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KYCO 2020 1st year, Block 3 > Anatomy: Nasal Cavity & Paranasal Sinuses > Flashcards

Anatomy: Nasal Cavity & Paranasal Sinuses Flashcards

1
Q

Nose features

A
  • Pyramidal
  • Root = upper end
  • Apex = free tip
  • Dorsum = extends from root to apex, in midline
  • 2 inferior apertures, the nares/nostrils
  • Each nostril is limited laterally by ala of nose
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2
Q

Supporting framework of nose is composed of what?

A
  • Bone

- Hyaline cartilage

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3
Q

What does the bony framework support, and what does it consist of?

A
  • Upper part of the nose

- Consists of nasal bones and frontal processes of maxillae

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4
Q

What does the cartilaginous framework support and consist of?

A
  • Supports the lower part of the nose
  • Consists of 3 major pieces:
  • -1 Septal cartilage
  • -2 Major alar cartilages
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5
Q

How are the cartilages connected to each other and bones?

A

By fibrous tissue

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6
Q

Forms anterior part of the nasal septum; has 2 lateral processes (triangular in shape, located below inferior border of nasal bones)

A

Septal cartilage

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7
Q

U-shaped; form lateral and medial borders of nostrils (lateral and medial crura, respectively)

A

Major Alar Cartilages

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8
Q

Chamber consisting of bony and cartilaginous walls, covered with mucosa

A

Nasal cavity

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9
Q

Parts of nasal cavity

A
  • Floor
  • Roof
  • 2 lateral walls
  • Midline partition (nasal septum)
  • Opens anteriorly on face via nares/nostrils
  • Vestibule
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10
Q

Functions of nasal cavity

A
  • Olfaction (sense of smell)
  • Conditioning of inspired air (filtration, humidification, warming) to the alveoli
  • Reception of secretions from paranasal air sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
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11
Q

SUPERIOR Nasal cavity relationships

A

Anterior cranial fossa (separated by the cribriform plate)

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12
Q

LATERAL TO UPPER PART OF Nasal cavity relationships

A
  • Ethmoidal air cells

- Orbit

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13
Q

LATERAL TO LOWER PART OF Nasal cavity relationships

A

Maxillary sinus

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14
Q

INFERIOR Nasal cavity relationships

A

Oral cavity (separated by hard palate)

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15
Q

POSTERIOR Nasal cavity relationships

A

Nasopharynx (communicates via choanae)

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16
Q

Composition of bony walls: FLOOR

A

-Hard palate

Palatine processes of maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones

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17
Q

Composition of bony walls: ROOF

A

(From anterior to posterior)

  • Nasal bone
  • Nasal spine of frontal bone
  • Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
  • Anterior and Inferior aspects of body of sphenoid bone
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18
Q

Composition of bony walls: MEDIAL WALL (NASAL SEPTUM)

A
  • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
  • Vomer
  • Smaller contributions from sphenoid, maxilla, and palatine
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19
Q

Composition of bony walls: LATERAL WALL

A
  • Maxilla
  • Lacrimal bone
  • Inferior nasal concha
  • Ethmoidal labyrinth
  • Perpendicular plate of palatine bone
  • Medial pterygoid plate
  • 3 nasal meatuses (spaces b/w each concha and lateral wall)
  • -Superior
  • -Middle
  • -Inferior
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20
Q

Part of nasal cavity located above and behind superior nasal concha

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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21
Q

Communications of SUPERIOR NASAL MEATUS

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells open via small orifices in its lateral wall

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22
Q

Communications of MIDDLE NASAL MEATUS

A
  • Ethmoidal Bulla
  • Semilunar hiatus
  • Ostium (opening) of maxillary sinus located in lower part of semilunar hiatus
  • Superior end of semilunar hiatus leads into a curved channel known as the infundibulum
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23
Q

Elevation in lateral wall of middle meatus caused by middle ethmoidal air cells

A

Ethmoidal Bulla

openings of middle ethmoidal air cells are found on ethmoidal bulla

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24
Q

Curved cleft anterior and inferior to ethmoidal bulla

A

Semilunar hiatus

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25
Q

Receives openings of anterior ethmoidal air cells; Superior end of semilunar hiatus leads into this curved channel

A

Infundibulum

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26
Q

In different individuals, what can the infundibulum also receive?

A
  • In some individuals, it also receives openings of frontal sinus
  • In others, it has superior blind end, and the frontal sinus opens directly into anterior part of middle nasal meatus
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27
Q

Communications of INFERIOR NASAL MEATUS

A

Opening of nasolacrimal duct is located in anterior part of its lateral wall

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28
Q

Communications of SPHENOETHMOIDAL RECESS

A

Opening of sphenoidal sinus

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29
Q

Lines entire nasal cavity, except vestibule

A

Nasal mucosa

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30
Q

Firmly bound to periosteum and perichondrium of supporting structures

A

Nasal mucosa

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31
Q

Continuous with lining of nasopharynx, paranasal air sinuses, and nasolacrimal duct

A

Nasal mucosa

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32
Q

Types of mucosa

A
  • Olfactory mucosa

- Respiratory mucosa

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33
Q

Type of mucosa that lines the highest part of the roof and adjacent parts of the septum and lateral wall; contains olfactory receptor cells

A

Olfactory mucosa

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34
Q

Type of mucosa that lines the rest of the nasal cavity [respiratory epithelium (ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelium)]

A

Respiratory mucosa

35
Q

The general sensory nerve supply of the nasal cavity is derived from what?

A
  • Branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V1)

- Branches of the maxillary nerve (V2)

36
Q

General sensory nerves of the nasal cavity

A
  • Anterior ethmoidal nerve
  • Nasal branches of infraorbital nerve
  • Nasal branches of anterior superior alveolar nerve
  • Posterolateral nasal branches
  • Nasopalatine nerve
37
Q

The Anterior Ethmoidal Nerve is a branch of what?

A

Of the nasociliary nerve (from the ophthalmic nerve [V1])

38
Q

Path of anterior ethmoidal nerve

A
  • Passes from orbit to anterior cranial fossa via anterior ethmoidal foramen
  • Runs forward on cribriform plate
  • Leave anterior cranial fossa
  • Enters nasal cavity via small slit at side of crista galli
  • Divides into 2 branches (internal and external nasal branches)
39
Q

What are the two branches the anterior ethmoidal nerve branches into?

A
  • Internal Nasal Branch

- External Nasal Branch

40
Q

What does the internal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve supply?

A

Mucosa of anterior parts of septum and lateral wall

41
Q

What does the external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve supply?

A

Skin of lower part of nose

42
Q

What does the NASAL BRANCH OF INFRAORBITAL NERVE of the general nerve supply of the nasal cavity supply?

A

Skin of vestibule

43
Q

What does the NASAL BRANCH OF THE ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE of the general nerve supply of the nasal cavity supply?

A

Mucosa of anterior part of inferior meatus

44
Q

Where do the POSTEROLATERAL NASAL BRANCHES of the general sensory nerve supply of the nasal cavity originate and what do they supply?

A
  • Originate from pterygopalatine ganglion or greater palatine nerve
  • Supply mucosa of posterior part of lateral wall
45
Q

What does the NASOPALATINE NERVE of the general nerve supply of the nasal cavity supply?

A

Mucosa of posterior part of nasal septum

46
Q

Special sensory nerve supply of the nasal cavity

A
  • Olfactory receptor cells are bipolar neurons located in olfactory mucosa
  • Peripheral processes (dendrites) reach mucosal surface and give rise to nonmotile cilia, which spread over mucosal surface
  • Central processes (axons) join to form olfactory nerves
47
Q

What is the path for the central processes (axons) joining to form the olfactory nerves?

A
  • Pass through the openings of the cribriform plate

- End in olfactory bulb

48
Q

Main arterial sources in the nasal cavity

A
  • Sphenopalatine artery

- Anterior ethmoidal artery

49
Q

Minor arterial sources of the nasal cavity

A
  • Posterior ethmoidal artery
  • Superior labial artery (branch of facial artery [CN VII])
  • Greater palatine artery
50
Q

Site at which the septal branches of sphenopalatine, greater palatine, anterior ethmoidal, and superior labial arteries anastomose

A

Kiesselbach’s area

51
Q

Common site of epistaxis (nosebleeds)

A

Kiesselbach’s area

52
Q

Kiesselbach’s area is the site where which arteries anastomose?

A

Septal branches of:

  • Sphenopalatine
  • Greater palatine
  • Anterior ethmoidal
  • Superior labial arteries anastomose
53
Q

Forms a rich plexus in the submucosa

A

Veins of the nasal cavity

54
Q

Places of venous drainage

A
  • Into pterygoid venous plexus (via sphenopalatine vein)
  • Into facial vein
  • Into superior ophthalmic vein (via anterior and posterior ethmoidal veins)
55
Q

Air spaces in frontal, maxilla, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones, lined by a mucous membrane continuous with that of nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

56
Q

How do sinuses develop?

A
  • As evaginations of nasal mucosa

- Mucosa invades bones surrounding nasal cavity, with secondary bone resorption around invading mucosal sacs

57
Q

What are sinuses like at birth?

A
  • Sinuses are rudimentary (baby’s don’t have them)
  • There’s a slow, continuous growth during childhood and a rapid growth during adolescence
  • Sinuses attain maximum size in adult
58
Q

Functions of paranasal sinuses

A
  • Resonating chambers for voice

- Lighten skull bones

59
Q

Largest of paranasal sinuses

A

Maxillary sinus

60
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus lie?

A

Within the body of the maxilla

61
Q

Shape of the maxillary sinus

A
  • Roughly pyramidal shape
  • Base: directed medially, toward nasal cavity
  • Apex: directed laterally, toward zygomatic bone
62
Q

SUPERIOR Relationship of the Maxillary Sinus

A

Orbit and its contents (infraorbital canal runs along superior wall of sinus and creates a bony ridge)

63
Q

MEDIAL Relationship of the Maxillary Sinus

A

Nasal cavity (maxillary ostium/opening located high in medial wall, poor drainage in erect posture)

64
Q

INFERIOR Relationship of the Maxillary Sinus

A
  • Maxillary alveolar process

- Roots of maxillary teeth (molar roots are closer to maxillary sinus than incisor roots)

65
Q

What does the maxillary sinus communicate with?

A

Middle nasal meatus

66
Q

What is the middle nasal meatus

A

-Opening located in lower part of semilunar hiatus

67
Q

Nerve supply for the maxillary sinus

A

Superior alveolar nerves (from V2)

68
Q

Blood supply for maxillary sinus

A

Superior alveolar arteries (branches of maxillary and infraorbital arteries)

69
Q

Sinus that is located within the frontal bone, behind the superciliary arches; Vary in size and are rarely symmetrical

A

Frontal sinus

70
Q

Path of frontal sinus

A
  • Usually extend superiorly into frontal squama and posteriorly into orbital plates (roof of orbit)
  • Open into middle nasal meatus
71
Q

Nerve supply for the frontal sinuses

A

Supraorbital nerve (branch of frontal nerve, from V1)

72
Q

Blood supply for the frontal sinuses

A

Supraorbital artery (branch of ophthalmic artery)

73
Q

Thin-walled spaces within ethmoidal labyrinths; Number of cells varies from 3 to 18; “Bubbly, crunchy, air-filled cells”

A

Ethmoidal Air Cells

74
Q

Where do the ANTERIOR ethmoidal air cells open into?

A

Infundibulum of middle nasal meatus

75
Q

Where do the MIDDLE ethmoidal air cells open into?

A

On surface of ethmoidal bulla of middle nasal meatus

76
Q

Where do the POSTERIOR ethmoidal air cells open into?

A

Into superior nasal meatus

77
Q

Nerve supply for the ethmoidal air cells

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves (branches of nasociliary nerve, from V1)

78
Q

Blood supply for the ethmoidal air cells

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries (branches of ophthalmic artery)

79
Q

Sinus located posterior to the upper part of the nasal cavity, within the body of the sphenoid bone; Vary in size and are rarely symmetrical

A

Sphenoidal sinus

80
Q

Where are the sphenoidal sinuses related to SUPERIORLY?

A
  • Pituitary gland

- Optic chiasm

81
Q

What are the sphenoidal sinuses related to LATERALLY?

A
  • Cavernous sinus

- Internal carotid artery

82
Q

What do the sphenoidal sinuses open into?

A

Corresponding sphenoethmoidal recess

83
Q

Nerve supply for the sphenoidal sinus

A
  • Posterior ethmoidal nerve (branch of nasociliary nerve, from V1)
  • Pharyngeal nerve (from pterygopalatine ganglion, contains V2 sensory fibers)
84
Q

Blood supply for the sphenoidal sinus

A
  • Posterior ethmoidal artery (branch of ophthalmic artery)

- Pharyngeal branch of maxillary artery

KYCO 2020 1st year, Block 3 (7 decks)

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