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Neurology > Anatomy of the Auditory and Visual Pathways > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Auditory and Visual Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the organs of hearing and balance located?

A

In the inner ear within the temporal bone

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2
Q

What nerve is responsible for hearing?

A

Cochlear nerve = CN VIII

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3
Q

What does the organ of Corti contain?

A

Outer and inner hair cells

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4
Q

What does the spiral ganglion contain?

A

Bipolar neurons stimulated by hair cells and carrying APs from organ of Corti to cochlear nuclei of pons

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5
Q

Why is input above the cochlear nuclei essentially bilateral?

A

Some fibres are crossed and some are not

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6
Q

What are the superior olivary nucleus and nucleus of the lateral lemniscus important in?

A

Sound location and as relays for stapedial and tensor tympani reflexes

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7
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

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8
Q

What is Wernicke’s area known as?

A

Auditory association cortex

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9
Q

What kind of organisation is present in the auditory cortex?

A

Tonotopic organisation

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10
Q

Where do fibres carrying low frequency sound information end?

A

In the anterolateral part of the auditory cortex

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11
Q

Where do fibres carrying high frequency sound information end?

A

In the posteromedial part of the auditory cortex

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12
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Inability to use language

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13
Q

What are the potential mechanisms for aphasia?

A

Damage to Broca’s area or to Wernicke’s area

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14
Q

What are some features of aphasia caused by damage to Broca’s area?

A

Also termed motor or expressive aphasia
Have difficulty in producing language
Do not usually have difficulty comprehending language

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15
Q

What are some signs of expressive aphasia?

A

Often use few words

Only say most important word in a sentence

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16
Q

What are some features of aphasia caused by damage to Wernicke’s area?

A

Also known as sensory or receptive aphasia
Have difficulty comprehending language
Can say words out of order or meaningless words

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17
Q

What does maintenance of balance require?

A

Uses info from vision, proprioception and the vestibular apparatus

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18
Q

What nerve is responsible for balance?

A

Vestibular nerve = CN VIII

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19
Q

What are the connections of the vestibular nuclei?

A

Thalamus, cerebellum and spinal cord

Nuclei of CNs III, IV and VI

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20
Q

How is vestibular info projected onto the cerebral cortex?

A

Bilaterally = less well defined than for other senses

21
Q

What are the areas that vestibular info has been found to converge?

A

Area of parietal cortex just posterior to area of postcentral gyrus that represents hand and mouth
Area just rostral to primary auditory cortex
Posterior insular cortex

22
Q

Is there an agreed region of the brain responsible for vestibular stimulation?

A

No

23
Q

What causes objects to be projected onto the retina reversed and upside down?

A

The lens

24
Q

Where would something present in the temporal visual field of the right eye be projected onto?

A

The nasal part of the right retina

25
Q

Where does each optic tract look?

A

At the contralateral visual field

26
Q

What makes up the visual pathway?

A

Optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiation, visual cortex

27
Q

Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located?

A

In the visual cortex of the thalamus

28
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

Posterior pole of the occipital lobe

29
Q

Where is the lower visual field projected?

A

To the gyrus superior to the calcarine sulcus

30
Q

Where is the superior visual field projected?

A

To the gyrus inferior to the calcarine sulcus

31
Q

Where does the macula project?

A

Posterior pole of the visual cortex = occupies a much greater proportion of cortex relative to the size of the visual field it covers

32
Q

What do the fibres of the geniculocalcarine tract form initially?

A

Part of the internal capsule

33
Q

What happens to fibres of the geniculocalcarine tract that are carrying visual info from the upper half of the visual field?

A

First loop anteriorly around the temporal part of the lateral ventricle in Meyer’s loop = ends below the calcarine sulcus

34
Q

How does the visual cortex relate to eye movements?

A

Provides movements in response to visual stimuli

35
Q

What movements does the frontal eye field control?

A

Movements of command = movements that are independent of moving visual stimuli

36
Q

What are some characteristics of different eye movements?

A

Tracking movements tend to be smooth

Movements of command tend to be jumpy (saccadic)

37
Q

What happens in the pupillary light reflex?

A

Direct light reflex = pupil of eye light is shone into constricts
Consensual light reflex = other pupil constricts

38
Q

How do pretectal fibres project into the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

A

Bilaterally

39
Q

What does the accommodation reflex require?

A

Input to oculomotor and Edinger-Westphal nucleus from the visual cortex

40
Q

What is an hemianopia?

A

Blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes

41
Q

What is a homonymous visual defect?

A

Vision lost in same visual field in both eyes

42
Q

What is a heteronymous visual defect?

A

Vision lost on different visual fields in each eye?

43
Q

What is a dominant hemisphere?

A

Hemisphere that take the lead in a higher function, despite both hemispheres receiving similar inputs

44
Q

What functions is dominance high for?

A

Language functions

45
Q

For truly right handed people, what hemisphere is usually dominant for language?

A

The left hemisphere

46
Q

How are fibres in the white matter classified?

A

By origin and destination

47
Q

What are association fibres of white matter?

A

Connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere

48
Q

What are commissural fibres of white matter?

A

Connect one hemisphere to the other = usually connecting areas of similar function

49
Q

What are projection fibres of white matter?

A

Connect hemispheres to deeper structures including the thalamus, corpus striatum, brainstem and spinal cord

Neurology (48 decks)

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