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Neurology > Anatomy of the brain + spinal cord > Flashcards

Anatomy of the brain + spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system consist of?

A

central nervous system (CNS)

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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2
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

A

neurone

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3
Q

What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?

A

neuroglia

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4
Q

What does grey matter consist of?

A

collection of cell bodies

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5
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

myelinated axons

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6
Q

Cell bodies with similar functions form groups. What are these called in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS = nucleus
PNS = ganglion

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7
Q

What do processes (axons) of nerves with similar functions group together in?

A

tracts

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8
Q

Name some components of the CNS

A

cerebral hemispheres
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem
spinal cord

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9
Q

Name the ventricles of the brain

A

2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
aqueduct
4th ventricle

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10
Q

Where is CSF produced and where does it flow?

A

produced in the ventricles (choroid plexus)
flows out of 4th ventricle into the subarachnoid space

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11
Q

Functions of the CSF

A

brain and spinal cord float in CSF:
- supports and cushions structures
- provides nutrition
- removes waste products

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12
Q

What are the 4 main arteries that deliver blood to the brain?

A

2 internal carotid arteries
2 vertebral arteries

form the circle of Willis

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13
Q

What divides the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

great longitudinal fissure

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14
Q

What joins the 2 cerebral hemispheres in the midline?

A

corpus callosum

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15
Q

What is the cortex?

A

superficial layer of grey matter

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16
Q

What is beneath the grey matter cortex?

A

white matter - axons running to and from the cells of the cortex

sub-cortical nuclei

brainstem + spinal cord

17
Q

What are the 3 types of axon nerve fibres in the white matter?

A

association fibres (in 1 hemisphere only)
commissural fibres (between hemispheres)
projection fibres (project to different areas, eg. brainstem)

18
Q

What are the 3 main sulci of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

central
lateral
parieto-occipital

19
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

movement + higher order functions

primary motor area - execution of movement

pre-motor area - receives sensory input, stores patterns of movement gained from prior experience

Motor speech (Broca’s area)

prefrontal area - personality, behaviour regulation, planning and reasoning

20
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

integrates sensory info
associated with movement orientation, recognition + perception of stimuli
language, reading + taste

21
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A

primary auditory area - auditory perception
secondary auditory area - interpreting sounds
balance + coordination
Wernicke’s area

22
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

primary visual area
secondary visual area - relates info from primary area and links it to past experience

23
Q

Limbic system functions

A

generation of certain emotional and visceral responses

homeostatic control

coordinates instinctive behaviours with higher cortical functioning

hippocampus + amygdala convert recent memories to long-term memories and learning

24
Q

Diencephalon components

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus

25
Q

Components of the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus
amygdaloid body
substantia nigra

stabilising + coordinating slow and fine movements

26
Q

Thalamus functions

A

receives, integrates + transmits sensory info to cerebral cortex + areas controlling movement

every sensory system (apart from olfactory) includes a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory signals and sends them to associated primary cortical area

27
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

below the thalamus, linked to the pituitary gland

28
Q

What functions is the hypothalamus involved with?

A

regulation of body temperature
emotional behaviour
hunger and thirst
sexual activity and procreation
autonomic and endocrine activities and biorhythms

29
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

3 cerebellar peduncles
- superior, middle and inferior

30
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

responsible for coordination and fine adjustment of:
movement, balance, posture

31
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

32
Q

What type of neurons do dorsal horns contain?

A

sensory neurons

33
Q

What type of neurons do ventral horns contain?

A

motor neurons

34
Q

Anterior lobe of cerebellum functions

A

muscle tone

35
Q

Flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum functions

A

posture (proprioceptors), balance (inner ear)Ps

36
Q

Posterior lobe of cerebellum functions

A

coordination of movement

37
Q

How many of each spinal nerve do we have?

A

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

Neurology (30 decks)

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