anatomy of the throat

Question 1

what are the 3 phases of swallowing?

Answer 1

1 - oral (voluntary)
2 - pharyngeal phase (involuntary)
3 - oesophageal (involuntary)

Question 2

how long should the switch from air channel to food channel be?

Answer 2

<1s -> if longer think underlying pathology

Question 3

what happens in the switch from air channel to food channel?

Answer 3

soft palate elevation
posterior tongue pressure
hyolaryngeal elevation
pharyngeal constriction contraction

Question 4

what is the involved in hyolaryngeal elevation?

Answer 4

hyoid -> anterior and superior (suprahyoid + pharyngeal muscles)
epiglottis -> inferior, covers laryngeal aditus

Question 5

what is involved in the oesophageal phase?

Answer 5

cricopharyngeus

Question 6

what cranial nerve is involved in the oesophageal phase?

Answer 6

CN X
vagus innervated by laryngeal nerve

Question 7

where are the two spaces where infection spreads?

Answer 7

retropharyngeal -> mediastinum
pharyngeal space -> asymptomatic tumours

Question 8

in terms of vocal cord what causes quieter voice?

Answer 8

vocal cord adduction

Question 9

in terms of vocal cords what causes louder voice?

Answer 9

vocal cord abduction

Question 10

what are the muscles of speech?

Answer 10

posterior cricoarytenoid
lateral cricoarytenoid
arytenoid
cricothyroid
thyroarytenoid

Question 11

what does the posterior cricoarytenoid do?

Answer 11

widen rima glottidis
forced inspiration
vocal folds open

Question 12

what does the lateral cricoarytenoid do?

Answer 12

close rima glottidis
whispering
vocal folds close

Question 13

what does the arytenoid do?

Answer 13

keeps rima glottidis closed
phonation
vocal folds closed

Question 14

what does the cricothyroid do?

Answer 14

tenses vocal ligament
increases pitch