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Anatomy Y2 > Abdomen 2 > Flashcards

Abdomen 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

Is one continuous layer serous membrane that covers the abdominal wall and organs.

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2
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

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3
Q

What can the peritoneum form?

A

Folds such as mesenteries and omenta

Ligaments which may be vascular or avascular

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4
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Greater sac

Lesser sac

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6
Q

Through which passage do the greater and lesser sac communicate?

A

Epiploic foramenOr Omental foramen

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7
Q

Where is the omental foramen located?

A

Posterior to free edge of lesser omentum

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8
Q

What are the boundries of the omental foramen?

A

Anterior - hepatoduodenal ligament

Posterior - IVC and right crus of diaphragm

Superior - liver

Inferior - superior part of duodenum

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9
Q

Organs can be described upon how they are peritonised, what are the 2 different kinds?

A

Intraperitoneal

Retroperitoneal

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10
Q

What are intraperitoneal organs?

A

Ones which are completed surrounded by visceral peritoneum

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11
Q

What kind of peritnoeum are intrapertoneal organs surrouned by?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

Only covered by partiel peritoneum on their anterior surface and therefore are firmly attached to the posterior wall of the abdomin

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13
Q

What are examples of retroperitoneal organs?

A

SAD PUCKER
Supra-adrenal glands

Aorta/IVC

Duodenum

Colon (Ascending colon and Descending colon)

Pancreas

Kidneys

Uters

Rectum

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14
Q

What are examples of intraperitoneal organs?

A

Stomach

Spleen

Liver

Jejenum

Ileum

Transverse colon

Sigmoid colon

Bulb of duodenum

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15
Q

What is A?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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16
Q

what is the name of the point where the Ascending colon turns into the transverse colon and the point where it turns into Descending Colon?

A

Hepatic flexture

and

splenic Flexture

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17
Q

The transverse Colon is connected to the inferior border of the pencreas by which mesentary?

A

transverse mesocolon

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18
Q

What is B?

A

Mesentery (parietal peritoneum)

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19
Q

What is C?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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20
Q

What kind of peritoneum forms mesentery?

A

Parietal peritoneal

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21
Q

What is present within the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritoneal fluid

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22
Q

What does the term extraperitoneal mean?

A

Describes structures in the abdomino-pelvic cavity which are not covered in peritoneum

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23
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain and temperature?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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24
Q

What is A?

A

Lesser omentum

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25
What is B?
Greater sac
26
What is C?
Greater omentum
27
What is D?
Lesser sac
28
What is E?
Omental foramen
29
What are the attachments of the greater omentum?
Greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon
30
What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?
Lesser curvature of stomach to liver
31
What is A?
Greater omentum
32
What is B?
Lesser omentum
33
What are some clinical notes for the greater omentum?
In infection inflammatory exudate causes the omentum to adhere to the site of infection and wrap itself around the infected organ This localises the infection to a small area protecting against serious diffuse peritonitis
34
What is pain from the parietal peritoneum innervated by?
T7-L1 So can be precisely localised
35
What is pain from the visceral paritoneum innervated by?
Autonomic nerves So pain is referred and poorly localised
36
What are the wall muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?
Psoas mejor Psoas minor Iliacus Quadratus lumborum
37
What are organs/tubes of the posterior abdominal wall?
Thoracic duct Kidneys
38
What are the main vessels of the posterior abdominal wall?
Abdominal aorta IVC
39
What are the main nerves of the posterior abdominal wall?
Branches of lumbar plexus: obturator nerve femoral nerve
40
What is A?
Quadratus lumborum
41
What is B?
Iliacus
42
What is C?
Psoas major
43
What is D?
Psoas minor
44
What is A?
Femoral nerve
45
What is B?
Obturator nerve
46
Which of the femoral and obturator nerve is more lateral?
Femoral
47
What is A?
Caval foramen
48
What is B?
Oesophageal hiatus
49
What is C?
Aortic hiatus
50
What are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm?
Caval foramen Oesophageal hiatus Aortic hiatus
51
What is the vertebral level of the caval foramen?
T8
52
What is the vertebral level of the oesophageal hiatus?
T10
53
What is the vertebral level of the aortic hiatus?
T12
54
What are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the gut tube?
Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery
55
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aortia divide into the 2 common iliac arteries?
L4
56
How is the inferior vena cava formed in the abdomen?
Begins anterior to L5 vertebrae Ascends on right side of bodies of vertebrae L3-L5 to right of aorta Travels through caval foramen to thorax
57
What is A?
Left gastric artery
58
What is B?
Splenic artery
59
What is C?
Portal vein
60
What is D?
Splenic vein
61
What is E?
Inferior mesenteric vein
62
What is F?
Superior mesenteric vein
63
What is G?
Inferior mesenteric artery
64
What is H?
Superior mesenteric artery
65
What is I?
Hepatic artery
66
At what vertebrae level does the celiac trunk form?
T12
67
At what vertebrae level does the superior mesenteric artery form?
L1
68
At what vertebrae level does the inferior mesenteric artery form?
L3
69
What are structures of the foregut?
Abdominal part of oesopahgus Part of duodenum
70
What are structures of the midgut?
Most of duodenum Jejenum Ileum Caecum Ascending colon Right 2/3 of transverse colon
71
What are structures of the hindgut?
Left 1/3 of transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Upper part of anal canal
72
Where is the obturator and femoral nerve found in relation to the psoas muscle?
Obturator is medial and femoral is lateral
73
What artery supplies the foregut?
Celiac trunk
74
What artery supplies the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
75
What artery supplies the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
76
What are additional foregut and midgut derived organs that are not part of the gut tube?
Liver Pancreas Spleen Appendix
77
What is A?
Hepatic portal vein
78
What is B?
Superior mesenteric vein
79
What is C?
Inferior mesenteric vein
80
What is D?
Splenic vein
81
What does blood from the abdominopelvic gastrointestinal tract drain via?
Portal system to the liver
82
What is a portal system?
System of blood vessels which has a capillary network at each end
83
The portan vein is formed by the union of which 2 major veins of the abdominal cavity?
Superior mesenteric vein Splenic vein
84
Where does blood from the gut tube superior to the diaphragm and inferior to the pelvic floor drain via?
Systemic venous system Meaning that an anastomosis is present at these watersheds (porto-systemic [portocaval] anastomoses)
85
What are the 5 sites of portocaval anastomoses in the body?
Distal oesophagus Rectal Paraumbilical Retroperitoneal Intrahepatic
86
What is the clinical significance of portocaval anastomoses?
Fibrosis of liver causes portal hypertension due to bleeding portal veins, producing enlarged varicose veins that may rupture
87
What is the sympathetic nerve supply to abdominal viscera composed of?
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser and least) Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia Abdominal aortic plexuses
88
What is the parasympathetic nerve supply to abdominal viscera composed of?
Anterior and posterior vagal trunks (vagus nerve) Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
89
What effect does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on GI secretions?
Sympathetic - decreases Parasympathetic - increases
90
What effect does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on peristalsis of GI motility?
Sympathetic - decreases Parasympathetic - increases
91
What effect does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on blood vessels?
Sympathetic - vasodilates Parasympathetic - vasoconstriction
92
What is the effect of vagotomy on gastric secretion?
Reduce rate of gastric secretion
93
What is vagotomy?
Surgical procedure where one or more branches of the vagus nerve are removed
94
What is the functional difference between the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves and the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
Greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves are sympathetic Pelvic splanchnic nerves are parasympathetic
95
What are the chief differences in the arrangement of ganglia in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Sympathetic - next to vertebral column forming sympathetic chain Parasympathetic - next to target
96
Between what vertebral levels do the kidneys lie?
Between T12 and L3 on the posterior abdominal wall
97
Which kidney lies lower and why?
The right kidney due to the liver
98
What are the 3 main structures travelling through the hilum of the kidneys?
Renal artery Renal vein Pelvis of the ureter
99
What is A?
Renal artery
100
What is B?
Renal vein
101
What is C?
Pelvis of ureter
102
What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the structures entering the leaving the hilum of the kidneys?
Renal vein Renal artery Renal pelvis
103
How are the kidneys peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
104
What type of glands are the suprarenal glands?
Endocrine
105
What are the suprarenal glands also known as?
Adrenal glands
106
What is the anatomical location of the right adrenal gland?
Contact with IVC antero-medially Contact with liver anterio-laterally
107
What is the anatomical location of the left adrenal gland?
Related to spleenm, stomach, pancreas and left crus of diaphragm
108
What are ureters?
Muscular ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
109
What is the term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter?
Renal pelvis
110
What are the 3 locations where the ureter is constricted?
At the junction of the ureters and renal pelvis (pelviuretic junction) Where ureters cross brim of pelvis inlet Passage through wall of urinary bladder
111
How are the ureters peritonised?
Retroperitoneal

Anatomy Y2 (38 decks)

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