Anatomy of the Shoulder and Elbow Flashcards
What are the boundries of Axilla
- Anterior Wall : Pectoralis Major muscle and Pecrolais Minor muscle.
- Posterior Wall : 3 muscles: Subscapularis, Teres Major and Latissimus Dorsi
- Medial Wall: Thoracic wall and Serratus Anterior muscle.
- Lateral wall: Inter-tubercular sulcus of the Humerus.
What are the contents of the Axilla?
- Brachial Plexus
- Axillary lymph nodes
- Axillary artery
- Axillary vein
The Axillary artery is a continuation of which artery?
The Subclavian Artery
At what anatomical point does the axillary artery begin?
At the outer border of the first rib
The axillary artery continues beyond the axilla as which vessel?
As the brachial artery
At what anatomical point does the name of this (Axillary artery) vessel change?
beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle
Brachial plexus is formed by……..?
the ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1
- Which nerve roots form the upper trunk ?
- Which nerve roots forms the lower trunk?
- Which nerve root forms the middle trunk?
- C5 and C6
- C8 and T1
- C7
Which artery and vein are the trunks closely related to?
The Axillary vein and Axillary artery
- Damage to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus causes what….? and which groups of muscles are effected? they are supplied by nerve roots C5 and C6.
- Damage to the lower trunk causes….?
- what is the characteristic of each Palsy?
- What causes both Palsy?
- Erb’s Palsy
- Klumpke’s Palsy
- Erb’s Palsy:‘waiter’s tip’ appearance of the upper limb. Medial rotation of the arm with wrist flexion. This is caused by hyper-extension injury of the head from the shoulder.Klumpke’s Palsy:‘claw hand’ effecting the intrinsic muscles of the hand, flexor muscles of the wrist and flexor muscles of the fingers.
- Both are caused by Dystocia at birth or Trauma injury.
What are the Five terminal branches of the brachial plexus?
- Ulna nerve
- Median nerve
- Radial nerve
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Axillary nerve
From which Brachial plexus Cord does each of the fellowing terminal nerves originate?
draw it?
- Axillary nerve
- Radial nerve
- Median nerve
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Ulna nerve
- Posterior Cord—- Axillary and Radial nerves
- Lateral Cord—— Musculocutaneous nerve
- Medial Cord—— Ulna nerve
- From both medial and lateral cord—- Median nerve
What is the pectoral girdle?
Set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side
How does neurovascular supply enter the upper limbs?
Neurovascular supply enters into upper limb below scapula and through axilla:
What are the main nerves of the upper extremities?
- Axillary
- Shoulder
- Musculocutaneous
- Flexor compartment of arm
- Radial
- Almost all extensors muscles in posterior arm and forearm
- Ulnar nerve
- Few medial muscles in forearm and most small muscles in hand
- Median nerve
- Most of flexor compartment of forearm and few muscles in hand related to thumb
What are of the body does the axillary nerve supply?
Shoulder
What area of the body does the musculocutaneous nerve supply?
Flexor compartment of arm
What area of the body does the radial nerve supply?
- Almost all extensors muscles in posterior arm and forearm
What area of the body does the ulnar nerve supply?
- Few medial muscles in forearm and most small muscles in hand
What area of the body does the median nerve supply?
- Most of flexor compartment of forearm and few muscles in hand related to thumb
Above, and below, the elbow is refered to as what?
Above - arm
Below - forearm
What are examples of dorsal muscles of the shoulder?
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboids
What are examples of ventral muscles of the shoulder?
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
What movements are done by the trapezius?
- Elevation
- Retraction
- Depression
What movement is done by the levator scapulae?
Elevation
What movements are done by the rhomboids?
- Elevation
- Retraction
Does the latissmus dorsi attach to the shoulder?
No, attaches to the humerus
What is A?
Trapezius
What is B?
Latissimus dorsi
What is C?
Rhomboids
What is D?
Levator scapulae
What movement is done by the serratus anterior?
Protraction
What nerve supplies the serratus anterior?
Lumbothoracic nerve
What is a common sign of injury to the lumbothoracic nerve?
Winged scapula
What is A?
Pectoralis major
What is B?
Serratus anterior
What are the different parts of the deltoid?
-
Anterior part
- Flexion
- Adduction
-
Lateral part
- Abduction
-
Posterior part
- Extension
- Adduction
What movements are done by the anterior part of deltoid?
- Flexion
- Adduction
What movements are done by the lateral part of the deltoid?
Abduction
What movements are done by the posterior part of deltoid?
- Extension
- Adduction
What nerve supplies the deltoid?
Axillary nerve
How is the axillary nerve often damaged?
Shoulder dislocation
What muscles form the posterior group of the rotary cuff muscles?
-
Supraspinatus
- Assist abduction
-
Infraspinatus
- Lateral rotation
-
Teres minor
- Lateral rotation
-
Teres major
- Medial rotation
- Does not stabilises shoulder joint as attaches to anterior humerus without crossing joint
What movement is done by the supraspinatus?
Assists abduction
What movement is done by the infraspinatus?
Lateral rotation
What movement is done by the tere minor?
Lateral rotation
What movement is done by the teres major?
Medial rotation
What is the main function of rotary cuff muscles?
Stabalise joint
What is the only muscles of posterior group of rotary cuff muscles not to stabilise joint?
Tere major because attaches to anterior humerus without crossing shoulder joint
What is A?
Supraspinatus
What is B?
Infraspinatus
What is C?
Teres minor
What is D?
Teres major
What muscle is in the anterior group of rotary cuff muscles?
Subscapularis
What movement is done by the subscapularis?
Medial rotation
What are the posterior muscles of the elbow?
-
Triceps brachii
- Attaches to olecranon process of the ulna bone
- 3 heads (hence triceps)
- Lateral head
- Long head
- Medial head
- Extends arm at glenohumeral joint (shoulder) and extends arm at elbow joint
Where does the tricep brachii attach to?
- Attaches to olecranon process of the ulna bone
What are the different heads of the tricep brachii?
- Lateral head
- Long head
- Medial head
What movements are done by the tricep brachii?
- Extends arm at glenohumeral joint (shoulder) and extends arm at elbow joint
What nerve supplies the tricep brachii?
Radial nerve travels on surface of posterior humerus deep to muscle, supplying tricep
What often damages the radial nerve?
Humeral fracture
What are the anterior muscles of the elbow?
-
Bicep brachii
- 2 heads
- Long head
- Short head
- Crosses 2 joints like triceps, meaning flexes both joints – glenohumeral and elbow
- Also does supernation
- Agonists are pronator teres and pronator quadratus
- Attaches to radias
- 2 heads
-
Brachialis
- Attaches to ulna
- Flexion of elbow
-
Brachioradialis
- Strong flexor in mid-position
What are the heads of the bicep brachii?
- 2 heads
- Long head
- Short head
What movements are done by bicep brachii?
- Crosses 2 joints like triceps, meaning flexes both joints – glenohumeral and elbow
- Also does supernation
- Agonists are pronator teres and pronator quadratus
What are agonists to the bicep brachiis action of supernation?
- Agonists are pronator teres and pronator quadratus
What bone does the bicep brachii attach to?
- Attaches to radias
What bone does the brachialis attach to?
Ulna
What movement is done by the brachialis?
Flexion of elbow
What movement is done by brachioradialis?
- Strong flexor in mid-position
