Anatomy of CVS Flashcards
Which mediastinum is the heart?
Middle mediastinum
Name 4 circulations present
Hepatic portal circulation
Lymphatic system
Pulmonary
Systemic
Which great vessel can you find at T4?
The aortic arch
Which ventricle forms the apex of the heart?
Left ventricle
Which atrium forms the base of the heart?
Left atrium
Which ventricle and atrium is anterior/posterior?
Left atrium is posterior whilst right ventricle is anterior
Which vertebrae does the heart lie between?
T5 - T8
Which intercostal space is the left ventricle present in? ( where is the apex? )
5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular space
Which structure does the left atrium lie infront?
esophagus and its wholly posterior
Is the heart higher or lower in children?
Higher and lies more horizontal
What are the anterior anatomical relations of the heart?
- Sternum & costal cartilages 4-7
- Ant. edges lungs and pleurae
- Thymic remnants
What are the posterior anatomical relations of the heart?
- Oesophagus
- Descending aorta
- Thoracic vertebrae 5-8
What are the lateral anatomical relations of the heart?
Lungs and phrenic nerve
What are the inferior anatomical relations of the heart?
Central tendon of the diaphragm
What anatomical relation is a useful landmark?
T4 - sternal angle
What is the endometrium layer?
Epithelium + *BM + Connective tissue
(innermost)
What is the myocardium layer?
Cardiac muscle ( middle)
What is the epicardium layer?
Connective tissue and Basement membrance and epithelium outmost)
ALSO known as VISCERAL!
What are the 3 layers of pericardium of the heart?
Fibrous, visceral and parietal
What structure does the endocardium form?
Valves
Describe the structure of the myocardium?
Striated muscle, lots of mitochondria, single central nucleus
Rich capillary bed
Myocytes connected by intercalated discs
Muscle bundles in different planes to close down chamber lumen
Describe the structure of the epicardium?
Epithelium = visceral layer of serous pericardium
Simple squamous epithelium + BM + Connective tissue
Epicardium contains main branches of coronary arteries
May be fatty
What forms the inferior, superior, left and right border?
Left border = RV
Inferior border = RA and RV
Right border = RA
Superior border = LA and the great vessels
What is cusps?
Cusps - thin structures derived from endocardium
What is invovled in heart valves?
Control direction of blood flow
Work passively
Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent valve failure
Whats clinically important about heart valves?
-Abnormalities
(incompetence = widening;
stenosis = narrowing)
- Infection (bacterial endocarditis)
What valves are known as atrio-ventricular valves?
The tricuspid an bicuspid valves are known as the atrio-ventricular valves
What valve is known as the bicupsid valve?
The mitral valve is also known as the bicuspid valve.
What valves are the semilunar valve?
The aortic and pulmonary valves are the semilunar valves,
each having 3 cusps
Which layer are the coronary arteries?
Located in epicardium
At systole, how the openings shielded?
At systole openings in aortic sinuses shielded by aortic valve cusps
What holds the heart in place?
“Hangs” by great vessels within fibrous pericardium
Dense connective tissue bag
What are the attachment of the heart?
Central tendon of the diaphragm
Strenum
Roots of the great vessels
