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VTNE Prep > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

cells

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2
Q

What are cells categorized as?

A

prokaryotes or eukaryotes

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3
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

cell that lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

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4
Q

All bacteria are _________________.

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and contains many different membrane-bound organelles

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6
Q

What 3 major parts do eukaryotes have?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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7
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

separates cell from its external environment; semipermeable

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8
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

encompasses everything within the cell (except nucleus)

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9
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

control center of cell; controls DNA

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10
Q

What is a solute?

A

substance that can be dissolved

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11
Q

What is a solvent?

A

substance that does the dissolving

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12
Q

What does intracellular mean?

A

within a cell

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13
Q

What does extracellular mean?

A

outside of a cell

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14
Q

What does intercellular mean?

A

between cells (interstitial)

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15
Q

What is a passive process?

A

no energy is expended by the cell

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16
Q

What are the different passive processes?

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

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17
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

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18
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

diffusion with aid of carrier proteins

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19
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region

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20
Q

What is filtration?

A

substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure; small solutes pass through, larger molecules do not

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21
Q

What are the active processes?

A

endocytosis, exocytosis, active transport

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22
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

materials are taken into the cell

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23
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

materials are expelled by a cell

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24
Q

What is active transport?

A

movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration with the aid of carrier proteins

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25
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

extracellular fluid is less concentrated than intracellular fluid

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26
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

extracellular fluid is more concentrated that intracellular fluid

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27
Q

What is isotonic?

A

concentrations of the extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal

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28
Q

What are the 4 primary types of tissue?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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29
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

covers body surface, lines body cavities, and forms active part of glands

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30
Q

Connective Tissue

A

widely distributed throughout the body and composed of cells, fibers, and matrix

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31
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

skeletal (striated, smooth, cardiac)

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32
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

specialized for conducting electrical impulses; located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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33
Q

Cranial

A

toward the head

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34
Q

Rostral

A

toward the nose

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35
Q

Caudal

A

toward the tail

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36
Q

Dorsal

A

toward the backbone

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37
Q

Ventral

A

away from the backbone

38
Q

Medial

A

closest to median plane

39
Q

Lateral

A

farthest from medial plane

40
Q

Proximal

A

point closest to backbone

41
Q

Distal

A

point farthest from the backbone

42
Q

Anterior

A

toward the head

43
Q

Posterior

A

toward the tail

44
Q

Palmar

A

bottom of front foot

45
Q

Plantar

A

bottom of rear foot

46
Q

Superficial

A

toward outer surface of the animal

47
Q

Deep

A

away from outer surface of the animal

48
Q

What two pets is the skeleton divided into?

A

axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton

49
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

bones found on midline or attached to it

50
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

all bones present in limbs

51
Q

What are the three types of bones cells?

A

osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

52
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

immature bone cell that produces the bone matrix known as osteoid

53
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

mature bone cell

54
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

very large multinucleated cells capable of dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals

55
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

consists of brain and spinal cord

56
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

consists of all nerves connecting to the CNS

57
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

site of motor control, interpretation of sensory impulses, and areas of association

58
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

responsible for coordination and balance

59
Q

Normal HR (dog)

A

60-160

60
Q

Normal HR (cat)

A

140-220

61
Q

Normal HR (horse)

A

28-50

62
Q

Normal HR (cattle)

A
63
Q

Normal HR (swine)

A

70-120

64
Q

Normal HR (sheep/goat)

A

70-80

65
Q

Normal HR (llama)

A

60-90

66
Q

Normal HR (mouse)

A

450-750

67
Q

Normal RR (dog)

A

16-32

68
Q

Normal RR (cat)

A

20-42

69
Q

Normal RR (horse)

A

8-16

70
Q

Normal RR (cattle)

A

12-36

71
Q

Normal RR (swine)

A

32-58

72
Q

Normal RR (sheep)

A

16-34

73
Q

Normal RR (llama)

A

12-30

74
Q

Normal RR (mouse)

A

80-230

75
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air in the thoracic cavity

76
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapsed lungs

77
Q

Pleuritis (pleurisy)

A

inflammation of the pleural membranes

78
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lungs caused primarily by bacteria, viruses, or chemical irritants

79
Q

Eupnea

A

normal, quiet respiration

80
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

81
Q

Apnea

A

no breathing

82
Q

Estrous Cycle

A

proestrus —> estrus —> metestrus —> diestrus —> anestrus

83
Q

What is stage 1 of parturition?

A

drop in body temp, contractions start

84
Q

What is stage 2 of parturition?

A

delivery of fetus

85
Q

WhT is stage 3 of parturition?

A

delivery of placenta

86
Q

Average Gestation Length (cat/dog)

A

~63days

87
Q

Average Gestation Length (horse)

A

~336 days

88
Q

Average Gestation Length (cow)

A

~285days

89
Q

Average Gestation Length (pig)

A

~114days

90
Q

Average Gestation Length (sheep)

A

~147days

91
Q

Average Gestation Length (goat)

A

~150days

92
Q

What is the anatomy of the eye?

A

sclera —> uvea —> retina —> vitreous humor —> lens —> iris —> pupil —> aqueous humor —> cornea —> conjunctiva —> nictitating membrane

VTNE Prep (18 decks)

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