongy bone is formed 5. Medullary cavity formed 6. Secondary ossification centres form in epiphyses 7. Epiphyses are ossified, hyaline cartilage now only remains in epiphyseal plates and articulate cartilage
40
What hormone stimulates the epiphyseal plates?
Growth hormone
41
What are the stages of healing a fracture ?
1. Hematoma forms 2. Fibrocartilagenous calllus forms 3. Bony callus forms by endochondral ossification 4. Bone remodelling 5. Compact bone formation
42
What is a simple fracture?
The skin is not broken
43
What is a compound fracture?
Bone breaks the skin A risk of infection
44
What is a compression fracture?
When the bone is crushed Common in porous bones
45
What is a comminuted fracture?
Bone fragments into 3+ pieces Common in older people who have more brittle bones
46
What is a spiral fracture?
A ragged break, at an oblique angle cause by excessive twisting forces on the bone - a common sports fracture
47
What is an epiphyseal fracture?
Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate - if it isn’t treated carefully, growth will stop
48
What is a depressed fracture?
When the broken bone is pressed inwards A typical skull fracture
49
What is a Greenstick fracture?
Bone broken incompletely - like a twig (one part broken the other part bent) - common in children whose bones have a more organic matrix & are more flexible than adults bones
50
Who is osteoporosis most common in ?
Post menopausal women
51
What is the purpose of red bone marrow?
Form blood cells
52
What is the purpose of yellow bone marrow?
Store fat in adults

FM1010 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions