Anatomy of CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Which mediastinum is the heart?

A

Middle mediastinum

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2
Q

Name 4 circulations present

A

Hepatic portal circulation
Lymphatic system
Pulmonary
Systemic

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3
Q

Which great vessel can you find at T4?

A

The aortic arch

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4
Q

Which ventricle forms the apex of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

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5
Q

Which atrium forms the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium

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6
Q

Which ventricle and atrium is anterior/posterior?

A

Left atrium is posterior whilst right ventricle is anterior

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7
Q

Which vertebrae does the heart lie between?

A

T5 - T8

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8
Q

Which intercostal space is the left ventricle present in? ( where is the apex? )

A

5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular space

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9
Q

Which structure does the left atrium lie infront?

A

esophagus and its wholly posterior

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10
Q

Is the heart higher or lower in children?

A

Higher and lies more horizontal

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11
Q

What are the anterior anatomical relations of the heart?

A
  • Sternum & costal cartilages 4-7
  • Ant. edges lungs and pleurae
  • Thymic remnants
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12
Q

What are the posterior anatomical relations of the heart?

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Descending aorta
  • Thoracic vertebrae 5-8
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13
Q

What are the lateral anatomical relations of the heart?

A

Lungs and phrenic nerve

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14
Q

What are the inferior anatomical relations of the heart?

A

Central tendon of the diaphragm

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15
Q

What anatomical relation is a useful landmark?

A

T4 - sternal angle

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16
Q

What is the endometrium layer?

A

Epithelium + *BM + Connective tissue

(innermost)

17
Q

What is the myocardium layer?

A

Cardiac muscle ( middle)

18
Q

What is the epicardium layer?

A

Connective tissue and Basement membrance and epithelium outmost)

ALSO known as VISCERAL!

19
Q

What are the 3 layers of pericardium of the heart?

A

Fibrous, visceral and parietal

20
Q

What structure does the endocardium form?

21
Q

Describe the structure of the myocardium?

A

Striated muscle, lots of mitochondria, single central nucleus

Rich capillary bed

Myocytes connected by intercalated discs

Muscle bundles in different planes to close down chamber lumen

22
Q

Describe the structure of the epicardium?

A

Epithelium = visceral layer of serous pericardium

Simple squamous epithelium + BM + Connective tissue

Epicardium contains main branches of coronary arteries

May be fatty

23
Q

What forms the inferior, superior, left and right border?

A

Left border = RV
Inferior border = RA and RV
Right border = RA
Superior border = LA and the great vessels

24
Q

What is cusps?

A

Cusps - thin structures derived from endocardium

25
What is invovled in heart valves?
Control direction of blood flow Work passively Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent valve failure
26
Whats clinically important about heart valves?
-Abnormalities (incompetence = widening; stenosis = narrowing) - Infection (bacterial endocarditis)
27
What valves are known as atrio-ventricular valves?
The tricuspid an bicuspid valves are known as the atrio-ventricular valves
28
What valve is known as the bicupsid valve?
The mitral valve is also known as the bicuspid valve.
29
What valves are the semilunar valve?
The aortic and pulmonary valves are the semilunar valves, | each having 3 cusps
30
Which layer are the coronary arteries?
Located in epicardium
31
At systole, how the openings shielded?
At systole openings in aortic sinuses shielded by aortic valve cusps
32
What holds the heart in place?
“Hangs” by great vessels within fibrous pericardium Dense connective tissue bag
33
What are the attachment of the heart?
Central tendon of the diaphragm Strenum Roots of the great vessels