Anatomy - Lower Limb Bones And Joints

Question 1

Femur

Answer 1

• longest bone in body
• develops in cartilage
• commonly fractured

Question 2

Tibia and fibula

Answer 2

• Tibia forms medial malleolys. Weight bearing anr robust
• Fibula: lateral malleolus. Extends further distally. Very limited weight bearing, many muscles attached, articulates with tibia. Important for stability of ankle joint

Question 3

Sacroiliac joint

Answer 3

• synovial joint between appendicular and axial skeleton
• main stabilising ligaments: interosseous sI ligament, sacrotuberous ligament, sacospinous liggament
• stable joint to facilitate weight transfer from sacrum to hip bone and lower limb

Question 4

Hip joint

Answer 4

• classification: synovial, ball and socket joint
• articular surface: acetabulum of hip bone and labrum to head of femur
• Movement - flex, extend, abduct, adduct, medial and lateral rotation
• ligament of head of femur carries a blood vessel to the developing head of femur in a juvenile

Question 5

Knee joint

Answer 5

• largest synovial joint in the body
• modified hinge joint
• Flexion, extension, some medial and lateral rotation when joint is flexed
• stabilised by muscles and ligaments, most stable in extended position/close packed in extansion
• around 11 bursae

Question 6

Menisci

Answer 6

• fibrocartilage
• periphery is thick and blends with capsule - good blood supply
• inner aspect is thin and free edge, avascular
• attach to intercondylar area
• medial meniscus less mobile and more commonly injured

Question 7

Cruciate ligaments

Answer 7

• within capsule but outside synovial membrane
• anterior cruciate attach to lateral femoral condyle, posterior cruciate attach to medial femoral condyle
• Function: stabilise knee
• ACL most commonly damaged

Question 8

Collateral ligaments

Answer 8

• Tibial collateral ligament: broad and flat, limits abduction, more commonly damaged
• Fibular collateral ligamentL round,c ord-like, separate from joint capsule
• Limits adduction movement

Question 9

Tibiofibular joint

Answer 9

• superior one is a plane synovial joint

- inferior one is a fibrous joint

Question 10

Ankle joint

Answer 10

• classification: hinge, synovial
• Articulasr surface: distal tibia, medial and latteral malleoli to talus
• MovementL dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
• More stable in dorsiflexion