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Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

cells

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2
Q

What are cells categorized as?

A

prokaryotes or eukaryotes

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3
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

cell that lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

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4
Q

All bacteria are _________________.

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and contains many different membrane-bound organelles

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6
Q

What 3 major parts do eukaryotes have?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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7
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A

separates cell from its external environment; semipermeable

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8
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

encompasses everything within the cell (except nucleus)

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9
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

control center of cell; controls DNA

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10
Q

What is a solute?

A

substance that can be dissolved

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11
Q

What is a solvent?

A

substance that does the dissolving

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12
Q

What does intracellular mean?

A

within a cell

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13
Q

What does extracellular mean?

A

outside of a cell

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14
Q

What does intercellular mean?

A

between cells (interstitial)

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15
Q

What is a passive process?

A

no energy is expended by the cell

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16
Q

What are the different passive processes?

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration

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17
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

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18
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

diffusion with aid of carrier proteins

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19
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region

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20
Q

What is filtration?

A

substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure; small solutes pass through, larger molecules do not

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21
Q

What are the active processes?

A

endocytosis, exocytosis, active transport

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22
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

materials are taken into the cell

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23
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

materials are expelled by a cell

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24
Q

What is active transport?

A

movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration with the aid of carrier proteins

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25
What is hypotonic?
extracellular fluid is less concentrated than intracellular fluid
26
What is hypertonic?
extracellular fluid is more concentrated that intracellular fluid
27
What is isotonic?
concentrations of the extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal
28
What are the 4 primary types of tissue?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
29
Epithelial Tissue
covers body surface, lines body cavities, and forms active part of glands
30
Connective Tissue
widely distributed throughout the body and composed of cells, fibers, and matrix
31
Muscle Tissue
skeletal (striated, smooth, cardiac)
32
Nervous Tissue
specialized for conducting electrical impulses; located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
33
Cranial
toward the head
34
Rostral
toward the nose
35
Caudal
toward the tail
36
Dorsal
toward the backbone
37
Ventral
away from the backbone
38
Medial
closest to median plane
39
Lateral
farthest from medial plane
40
Proximal
point closest to backbone
41
Distal
point farthest from the backbone
42
Anterior
toward the head
43
Posterior
toward the tail
44
Palmar
bottom of front foot
45
Plantar
bottom of rear foot
46
Superficial
toward outer surface of the animal
47
Deep
away from outer surface of the animal
48
What two pets is the skeleton divided into?
axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton
49
What is the axial skeleton?
bones found on midline or attached to it
50
What is the appendicular skeleton?
all bones present in limbs
51
What are the three types of bones cells?
osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast
52
What is an osteoblast?
immature bone cell that produces the bone matrix known as osteoid
53
What is an osteocyte?
mature bone cell
54
What is an osteoclast?
very large multinucleated cells capable of dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals
55
What does the central nervous system consist of?
consists of brain and spinal cord
56
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
consists of all nerves connecting to the CNS
57
What is the cerebrum?
site of motor control, interpretation of sensory impulses, and areas of association
58
What is the cerebellum?
responsible for coordination and balance
59
Normal HR (dog)
60-160
60
Normal HR (cat)
140-220
61
Normal HR (horse)
28-50
62
Normal HR (cattle)
63
Normal HR (swine)
70-120
64
Normal HR (sheep/goat)
70-80
65
Normal HR (llama)
60-90
66
Normal HR (mouse)
450-750
67
Normal RR (dog)
16-32
68
Normal RR (cat)
20-42
69
Normal RR (horse)
8-16
70
Normal RR (cattle)
12-36
71
Normal RR (swine)
32-58
72
Normal RR (sheep)
16-34
73
Normal RR (llama)
12-30
74
Normal RR (mouse)
80-230
75
Pneumothorax
air in the thoracic cavity
76
Atelectasis
collapsed lungs
77
Pleuritis (pleurisy)
inflammation of the pleural membranes
78
Pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs caused primarily by bacteria, viruses, or chemical irritants
79
Eupnea
normal, quiet respiration
80
Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
81
Apnea
no breathing
82
Estrous Cycle
proestrus —> estrus —> metestrus —> diestrus —> anestrus
83
What is stage 1 of parturition?
drop in body temp, contractions start
84
What is stage 2 of parturition?
delivery of fetus
85
WhT is stage 3 of parturition?
delivery of placenta
86
Average Gestation Length (cat/dog)
~63days
87
Average Gestation Length (horse)
~336 days
88
Average Gestation Length (cow)
~285days
89
Average Gestation Length (pig)
~114days
90
Average Gestation Length (sheep)
~147days
91
Average Gestation Length (goat)
~150days
92
What is the anatomy of the eye?
sclera —> uvea —> retina —> vitreous humor —> lens —> iris —> pupil —> aqueous humor —> cornea —> conjunctiva —> nictitating membrane

VTNE Prep (18 decks)

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