Anatomy Exam 2 Open Ended Flashcards
1
Q
3 major functions of the epithelial cells
A
- Selective barrier that regulates the movement of materials in and out of the body
- Secretory surfaces that release products onto the free surface
- Protective surfaces against the environment
2
Q
2 epithelial cells
A
- Covering and lining epithelium - Outer covering of skin and some internal organs
- Glandular epithelium - Secreting portion of glands (thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands)
3
Q
2 types of glands (glandular epithelial cells)
A
- endocrine gland - Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
- exocrine gland - Glands that secrete products onto the surface of the body or into a cavity
4
Q
functional classification of exocrine glands
A
- Merocrine glands - are synthesized on ribosomes attached to
rough ER, processed, sorted, and packaged by the Golgi
complex, and released from the cell by exocytosis. - Apocrine glands - accumulate their secretory products at the
apical surface and then the cells pinches this section of the cell
off from the rest of the cell to release the secretion leaving a
milky, viscous odorless fluid. The cell repairs itself and repeats
the process. This type of sweat only develops a strong odor
when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin surface - Holocrine glands - accumulate their secretory products in the
cytosol. As cell matures, the cells rupture and becomes the
secretory product killing the cell. The sloughed off cells is
replaced by a new cells.
5
Q
3 types of fibers
A
- Collagen fibers - very strong and resist pulling forces, but are flexible,
Have different properties in different parts of the body,
Occur in bundles creating great strength to tissue
2.Elastic fibers - Smaller in diameter than collagen fibers, branch and join together to form network,
Consist of the protein elastin and the glycoprotein fibrillin,
Can be stretched up to 150% of relaxed length with breaking and can return to their original shape. - Reticular Fibers - Arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein,
Provide support in the walls of blood vessels,
Made by fibroblasts,
Thinner than collagen fibers and from branched networks,
Similar to collagen fibers, they provide support and strength,
6
Q
muscular tissue types
A
- smooth - involuntary, around organs, contracts and relaxes, can divide
- cardiac - involuntary, heart to beat, one cell one nucleus
- skeletal - voluntary contractions
7
Q
There are 4 types of cells in the Epidermis cells, composed of keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium, include
A
- keratinocytes: 90% of epidermal cells.
Organized in 4 or 5 layers and produce Keratin: a fibrous protein used to
protect the skin from abrasions, heat, microbes, and chemicals - Melanocytes: (8%) which produce the pigment melanin that protects against
damage by ultraviolet radiation - Langerhans cells: involved in immune responses, arise from red bone marrow
d. Merkel cells: located in the deepest layer of the epidermis which function in the sensation of touch along with the adjacent tactile discs
8
Q
The epidermal layers, from deepest to most superficial, are
A
- Stratum basale - (deepest /single layer) involved in vitamin D synthesis and replacement of dead keratinocytes
- Stratum spinosum - 8-10 thick layers of metabolically and mitotically active cells
- Stratum granulosum - Consists of 3-5 layers of lipid-based substance or prominent cytoplasmic granules filled with keratin bundles
- Stratum lucidum - is present only in thick skin (the skin of the fingertips, palms, and soles) has 4-6 layers
- Stratum corneum - composed of several layers of dead flattened keratinocytes
9
Q
Growth cycle of hair consists of three stages
A
- Growth Stage - cells of the hair matrix divide causing already existing cells to
be pushed upwards,
As they are pushed upwards they become keratinized and die. - Regression Stage - cells of the hair matrix stop dividing and the hair follicle
atrophies - Resting Stage -
10
Q
Different types of hairs
A
- Lanugo - very fine hairs that cover the fetus
- terminal hairs - hairs of the eyebrow, eyelashes, and scalp that develop after
the lanugo hairs fall out before birth (accounts for 95% of the hair on the
male adult body vs 35% for adult female) - vellus hairs - remaining hair of the body after lanugo hairs fall out
11
Q
Different types of sweat
A
- Insensible perspiration - sweat that evaporates before it is noticed
- Sensible perspiration - sweat that is excreted in large amount and
appears as moisture on the skin. - Emotional sweat - sweat excreted during an emotional response or
fear. Sweat appears first on the palms and soles of the feet first, different than thermoregulation.
12
Q
Function of the skin
A
- regulation of body temperature - The skin participates in body temperature
regulation by liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of
blood in the dermis. - Protection - The skin provides physical, chemical, and biological barriers that
help protect the body. - Blood Reservoir - contain 8-10% fo the blood supply in an adult.
- cutaneous sensations - Cutaneous sensations include tactile sensations,
thermal sensations, and pain. - excretion and absorption - small role in both
- synthesis of vitamin D - upon skin’s exposure to UV light, vitamin D is
activated and converted to calcitriol which signals the absorption of calcium
and phosphorous from the GI tract into the blood.
13
Q
Functions of Bone and Skeletal System
A
- Support - Structural framework of the body,
Supports soft tissues,
Provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscle - Protection - Protects important internal organs,
- Assistance in Movement - Skeletal muscle attaches to bone,
Skeletal muscle contraction pulls on bone producing movement - Mineral Homeostasis - Bone tissue stores several minerals,
Acts to serve as a reservoir of critical minerals, Calcium (99% of body’s content), Phosphorus - Blood Cell Production - Red bone marrow produces (Hemopoiesis),Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets
- Triglyceride Storage - Yellow bone marrow, Triglycerides stored in adipose cells
14
Q
Four types of cells are present in bone tissue
A
- Osteogenic cells - Unspecialized bone stem cells,
Only cells to undergo cell division; the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts - Osteoblasts - Bone-building cells, that secrete organic matrix of bone
- Osteocytes - Mature bone cells, that maintain bone extracellular matrix
- Osteoclasts - Responsible for bone resorption breaks down bone
15
Q
Bone formation occurs in four situations
A
- Formation of bone in an embryo
- Growth of bones until adulthood
- Remodeling of bone (replacing old bone)
- Repair of fractures
