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Monmouth University > Anatomy open ended final exam > Flashcards

Anatomy open ended final exam Flashcards

1
Q

ligand-gated ion channels are involved in

A

graded potential and are found on dendrites

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2
Q

voltage-gated ion channels are involved in

A

the initiation of action potential and are found on axons

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3
Q

Whats the reason for an absolute refractory period

A

it ensures that action potential move only in one direction

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4
Q

2 types of graded potentials generated on the post-synaptic neuron

A
  1. depolarizing excitatory (EPSP) - cause the development of action potential to threshold (-55mv) caused by NA+ entering
  2. hyperpolarizing inhibitory (IPSP) - prevent action potential from being generated and brings membrane potential further away from threshold caused by Cl- entering or K+ leaving
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5
Q

4 ways to stop a neurotransmitter from continual signaling

A
  1. enzymatic breakdown - changes neurotransmitter to an unstable signal
  2. diffusion
  3. uptake of neurotransmitter into astrocytes (glial cells)
  4. reuptake into the presynaptic neuron
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6
Q

2 types of neural integration (summing of EPSP and IPSP)

A
  1. temporal summation - neurotransmitters from the same presynaptic neuron constant generating EPSP that cause the membrane potential to reach threshold
  2. spatial summation - neurotransmitters from several different presynaptic neuron generate EPSP that when added cause the membrane potential to reach threshold
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7
Q

info in and out of spinal cord

A
  1. posterior root - sensory info into spinal cord
  2. anterior root - sends motor info to your body
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8
Q

differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic

A
  1. origin of the preganglionic neuron - parasympathetic: brain stem or sacral of the spinal cord
    sympathetic: thoracic region or lumbar of the spine
  2. length of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons -
    parasympathetic: long preganglionic neuron and short postganglionic neuron
    sympathetic: short preganglionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron
  3. location of ganglion -
    parasympathetic: located near target cells
    sympathetic: located near the spinal cord
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9
Q

2 types of cells in the nervous system

A
  1. neuron - receive, processes and transmit information by manipulating the flow of charge across their membranes
  2. neurigila (glial cells) - play a major role in support and nutrition of the brain
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10
Q

2 main subdivisions of the nervous system

A
  1. central nervous system (CSN) - which includes the brain and spinal cord
  2. peripheral nervous system (PNS) - everything outside the CNS
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11
Q

somatic nervous system consists of

A
  1. somatic sensory (afferent) neurons - convey information from sensory receptors in the head, body wall and limbs towards the CNS
  2. somatic motor (efferent) neurons - conduct impulses away from the CNS towards the skeletal muscles under voluntary control in the periphery
  3. interneurons - any neurons that conduct impulses between afferent and efferent neurons within the CNS
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12
Q

structural classification of neurons

A
  1. multipolar - have several dendrites and only one axon and are located throughout the brain and spinal cord
  2. bipolar - have one main dendrite and one axon
  3. unipolar - contain one process which extends from the body and divides into central branch that functions as an axon and as a dendritic root
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13
Q

functional classification of neurons

A
  1. sensory (afferent) - convey action potentials into the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves, mostly unipolar
  2. motor (efferent) - convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors in the periphery through cranial or spinal nerves, mostly multipolar
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14
Q

neuroglia peripheral nervous system

A
  1. satellite cells - surrounded neuron cell bodies in ganglia that regulate O2 and CO2 nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neuron
  2. schwann cells - surrounded axons that are responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
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15
Q

neuroglia central nervous system

A
  1. oligodendrocytes - myelinate CNS and provide structural framework
  2. astrocytes - maintain blood-brain barrier and provide structural support
  3. microglia - removes cells debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytes
  4. ependymal cells - line ventricles and central canal
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16
Q

difference between white and grey matter

A

white matter - myelinated axons from many neurons
grey matter - unmyelinated axons formed from neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

17
Q

electrical signals (potentials)

A

graded potential - used or short-distance communication only
action potential - allows communication over long distances within the body

18
Q

removal of neurotransmitters
same as 4 ways to stop a neurotransmitter??? (ask professor)

A
  1. diffusion out of the synaptic cleft
  2. enzymatic degradation
  3. re-uptake by cells
19
Q

three membranes (meninges)

A
  1. dura mater (outermost) - forms a sac that encloses the entire cord
  2. arachnoid mater (middle) - avascular covering
  3. pia mater - pressed up against the cord and is filled with blood vessels that supply nutrients to it
20
Q

2 bundles of axons called roots connect each spinal nerve

A
  1. posterior (dorsal) root - contain sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs into the CNS
  2. anterior (ventral) root - contains axons of motor neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors
21
Q

internal cord anatomy

A

spinal cord - white matter in on the outside and grey matter is in the inside
brain - white matter is on the inside and grey matter in on the outside

22
Q

three protective coverings (CNS)

A
  1. cranial meninges
  2. tight junctions
  3. cerebral spinal fluid
23
Q

hypothalamus controls

A
  1. the autonomic nervous system
  2. coordinates between nervous and endocrine system
  3. controls body temperature
  4. regulates hunger/thirst
  5. assists with the internal circadian clock
24
Q

basic anatomy of autonomic nervous system

A

consists of efferent pathways containing preganglionic neuron leading intermediate ganglion that contains the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

25
Q

location of pre and post ganglionic neuron

A

preganglionic neuron - located in CNS
postganglionic neuron - located in PNS

25
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelia - cover body surfaces and form glands and line hollow organs, body cavities and ducts
connective - protect, support and bind organs
muscular - generate the physical force needed to make body structures move
nervous - detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses

26
Q

3 types of fibers

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastic
  3. reticular

Monmouth University (11 decks)

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