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FM1010 > ANATOMY - BONES > Flashcards

ANATOMY - BONES Flashcards

1
Q

How are bones classified on the basis of shape?

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones (e.g facial bones)
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2
Q

Give examples of long bones

A

Humerus , femurs , metacarpals

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3
Q

What defines a long bone?

A

They must be tubular ( length > breadth )

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4
Q

Give examples of short bones.

A

Vertebrate, carpal bones, tarsal bones

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5
Q

What defines a short bone?

A

Must be cube shaped
Have no medullary cavity

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6
Q

Give examples of flat bones

A

Sternum
Scapula
Skull

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7
Q

What is the general function of flat bones?

A
  • protection e.g skull
  • attachments for muscle e.g scapula
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8
Q

What is compact bone?

A
  • Solid mass
  • It forms the outer covering of bones
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9
Q

What is spongy bone?

A
  • it is found inside compact bone.
  • composed of a branching network of trabeculae
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10
Q

What is found in the spaced between trabeculae in spongy bone?

A

Red marrow
Yellow marrow

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11
Q

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

The ends

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12
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

The shaft

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13
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

The growth plate during childhood which allows bone to increase in length

Hyaline cartilage is present until growth stops

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14
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

It is formed from the bone fusing ( epiphyseal plate disappearing )

  • forms around age 18-21
  • no more growth happens
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15
Q

What is the medullary cavity ?

A

A hollow cavity in the centre of the diaphysis containing yellow and red marrow

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16
Q

Do long bones have a good blood supply?

A

Yes.
They have nutrient arteries and veins which enter//leave at characteristic locations

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17
Q

Where is the nutrient foreamen usually located on long bones?

A

Diaphysis

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18
Q

What are the membranes of a long bone?

A

Periosteum
Endosteum

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19
Q

Describe the periosteum

A
  • on external surface of long bones
  • continuous with articulate cartilage
  • has perforating fibres
  • tendons, joint capsules, ligaments attached to periosteum.
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20
Q

What is the Endosteum ?

A

The internal surface of bones, surrounds medullary cavity

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21
Q

How are trabeculae in the spongy bone of long bones orientated?

A

They are aligned along stress lines

22
Q

What is the difference between compression and tension On bone?

A

Compression is when the bone is being squashed
Tension is when the bone is being stretched

23
Q

What is the chemical composition of a bone?

A

1/3 organic components
2/3 inorganic mineral salts

24
Q

What are the organic components which make up bones?

A

Cells, fibers, collagen, organic substances

25
Q

What kind of cells are found in bone?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

26
Q

What is the main kind of inorganic salt found in bones and what is the function?

A

Calcium
Resists compression by hardening bone

27
Q

What is ossification?

A

Osteogenesis / bone tissue formation

28
Q

What are the two methods of ossification?

A
  • intramembranous ossification
  • endochondral ossification
29
Q

What is the first model of the bone that is laid down?

A

A mesenchymal model (simple version of the adult bone)

30
Q

What bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

Skull bones
clavicle

31
Q

How is intramembranous ossification carried out?

A
  • takes place in connective tissue membrane
  • the mesenchymal model is turned directly into bone without becoming cartilage first
32
Q

Describe steps of endochondral ossification.

A
  1. A bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model
  2. Cavitation of hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model happens
  3. Internal cavities invaded by periosteal bud, spongy bone is formed
33
Q

Does the epiphyseal plate maintain a constant ethickness, even as the bone is growing?

A

Yes

34
Q

What happens to the epiphyseal plates at age 18-21?

A

They becomes thinner
Cartilage stops growing
They are replaced by bone tissue
Epiphysis and diaphysis are fused

35
Q

When can bone atrophy occur?

A

When stress on the bone diminishes

36
Q

Where does bone deposition and removal happen?

A

Periosteal and endosteal surfaces

37
Q

What cells carry out bone deposition?

A

Osteoblasts

38
Q

What cells carry out bone resorption?

A

Osteoclasts

39
Q

Describe the process of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage model of skeleton laid down in embry
  2. Bone collar formed around cartilage by osteoblasts
  3. Cavities form in the hyaline cartilage within the model (by chondrocytes dying)
  4. Periosteal blood invades the cavities and spongy bone is formed
  5. Medullary cavity formed
  6. Secondary ossification centres form in epiphyses
  7. Epiphyses are ossified, hyaline cartilage now only remains in epiphyseal plates and articulate cartilage
40
Q

What hormone stimulates the epiphyseal plates?

A

Growth hormone

41
Q

What are the stages of healing a fracture ?

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilagenous calllus forms
  3. Bony callus forms by endochondral ossification
  4. Bone remodelling
  5. Compact bone formation
42
Q

What is a simple fracture?

A

The skin is not broken

43
Q

What is a compound fracture?

A

Bone breaks the skin
A risk of infection

44
Q

What is a compression fracture?

A

When the bone is crushed
Common in porous bones

45
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

Bone fragments into 3+ pieces
Common in older people who have more brittle bones

46
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

A ragged break, at an oblique angle cause by excessive twisting forces on the bone
- a common sports fracture

47
Q

What is an epiphyseal fracture?

A

Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate
- if it isn’t treated carefully, growth will stop

48
Q

What is a depressed fracture?

A

When the broken bone is pressed inwards
A typical skull fracture

49
Q

What is a Greenstick fracture?

A

Bone broken incompletely - like a twig (one part broken the other part bent)

  • common in children whose bones have a more organic matrix & are more flexible than adults bones
50
Q

Who is osteoporosis most common in ?

A

Post menopausal women

51
Q

What is the purpose of red bone marrow?

A

Form blood cells

52
Q

What is the purpose of yellow bone marrow?

A

Store fat in adults

FM1010 (11 decks)

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