Anatomy Open Ended Exam 3

Question 1

3 types of fibrous joint

Answer 1

sutures - skull
gomphosis - jaw
syndesmosis - in-between ulna/radius and fibula/tibula

Question 2

2 types of cartilaginous

Answer 2

synchrondroses - hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate, between ribs/sternum)
symphyses - fibrosis cartilage (in between pelvic bone/vertebrae

Question 3

Functions of synovial fluid

Answer 3

1. lubricates the joint (reduces friction)
2. shock absorber
3. brings nutrients/removes waste
   replaces blood since there is no blood supply
   thick when not moving but becomes thin when moving

Question 4

Properties of muscle cells

Answer 4

1. contract - can shorten protein inside the cell and generate a force
2. excitable - can respond to a stimulus (electrical signal)
3. conductable - can pass an electrical charge(signal) across a plasma membrane
4. extendable - can stretch (3x length of original size)
5. elasticity - can recoil (go back to original shape after stretching)

Question 5

neuromuscular junction

Answer 5

junction (area) where the motor neuron synapsis (connects) with the muscle cell

Question 6

3 parts of a neuromuscular junction

Answer 6

1. axon terminal of the motor neuron - end point of the neuron where the neurotransmitter (acetylcholine (Ach)) is released
2. synaptic cleft - physical space between the neuron and muscle cell that Ach travels across
3. motor end plate - specialized region of the muscle cell that contains ligand -gated ion channels where the Ach will bind

Question 7

Structural classification of joints

Answer 7

1. fibrous - bones held together by dense collagen fiber, no synovial cavity
2. cartilaginous - bones held together by cartilage, no synovial cavity
3. synovial - bones held together by ligaments, has a synovial cavity

Question 8

functional classification of joints

Answer 8

1. synarthrosis - an immovable joint
2. amphiarthrosis - a slightly movable joint
3. diarthrosis - freely movable joint

Question 9

functions to reduce friction by

Answer 9

1. lubricating the joint
2. absorbing shocks
3. supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage
4. removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the cartilage

Question 10

movements are grouped into four main categories (synovial joints)

Answer 10

1. gliding - simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side
2. angular - increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
3. rotation
4. specialmovments

Question 11

types of angular movements

Answer 11

1. flexion - decrease in the angle between articulating bones, bending the trunk forward
2. extension - increase in the angle of articulating bones
3. lateral flexion - movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist
4. hyperflextension - continuation of extension beyond the normal limit, bending the trunk backward
5. abduction - movement of a bone away from the midline, moving hummers at the shoulder joint
6. adduction - movement of a bone toward the midline, returns body parts to normal position

Question 12

Main functions of muscle tissues

Answer 12

1. create motion
2. stabilize body positions and maintain posture
3. stores substances
4. move substances
5. generate heat

Question 13

3 parts to a twitch

Answer 13

1. latent period - time it takes to action potential to reach the Ca 2+
2. contraction period - myosin attaches to actin
3. relaxation period - muscle goes back to original shape

Question 14

In order for a contraction to occur you need

Answer 14

1. Ca 2+ - attaches to tropomyosin, allows myosin to bind to actin
2. ATP - to keep the whole process going, continue the movement

Question 15

3 types of myofibrils proteins

Answer 15

1. contractive - causes contractions
2. regulatory - controls contractions
3. structural - maintains structure of myofibrils