Abdomen 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is A?
A
Costal margin
2
Q
What is B?
A
Sacroiliac joint
3
Q
What is C?
A
Pubic tubercle
4
Q
What is D?
A
Pubic crest
5
Q
What is E?
A
Pubic symphesis
6
Q
What is F?
A
Anterior superior iliac spine
7
Q
What is G?
A
Iliac crest
8
Q
What is H?
A
Body of lumbar vertebrae
9
Q
What is I?
A
12th rib
10
Q
What is J?
A
Xiphoid process
11
Q
What are the 4 quadrants indicated?
A
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
12
Q
What are the quadrants centred around?
A
The umbilicus
13
Q
What is A?
A
Transumbilical line
14
Q
What is B?
A
Median line
15
Q
What are the 9 clinical regions of the abdomen?
A
Right hypchondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac
Hypogastric
Left iliac
16
Q
What is 1?
A
Right and left midclavicular line
17
Q
What is 2?
A
Intertubercular line
18
Q
What is 3?
A
Subcostal line
19
Q
What imaginary lines create the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?
A
Transumbilical line
Median line
20
Q
What imaginary lines create the 9 clinical regions of the abdomen?
A
Right and left midclavicular lines
Intertubercular line
Subcostal line
21
Q
List 3 organs/structures present in the right hypochondriac region?
A
Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney
22
Q
List 3 organs/structures present in the epigastric region?
A
Duodenum
Pancreas
Stomach
23
Q
List 3 organs/structures present in the left hypochondriac region?
A
Stomach
Spleen
Left kidney
24
Q
List 3 organs/structures present in the right lumbar region?
A
Ascending colon
Gallbladder
Liver
25
List 3 organs/structures present in the umbilical region?
Transverse colon
Jejenum
Ileum
26
List 3 organs/structures present in the left lumbar region?
Descending colon
Left kidney
Spleen
27
List 3 organs/structures present in the right iliac region?
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
28
List 3 organs/structures present in the hypogastric region?
Rectum
Anal canal
Bladder
29
List 3 organs/structures present in the left iliac region?
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
30
What is the antero-lateral abdominal wall constituded of?
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
31
What are the actions of the external obliques?
Compress and support abdominal viscera
Flex and rotate trunk
32
What are the actions of the internal obliques?
Compress and support abdominal viscera
Flex and rotate trunk
33
What is are the actions of the transversus abdominis?
Compresses and supports abdominal viscera
34
What are the actions of the rectus abdominis?
Flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae)
Compresses abdominal viscera
Stabilises and controls tilt of the pelvis
35
What is the innervation of the external obliques?
Thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T11)
and subcostal nerve (T12)
36
What is the innervation of the internal obliques?
Thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T11)
and subcostal (T12)
and 1st lumbar nerve
37
What is the innervation of the transversus abdominis?
Thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T6-T11)
and subcostal (T12)
and 1st lumbar nerve
38
What is the innervation of the rectus abdominis?
Thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T12 spinal nerves)
39
What is A?
External oblique
40
What is B?
Rectus abdominis
41
What is C?
internal oblique
42
Which of these is above the level of the umbilicus and which is below?
A is below and B is above
43
What is an additional vertical muscle of the trunk that is located superficially to the rectus abdominis?
Pyramidalis
44
What is the action of the pyramidalis?
Tenses the linea alba
45
What is the rectus sheath?
Aponeurosis
46
What is an aponeurosis?
Sheet of white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in a flat muscle
47
What is A?
External oblique
48
What is B?
Internal oblique
49
What is C?
Transervus abdominis
50
What is D?
Rectus abdominis
51
The rectus sheath is made up of the aponeurosis of three muscles?
Aponeurosis of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis
52
How does the rectus sheath differ above and below the umbilicus?
Above - on both sides of rectus abdominis (seen on B)
Below - only anterior to rectus abdominis (seen on A)
53
What is the vertebral position of the umbilicus on the abdominal wall?
Between L3-L4
54
Which thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?
T7-T12
55
What and Where the inguinal canal formed during?
Relocation of the gonads during fetal development
56
What does the inguinal canal lie parallel to?
Inguinal ligament
57
What 2 bony points of the hip bone is the inguinal ligament attached to?
Anterior superior iliac crest to pubic tubercle
58
What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal, vaugly?
Anterior wall - aponeurosis of the External Oblique Muscle
Posterior wall - Transversalis Fascia
Roof- Internal Oblique and Transversus Abdominis
Floor - Inguinal Ligament
59
What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
External oblique aponeurosis
and
Internal Oblique
60
What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia
61
What forms the roof of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia
and
internal oblique
and
transversus abdominis
62
What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?
Inguinal ligament
and
Lacunar ligament
63
What are the 2 openings of the inguinal canal?
Deep inguinal ring
Superficial inguinal ring
64
What is the relationship of the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Lateral
65
Where does the superficial inguinal ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?
Supero-lateral
66
What is the superior epigastric arteries branches of?
Internal thoracic artery
67
What is the inferior epigastric arteries branches of?
External iliac artery
68
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in a male?
Spermatic cord
Ilio-inguinal nerve
Blood and lymphatic vessels
Genitofemoral nerve
69
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in a female?
Vestigial round ligament of uterus
Ileo-inguinal nerve
Blood and lymphatic vessels
Genitofemoral nerve
70
What is a clinical consequence of the inguinal canal?
Weakness in abdominal wall, often leads to hernias (hernia here is called an inguinal hernia)
71
What are the 3 different abdominal hernias?
1- Inguinal hernias (most common)
2- Femoral hernias
3- Umbilical hernias
72
What are the 2 types of Inguinal hernias?
1- Indirect hernias ( most common)
2- Direct hernias
73
What is the difference between Direct and Indirect hernias?
**1- Indirect hernia:** weakness of the **deep inguinal ring** allows the abdominal contents to enter the inguinal canal **lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels**
**2- Direct hernias:** the abdominal contents do not pass through the **deep inguinal ring**, but the abdominal contets push through a **weak spot in the posterior abdominal wall** of the inguinal canal and enters the inguinal canal passing through the **superfecial inguinal ring.**
74
Describe umbilical hernias?
**Umbilical hernias** occur when the abdominal contents push through weak spot in the site of the passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall.
75
Describe femoral hernias?
Femoral hernias occur when the abdominal contents push though weakl spot in the **posterior wall** of the **femoral canal**, which is **medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.**
76
What are the 4 distinct functional layers throughout the gut tube (histology)?
Mucosa (made up of epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
Submucosa
Muscularis propria
Serosa (or adventitia)
77
What are the 3 layers of the mucosa in the gut tube?
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
78
Why does the mucosal types change throughout the GI tract?
Dependent on function
79
What are the 4 different mucosal types of the GI tract?
1- Protective
2- Secretory
3- Absorptive
4- Absorptive/protective
80
Where is protective mucosa found?
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Anal canal
81
Where is secretory mucosa found?
Only in the stomach
82
Where is absorptive mucosa found?
Typical of small intestine
83
What is absorptive/protective mucosa found?
Lines the whole of the large intestine
84
1 is C
2 is A
3 is B
4 is D
