Anatomy of the cell

Question 1

what is the role of the outer membrane in a cell?

Answer 1

protects from external environment

Question 2

what is the role of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 2

determines shape and fluidity of cell

Question 3

where are inclusions found?

Answer 3

cytoplasm - may or may not be bound by a membrane

Question 4

where are membrane bound organelles found?

Answer 4

cytosol

Question 5

describe the plasma membrane.

Answer 5

• bimolecular layer
• amphipathic phospholipic molecules
• hydrophillic head
• hydrophobic tail
• fluid = change shape easily
• selectively permeable

Question 6

what is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?

Answer 6

integral = inserted into membrane
peripheral = on surface of membrane

Question 7

what does the plasma membrane have the ability to do?

Answer 7

endocytose and exocytose

Question 8

what does endocytose mean?

Answer 8

substances are brought into the cell

Question 9

what does exocytose mean?

Answer 9

contents released out of cell

Question 10

what is the plasma membrane highly permeable to?

Answer 10

water, O2 and small hydrophobic molecules

Question 11

what is the plasma membrane impermeable to?

Answer 11

charged ions (Na2+)

Question 12

what is the difference between organelles and inclusions?

Answer 12

• organelles are essential to life
• inclusions are dispensable only present as transients

Question 13

what are the 3 types of filaments make up the cytoskeleton?

Answer 13

• microfilaments
• intermediate filaments
• microtubules

Question 14

what are microfilaments made up of?

Answer 14

fine strands of actin

Question 15

what is the function of intermediate filaments?

Answer 15

bind intracellular elements together and to the membrane

Question 16

what are microtubules composed of?

Answer 16

alpha and beta tubulin subunits

Question 17

what enzymes attach and move along and drag organelles and vesicles along the microtubules?

Answer 17

dynein and kinesin

Question 18

what type of enzymes are dynein and kinesin?

Answer 18

ATPase

Question 19

where does dynein drag molecules?

Answer 19

toward cell center

Question 20

where does kinesin drag molecules?

Answer 20

towards periphery of cell

Question 21

what is the nucleus enclosed in?

Answer 21

nuclear envelope

Question 22

what is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 22

controls and regulates cellular activities

Question 23

where are mRNA and tRNA transcribed?

Answer 23

nucleus

Question 24

where is rRNA transcribed?

Answer 24

nucleolus

Question 25

what is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 25

provide energy

Question 26

what is the morphology of the mitochondria?

Answer 26

contains folded cisternae to increase surface area

Question 27

where are ribosomes formed?

Answer 27

nucleus

Question 28

what is the purpose of the small subunit of a ribosome?

Answer 28

bind RNA

Question 29

what is the purpose of the large subunit of a ribosome?

Answer 29

catalyses formation of peptide bonds

Question 30

what is the different between RER and SER?

Answer 30

RER has ribosomes SER doesn't

Question 31

what is the role of RER?

Answer 31

synthesis of proteins for insertion into membranes for secretion

Question 32

what does it mean if a cell has more RER?

Answer 32

it's more active

Question 33

what is the role SER?

Answer 33

synthesis of lipids

Question 34

where do transport vesicles arrive at golgi from?

Answer 34

SER/RER

Question 35

what is the basic appearance of golgi apparatus?

Answer 35

flattened stacs

Question 36

what is the role of golgi apparatus?

Answer 36

modification and packaging or macromolecules that were synthesised in ER

Question 37

what are 3 examples of what golgi cisternae does?

Answer 37

- adds sugars - cleaves some proteins - sorts macromolecules into vesicles

Question 38

what is the role of mitochondria?

Answer 38

generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation and synthesis of lipase proteins

Question 39

what is the role of intercellular junctions?

Answer 39

link individual cells together into a functional unit

Question 40

what is the tole of occluding junctions?

Answer 40

link cells to form a diffusion barrier (prevent things passing through)

Question 41

what is the role of anchoring/adherent junctions?

Answer 41

link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells

Question 42

what is the role of desmosomes?

Answer 42

link submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells

Question 43

what is the role of communicating junctions?

Answer 43

selective diffusion, in cardiac for spread of excitation

Question 44

how is bacteria incorporated into a cell?

Answer 44

phagocytosis

Question 45

what is the role of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 45

to help maintain cell shape

Question 46

what are microfilaments involved in?

Answer 46

cellular movement

Question 47

what are microtubules involved in?

Answer 47

intracellular movement - cillia, flagela, mitotic spindle

Question 48

how does phagocytosis occur?

Answer 48

- bacteria binds to cell surface - cell engulfs it to form phagosome - binds with lyosome to form phagolysosome - lysosome contains digestive enzymes

Question 49

what are the 3 types of cellular transport?

Answer 49

- endocytosis - exocytosis - phagocytosis

Question 50

what does endocytosis mean?

Answer 50

material from external environment can enter the cell

Question 51

what does exocytosis mean?

Answer 51

material from inside cell can exit cell

Question 52

what does the cytoskletons ability to maintain integrity and keep cell shape mean?

Answer 52

cell locomotion and contraction