Anatomy of CVS

Question 1

Which mediastinum is the heart?

Answer 1

Middle mediastinum

Question 2

Name 4 circulations present

Answer 2

Hepatic portal circulation
Lymphatic system
Pulmonary
Systemic

Question 3

Which great vessel can you find at T4?

Answer 3

The aortic arch

Question 4

Which ventricle forms the apex of the heart?

Answer 4

Left ventricle

Question 5

Which atrium forms the base of the heart?

Answer 5

Left atrium

Question 6

Which ventricle and atrium is anterior/posterior?

Answer 6

Left atrium is posterior whilst right ventricle is anterior

Question 7

Which vertebrae does the heart lie between?

Answer 7

T5 - T8

Question 8

Which intercostal space is the left ventricle present in? ( where is the apex? )

Answer 8

5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular space

Question 9

Which structure does the left atrium lie infront?

Answer 9

esophagus and its wholly posterior

Question 10

Is the heart higher or lower in children?

Answer 10

Higher and lies more horizontal

Question 11

What are the anterior anatomical relations of the heart?

Answer 11

• Sternum & costal cartilages 4-7
• Ant. edges lungs and pleurae
• Thymic remnants

Question 12

What are the posterior anatomical relations of the heart?

Answer 12

• Oesophagus
• Descending aorta
• Thoracic vertebrae 5-8

Question 13

What are the lateral anatomical relations of the heart?

Answer 13

Lungs and phrenic nerve

Question 14

What are the inferior anatomical relations of the heart?

Answer 14

Central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 15

What anatomical relation is a useful landmark?

Answer 15

T4 - sternal angle

Question 16

What is the endometrium layer?

Answer 16

Epithelium + *BM + Connective tissue

(innermost)

Question 17

What is the myocardium layer?

Answer 17

Cardiac muscle ( middle)

Question 18

What is the epicardium layer?

Answer 18

Connective tissue and Basement membrance and epithelium outmost)

ALSO known as VISCERAL!

Question 19

What are the 3 layers of pericardium of the heart?

Answer 19

Fibrous, visceral and parietal

Question 20

What structure does the endocardium form?

Answer 20

Valves

Question 21

Describe the structure of the myocardium?

Answer 21

Striated muscle, lots of mitochondria, single central nucleus

Rich capillary bed

Myocytes connected by intercalated discs

Muscle bundles in different planes to close down chamber lumen

Question 22

Describe the structure of the epicardium?

Answer 22

Epithelium = visceral layer of serous pericardium

Simple squamous epithelium + BM + Connective tissue

Epicardium contains main branches of coronary arteries

May be fatty

Question 23

What forms the inferior, superior, left and right border?

Answer 23

Left border = RV
Inferior border = RA and RV
Right border = RA
Superior border = LA and the great vessels

Question 24

What is cusps?

Answer 24

Cusps - thin structures derived from endocardium

Question 25

What is invovled in heart valves?

Answer 25

Control direction of blood flow

Work passively

Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent valve failure

Question 26

Whats clinically important about heart valves?

Answer 26

-Abnormalities
(incompetence = widening;
stenosis = narrowing)
- Infection (bacterial endocarditis)

Question 27

What valves are known as atrio-ventricular valves?

Answer 27

The tricuspid an bicuspid valves are known as the atrio-ventricular valves

Question 28

What valve is known as the bicupsid valve?

Answer 28

The mitral valve is also known as the bicuspid valve.

Question 29

What valves are the semilunar valve?

Answer 29

The aortic and pulmonary valves are the semilunar valves,

each having 3 cusps

Question 30

Which layer are the coronary arteries?

Answer 30

Located in epicardium

Question 31

At systole, how the openings shielded?

Answer 31

At systole openings in aortic sinuses shielded by aortic valve cusps

Question 32

What holds the heart in place?

Answer 32

“Hangs” by great vessels within fibrous pericardium

Dense connective tissue bag

Question 33

What are the attachment of the heart?

Answer 33

Central tendon of the diaphragm
Strenum
Roots of the great vessels