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Anatomy Y2 > Abdomen 1 > Flashcards

Abdomen 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is A?

A

Costal margin

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2
Q

What is B?

A

Sacroiliac joint

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3
Q

What is C?

A

Pubic tubercle

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4
Q

What is D?

A

Pubic crest

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5
Q

What is E?

A

Pubic symphesis

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6
Q

What is F?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

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7
Q

What is G?

A

Iliac crest

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8
Q

What is H?

A

Body of lumbar vertebrae

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9
Q

What is I?

A

12th rib

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10
Q

What is J?

A

Xiphoid process

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11
Q

What are the 4 quadrants indicated?

A

Right upper quadrant

Left upper quadrant

Right lower quadrant

Left lower quadrant

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12
Q

What are the quadrants centred around?

A

The umbilicus

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13
Q

What is A?

A

Transumbilical line

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14
Q

What is B?

A

Median line

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15
Q

What are the 9 clinical regions of the abdomen?

A

Right hypchondriac

Epigastric

Left hypochondriac

Right lumbar

Umbilical

Left lumbar

Right iliac

Hypogastric

Left iliac

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16
Q

What is 1?

A

Right and left midclavicular line

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17
Q

What is 2?

A

Intertubercular line

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18
Q

What is 3?

A

Subcostal line

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19
Q

What imaginary lines create the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Transumbilical line

Median line

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20
Q

What imaginary lines create the 9 clinical regions of the abdomen?

A

Right and left midclavicular lines

Intertubercular line

Subcostal line

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21
Q

List 3 organs/structures present in the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver

Gallbladder

Right kidney

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22
Q

List 3 organs/structures present in the epigastric region?

A

Duodenum

Pancreas

Stomach

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23
Q

List 3 organs/structures present in the left hypochondriac region?

A

Stomach

Spleen

Left kidney

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24
Q

List 3 organs/structures present in the right lumbar region?

A

Ascending colon

Gallbladder

Liver

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25
Q

List 3 organs/structures present in the umbilical region?

A

Transverse colon

Jejenum

Ileum

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26
Q

List 3 organs/structures present in the left lumbar region?

A

Descending colon

Left kidney

Spleen

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27
Q

List 3 organs/structures present in the right iliac region?

A

Caecum

Appendix

Ascending colon

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28
Q

List 3 organs/structures present in the hypogastric region?

A

Rectum

Anal canal

Bladder

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29
Q

List 3 organs/structures present in the left iliac region?

A

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

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30
Q

What is the antero-lateral abdominal wall constituded of?

A

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transversus abdominis

Rectus abdominis

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31
Q

What are the actions of the external obliques?

A

Compress and support abdominal viscera

Flex and rotate trunk

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32
Q

What are the actions of the internal obliques?

A

Compress and support abdominal viscera

Flex and rotate trunk

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33
Q

What is are the actions of the transversus abdominis?

A

Compresses and supports abdominal viscera

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34
Q

What are the actions of the rectus abdominis?

A

Flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae)

Compresses abdominal viscera

Stabilises and controls tilt of the pelvis

35
Q

What is the innervation of the external obliques?

A

Thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T11)

and subcostal nerve (T12)

36
Q

What is the innervation of the internal obliques?

A

Thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T11)

and subcostal (T12)

and 1st lumbar nerve

37
Q

What is the innervation of the transversus abdominis?

A

Thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T6-T11)

and subcostal (T12)

and 1st lumbar nerve

38
Q

What is the innervation of the rectus abdominis?

A

Thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T12 spinal nerves)

39
Q

What is A?

A

External oblique

40
Q

What is B?

A

Rectus abdominis

41
Q

What is C?

A

internal oblique

42
Q

Which of these is above the level of the umbilicus and which is below?

A

A is below and B is above

43
Q

What is an additional vertical muscle of the trunk that is located superficially to the rectus abdominis?

A

Pyramidalis

44
Q

What is the action of the pyramidalis?

A

Tenses the linea alba

45
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeurosis

46
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Sheet of white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in a flat muscle

47
Q

What is A?

A

External oblique

48
Q

What is B?

A

Internal oblique

49
Q

What is C?

A

Transervus abdominis

50
Q

What is D?

A

Rectus abdominis

51
Q

The rectus sheath is made up of the aponeurosis of three muscles?

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis

52
Q

How does the rectus sheath differ above and below the umbilicus?

A

Above - on both sides of rectus abdominis (seen on B)

Below - only anterior to rectus abdominis (seen on A)

53
Q

What is the vertebral position of the umbilicus on the abdominal wall?

A

Between L3-L4

54
Q

Which thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

A

T7-T12

55
Q

What and Where the inguinal canal formed during?

A

Relocation of the gonads during fetal development

56
Q

What does the inguinal canal lie parallel to?

A

Inguinal ligament

57
Q

What 2 bony points of the hip bone is the inguinal ligament attached to?

A

Anterior superior iliac crest to pubic tubercle

58
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal, vaugly?

A

Anterior wall - aponeurosis of the External Oblique Muscle

Posterior wall - Transversalis Fascia

Roof- Internal Oblique and Transversus Abdominis

Floor - Inguinal Ligament

59
Q

What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

External oblique aponeurosis

and

Internal Oblique

60
Q

What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia

61
Q

What forms the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia

and

internal oblique

and

transversus abdominis

62
Q

What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal ligament

and

Lacunar ligament

63
Q

What are the 2 openings of the inguinal canal?

A

Deep inguinal ring

Superficial inguinal ring

64
Q

What is the relationship of the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

Lateral

65
Q

Where does the superficial inguinal ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?

A

Supero-lateral

66
Q

What is the superior epigastric arteries branches of?

A

Internal thoracic artery

67
Q

What is the inferior epigastric arteries branches of?

A

External iliac artery

68
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in a male?

A

Spermatic cord

Ilio-inguinal nerve

Blood and lymphatic vessels

Genitofemoral nerve

69
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in a female?

A

Vestigial round ligament of uterus

Ileo-inguinal nerve

Blood and lymphatic vessels

Genitofemoral nerve

70
Q

What is a clinical consequence of the inguinal canal?

A

Weakness in abdominal wall, often leads to hernias (hernia here is called an inguinal hernia)

71
Q

What are the 3 different abdominal hernias?

A

1- Inguinal hernias (most common)

2- Femoral hernias

3- Umbilical hernias

72
Q

What are the 2 types of Inguinal hernias?

A

1- Indirect hernias ( most common)

2- Direct hernias

73
Q

What is the difference between Direct and Indirect hernias?

A

1- Indirect hernia: weakness of the deep inguinal ring allows the abdominal contents to enter the inguinal canal lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

2- Direct hernias: the abdominal contents do not pass through the deep inguinal ring, but the abdominal contets push through a weak spot in the posterior abdominal wall of the inguinal canal and enters the inguinal canal passing through the superfecial inguinal ring.

74
Q

Describe umbilical hernias?

A

Umbilical hernias occur when the abdominal contents push through weak spot in the site of the passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall.

75
Q

Describe femoral hernias?

A

Femoral hernias occur when the abdominal contents push though weakl spot in the posterior wall of the femoral canal, which is medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.

76
Q

What are the 4 distinct functional layers throughout the gut tube (histology)?

A

Mucosa (made up of epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)

Submucosa

Muscularis propria

Serosa (or adventitia)

77
Q

What are the 3 layers of the mucosa in the gut tube?

A

Epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosae

78
Q

Why does the mucosal types change throughout the GI tract?

A

Dependent on function

79
Q

What are the 4 different mucosal types of the GI tract?

A

1- Protective

2- Secretory

3- Absorptive

4- Absorptive/protective

80
Q

Where is protective mucosa found?

A

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Oesophagus

Anal canal

81
Q

Where is secretory mucosa found?

A

Only in the stomach

82
Q

Where is absorptive mucosa found?

A

Typical of small intestine

83
Q

What is absorptive/protective mucosa found?

A

Lines the whole of the large intestine

84
Q
A

1 is C

2 is A

3 is B

4 is D

Anatomy Y2 (38 decks)

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