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FM1010 > ANATOMY - JOINTS > Flashcards

ANATOMY - JOINTS Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

A normal interruption in the continuity of the skeleton

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2
Q

What is a simple joint?

A

Only 2 bones involved

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3
Q

What is a compound joint?

A

More than 2 bones involved

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of non-synovial joints?

A
  • fibrous joints
  • cartilaginous joints
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5
Q

What defines a non-synovial joint?

A

Doesn’t have a joint cavity

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6
Q

What defines a synovial joint?

A

Has a joint cavity

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7
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

Sutures in skull
Fibrous attachments between teeth and jaws

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8
Q

Is movement possible at fibrous joints?

A

Very little movement is possible

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9
Q

Describe a fibrous joint

A

The bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue.
The bones are serrated and lock which gives them stability
Fibrous joints disappear with age as bones fuse

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10
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joint?

A

Primary
Secondary

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11
Q

What is an example of a primary cartilagenous joint?

A

Epiphyseal plate

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12
Q

Is movement possible at primary cartaliganous joints?

A

Very little movement possible

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13
Q

What is Osgood-Schlatter disease?

A

A disease common in young athletes
Irritation at growth plate on tibia
Caused by tension on patellar ligament

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14
Q

What are examples of secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral discs

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15
Q

Describe structure of secondary cartilaginous joint

A
  • Hyaline cartilage covers the articulate surfaces
  • there is a pad of fibrous cartilage in between
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16
Q

Are secondary cartilaginous joints flexible?

A

Yes. The thickness of the fibrous cartilage pad determines the relative movement of the bones

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17
Q

What is found at the ends of bones in synovial joints?

A

An articulate layer of hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

Why is any wear on articulate cartilage permanent?

A

It isn’t replaced after growth stops

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19
Q

Do synovial joints have any blood vessels?

A

No. They get nutrients from synovial fluid and blood vessels in the bones

20
Q

What surrounds a synovial joint?

A

A fibrous capsule made of dense irregular connective tissue

21
Q

What can happen to the fibrous capsule of synovial joints if there is prolonged inactivity of the joint?

A
  • connective tissue shortens
  • joints become stiff
22
Q

What is the purpose of ligaments in a synovial joint?

A

Resist dislocation

23
Q

Where is the synovial membrane located?

A

In synovial joints.
Lining the capsule
Not found on the articular cartilage, or any menisci

24
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Lubricate joints

25
Q

What is joint effusion?

A

When there is increased amount of fluid in the joint cavity.
It can indicate joint disease

26
Q

What are intra-articular discs/menisci ?

A

Pads of fibrocartilage

27
Q

What are intraarticular discs / menisci attached to?

A

Joint capsule

28
Q

What is the function of an intraarticular disc?

A

It completely subdivides the joint, so that different movements can occur in each section

29
Q

What is the function of menisci in a joint?

A
  • improve fit
  • improve lubrication
  • shock absorption
  • distribution of pressure
30
Q

What is a labrum in a synovial joint?

A

A fibrocartilagnous lip around the joint cavities

31
Q

What is the function of a labrum in a synovial joint?

A

Increases the size of the socket

32
Q

What are the function of fat pads in a synovial joint?

A

Occupy dead space

33
Q

What are the types of synovial joints, classified on shape?

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • saddle
  • pivot
  • ellipsoid
  • ball and socket
34
Q

Describe a plane joint and give example.

A
  • Flat surfaces
  • Allow only a slight gliding movement
  • acromioclavicular joint
35
Q

Describe a hinge joint and give example

A
  • Have a cylinder shaped surface fitting into a half-tube surface
  • uniaxial
  • elbow/ knee
36
Q

Describe a saddle joint and give examples

A
  • 2 saddle shaped bones coming together
  • biaxial
  • thumb
37
Q

Describe a pivot joint and give examples

A
  • a bony process rotating within a bone & ligament
  • uniaxial
  • radioulnar joints
38
Q

Describe an ellipsoid joint and give examples

A
  • egg shaped
  • biaxial
  • metacarpophalangeal joints
39
Q

Describe a ball and socket joint and give examples

A
  • multiaxial
  • shoulder/hip
40
Q

What does it mean if a joint has good congruity ?

A

The surfaces of the bones involve are similar and there is a good fit

41
Q

What is the close packed position of a joint?

A

The joint position with the greatest congruity

42
Q

What is the loose packed position of a joint?

A

Any joint position which isn’t the close packed position

43
Q

Why are the close packed positions better?

A

E.g standing (KNEE JOINT)

  • minimises muscle energy
  • ligaments and capsule are taught
  • bones are screwed together
  • joint is highly stable
44
Q

What causes osteoarthritis?

A
  • cartilage on the ends of bones wears down over time .
  • increased pressure on bones
  • synovial fluid production increased in response
  • joint cavity swells, capsule stretches, leading to pain
  • bone underneath the damage thickened (BONE SPURS)
  • joint movement leads to pain and inflammation
45
Q

What body parts are normally affected by osteoarthritis ?

A

Knees and hips

FM1010 (11 decks)

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