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Head & Neck > Anatomy & Physiology of the Ear > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology of the Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What type of skin is found on the outside of the ear?

A

Stratified keratinising sqaumous epithelium

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2
Q

What is the E.A.M. made up of?

A

Lateral 1/3 cartilage and skin

Medial 2/3 bone and skin

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3
Q

What glands are unique to the ear and what do they produce?

A

Ceruminous & Sebaceous glands

Produce wax

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4
Q

What type of skin makes up the external ear canal?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What type of epithelium lines the middle ear?

A

Columnar ciliated epithelium Respiratory

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6
Q

What are the three layers of the tympanic membrane and how does it appear?

A

Outer squamous epithelial
Middle fibrous connective tissue
Inner columnar ciliated mucus membrane

Transparent

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7
Q

What is suppuration of the tympanic membrane?

A

Infection, can lead to the ear drum bursting and pus leaking out

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8
Q

What is the epitympanum and what does it contain?

A

Upper portion of the tympanic cavity

Contains the head of the malleus and the body of the incus

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9
Q

What is the hypotympanum?

A

Lower part of the cavity of the middle ear, in the temporal bone

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10
Q

What causes a disruption of sound conduction?

A

Trauma
Chronic suppuration
Otosclerosis

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11
Q

What is most important for sound conduction?

A

Ossicular chain

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12
Q

What does otosclerosis do?

A

Stops the foot plate vibrating causing conductive hearing loss

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13
Q

What does the middle ear contain?

A

Ossicles
Facial nerve
Chorda tympani

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14
Q

What is the middle ear connected to?

A

Mastoid system of the temporal bone

Post nasal space via the eustachian tube

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15
Q

What does the eustachian tube join and how does it open?

A

The middle ear to the nose

Muscle action

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16
Q

What does the facial nerve pass through to reach the parotid gland?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

17
Q

What are the dangers from infection and trauma for the middle ear?

A

Intracranial sepsis
Facial nerve damage
Deafness
Dizziness

18
Q

What organ is responsible for balance and hearing in the middle ear?

A

Vestibulo-cochlear organ

19
Q

What is found in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?

A

Cochlea
Vestibule
Semi-circular canal

20
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth made of?

A

Sensory epithelium

21
Q

What two types of fluid are found in the inner ear and where are they found?

A

Endolymph - Contained in the memrbanous labyrinth in the ear

Perilymph - Found in the space separating the membranous lymph from the osseous lymph

22
Q

How many turns of the cochlear are there and how many semi-circular canals are present?

A

2.5
&
3 - Lateral, Posterior & Anterior

23
Q

What is found in the cochlear duct?

A

Endolymph - It is membranous and rich in potassium

24
Q

What is the I.A.M.?

A

The junction between the inner ear and the brain stem

25
Q

What two cranial nerves are found in the I.A.M.?

A

Facial (CN VII)

Vestibulo-cochlear (CN VIII)

26
Q

What is the I.A.M. the clinical site of?

A

Acoustic neuroma

Vestibular schwannoma

27
Q

How cochlear cells produce a sound?

A

Produce electrical activity from the endolymph and perilymph which then becomes a neural impulse which travels to the brain along the cochlear nerve VIII

28
Q

In the cochlea, what frequencies are heard at what turns?

A

Basal turn - High frequency

Apical turn - Low frequency

29
Q

What type of hearing losses predominate in hearing losses?

A

Conductive losses - Low frequencies

Sensorineural losses - High frequencies

30
Q

What is audiometry?

A

Subjective test measuring amplitude or intensity of sound and frequency

31
Q

What is tympanometry?

A

Measure of tympanic membrane compliance involving middle ear and ear canal pressure

32
Q

What massively affects speech in relation to the ear?

A

Hearing impairment in the first four years of life

33
Q

What nerves innervate the ear?

A

Cervical nerve root branches
Trigeminal (CN V)
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Vagus (CN X)

34
Q

What is the effect of wax or physical obstructions on hearing loss?

A

Very minimal unless they impinge directly on the T.M.

35
Q

What has the biggest effect on hearing loss?

A

Loss of ossicular continuity - 55-60db

*Perforation of T.M. has a smaller effect - 30-35db

Head & Neck (6 decks)

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