Anatomy of the muscular system

Question 1

Muscles are ______ in the body

Answer 1

the largest tissue mass

Question 2

What allows for locomotion and the performance of vital functions?

Answer 2

The contraction of muscles

Question 3

Basic principle: period of _____ (shortening of muscle fibers) followed by a period of _____ (lengthening of muscle fibers)

Answer 3

contraction; relaxation

Question 4

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

Answer 4

1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac

Question 5

What type of muscle tissue makes up most of the muscle in the body?

Answer 5

Skeletal muscle

Question 6

Skeletal muscle has _____ movements of limbs, trunk, and head

Answer 6

Voluntary

Question 7

What is the meat of domestic animals?

Answer 7

Skeletal muscle

Question 8

Skeletal muscle is usually _____ (hence skeletal muscle)

Answer 8

attached to bone

Question 9

Under a microscope skeletal muscle looks _____ due to arrangement of contractile proteins. Also called _____ muscle.

Answer 9

Striped; striated

Question 10

Smooth muscle has no _____ visible under a microscope and has a _____ look

Answer 10

Striations; pastel

Question 11

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 11

In body with automatic functions; wall of organs in digestive and urogenital systems, blood vessels

Question 12

Smooth muscle contraction is _____ (no stimulation by a nerve)

Answer 12

intrinsic

Question 13

Smooth muscle is coordinated by the ______

Answer 13

autonomic nervous system

Question 14

Cardiac muscle fibers have visible _____ and look _____

Answer 14

striation; “dotted”

Question 15

Cardiac muscle contracts _____ and not under voluntary control

Answer 15

intrinsically

Question 16

Cardiac muscle is restricted to ______

Answer 16

the heart

Question 17

Cardiac muscle contraction is responsible for _____

Answer 17

the movement of blood

Question 18

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 18

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 19

ATP can be “spent” in order to make _____

Answer 19

chemical reactions occur

Question 20

The more energy required for a chemical reaction, the _____ must be spent

Answer 20

more ATP molecules

Question 21

What are the two types of muscle fibers?

Answer 21

Type 1

Type 2

Question 22

Describe type 1 muscle fibers

Answer 22

Slow twitch fibers
"Long distance runner"
Resistant to fatigue 
Low glycolytic activity 
Long term, low power work (standing or endurance)

Question 23

Describe type 2 muscle fibers

Answer 23

Fast twitch fibers
“Sprinters”
Fatigue quickly
High glycolytic activity

Question 24

Type 2 muscle fibers are further classified due to ____. What are these classifications?

Answer 24

Myosin structure;
2A - used for speed at longer distances
2B - used for sprinting
2C - transitional fibers, a combination of 2A and 2B

Question 25

Muscle fibers are primarily composed of contractile protein called ______

Answer 25

myofilaments

Question 26

____ is pulled toward the center of a sarcomere by _____ when a muscle contracts

Answer 26

Actin; myosin

Question 27

True or False? Muscle fibers are bound together by fibrous connective tissue to form bundles and then arranged in parallel bands to form muscles

Answer 27

True

Question 28

_____ is the shortening of muscle fibers

Answer 28

Contraction

Question 29

If the muscle appears to arise directly from the bone it is a _____

Answer 29

fleshy attachment

Question 30

Only muscles attaching to _____ have fleshy attachments

Answer 30

the scapula

Question 31

All muscle fibers attach to ______

Answer 31

very short tendons

Question 32

_____ are fibrous bands of collagen connecting muscles to bone

Answer 32

Tendons

Question 33

Most muscles attach to two bones, the less mobile attachment is called _____ and the more mobile attachment is called _____.

Answer 33

origin; insertion

Question 34

_____ - muscle on the side of the limb toward which a joint bends

Answer 34

Flexor

Question 35

_____ - muscle on the opposite side

Answer 35

Extensor

Question 36

_____ - muscles that surround an opening, whether they are striated or smooth

Answer 36

Sphincter

Question 37

_____ - synovial sac between two structures that tend to rub against each other

Answer 37

Bursa

Question 38

_____ - between the skin and the superficial digital flexor tendon at the point of the hock

Answer 38

Superficial bursa

Question 39

____ - between the deep digital flexor tendon and the navicular bone

Answer 39

Navicular bursa

Question 40

_____ - resembles an elongated bursa places between the tendon and underlying tissue, with the edges of the bursa reflected around the tendon until they meet

Answer 40

Synovial sheath

Question 41

Inflammation of a bursa, often associated with excessive fluid, is called _____. Enlargement of the bursa can be due to trauma, capped hock, capped elbow

Answer 41

Bursitis

Question 42

Inflammation of synovial sheath and its tendon is called _____.

Answer 42

Tenosynovitis

Question 43

Low grade trauma (associated with rigorous schooling of young horses) can result in mild, painless _____ of the digital flexor tendon sheath (wind puffs) or the deep digital flexor tendon sheath proximal to the hock (_____)

Answer 43

tenosynovitis; thorough pin

Question 44

_____ - Excessive amount of synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane of the fetlock joint. Condition occurs mostly in hard worked horses and may or may not cause lameness

Answer 44

Windpuff

Question 45

Chief movement in the scapula for domestic animals is _____

Answer 45

a pendulous swing

Question 46

What type of joint is the hip?

Answer 46

Ball and socket

Question 47

The hip can ____. Chief movements are extension and flexion of the ____.

Answer 47

move in nearly all directions; femur

Question 48

What is adduction?

Answer 48

To bring together

Question 49

What is abduction?

Answer 49

To take apart

Question 50

The stifle is essentially a ____ joint, so the muscles acting on it are either extensors or flexors

Answer 50

hinge