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Head & Neck > Anatomy & Physiology of the Neck > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only artery in the neck with branches?

A

ECA

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2
Q

What are the eight branches of the ECA?

A 
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Occipital
Facial
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
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3
Q

What two hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

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4
Q

What does calcitonin react to?

A

Lower calcium and raises phosphate

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5
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid gland?

A

Regulate calcium and phosphate levels

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6
Q

What are the diseases of parathyroid glands?

A

Painful stones
Aching bones
Psychic moans
Abdominal groans

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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of parathyroid disease? (8)

A 
Constipation
Peptic ulceration
Pancreatitis 
Weight loss
Anxiety & Depression
Confusion
Paranoia
Osteoperosis
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8
Q

What investigations should be done for parathyroid gland disease?

A 
U+E'S
PTH
Vitamin D
Ultrasound
CT/MRI
Isotope scanning
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9
Q

What are the three causes of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Adenoma (80%)
Hyperplasia (12%)
Malignancy - Rare

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10
Q

What is a thyroglossal cyst?

A

Dilation of the thyroglossal duct remnant

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11
Q

Where is a thyroglossal cyst found and when does it move?

A

In the midline where it grows with age

Moves on tongue protrusion

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12
Q

What are the three types of thyroid mass?

A

Solitary nodule
Diffuse enlargment
Multi-nodular goitre

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13
Q

In what type of person are thyroid masses most common?

A

Female and in those upwards of 30-40 years old

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14
Q

What is a FNAC and what does it do?

A

Fine-needle aspiration cytology

Allows physicians to work out exactly what the mass is

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15
Q

What type of metastasis occur for papillary and follicular cancer?

A

Papillary - Lymphatic

Follicular - Haematogenous

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16
Q

What is Anaplastic cancer like?

A

Aggressive
Local spread
Poor prognosis

17
Q

What are the indications for a central line? (7)

A 
Central venous pressure
Fluid resuscitation
Drug administration Haemodialysis
Cardiac pacing
Intravenous nutrition
Blood sampling
18
Q

What are the possible complications of a central line? (9)

A 
Pneumothorax
Air embolism
Thrombosis
Haematoma 
Chylothorax
Sepsis
Cardiac tamponade
False passage
Line blockage
19
Q

What do the parotid lymph nodes drain?

A

Scalp
Face
Parotid gland

20
Q

What do the occipital nodes drain?

A

Scalp

21
Q

What do the superficial cervical nodes drain?

A

Breast

Solid viscera

22
Q

What do the submandibular nodes drain?

A

Tongue
Nose
Paranasal sinuses Submandibular gland Oral cavity

23
Q

What do the submental nodes drain?

A

Lips

Floor of mouth

24
Q

What do the supraclavicular nodes drain?

A

Breasts
Oesophagus
Solid viscera

25
Q

What are the three causes of lymphadenopathy?

A

Infection
Inflammation
Malignancy

26
Q

What are the indications for thyroidectomy?

A 
Airway obstruction
Malignancy or suspected malignancy
Thyrotoxicosis
Cosmesis
Retrosternal extension
27
Q

What are the possible complications of a thyroidectomy? (7)

A 
Bleeding-primary or secondary
Voice hoarseness
Thyroid storm
Infection
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Scar (keloid/ hypertrophic)
28
Q

What are the three indications for a tracheostomy?

A

Airway obstruction
Airway protection
Poor ventilation

29
Q

What the different types of stridor and what are areas are they from?

A

Inspiratory - Laryngeal
Expiratory - Tracheobronchial
Biphasic - Glottic/Subglottic

30
Q

How does a brachial cyst form?

A

Remnant of fusion failure of branchial arches
OR
Lymph node cystic degeneration

31
Q

What is a pharyngeal pouch?

A

Herniation of pharyngeal mucosa between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx

32
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a pharyngeal pouch? (6)

A 
Voice hoarseness
Regurgitation
Dysphagia
Weight loss
Aspiration pneumonia
Neoplasia (1%)
33
Q

What are the four layers of the fascia of the neck?

A

Pre-tracheal
Pre-vertebral
Deep cervical
Carotid sheath

Head & Neck (6 decks)

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