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Anatomy and Histology > Anatomy Lecture final > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture final Flashcards

1
Q

The 2 photoreceptors

A
  1. Cones = light
  2. Rods = darkness

[think of traffic cones, little light makes them really visible]

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2
Q

Where are most of the cones concentrated

A
  • Macula lutea - most cones
    • Fovea centralis - purely cones (at center of macula lutea)
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3
Q

What are the 3 tunics of the eye?

A
  1. Fibrous tunic (outer layer)
    • Sclera
    • Cornea
  2. Vascular tunic (middle/inner layer)
    • Choroid
    • Ciliary Body
    • Iris
  3. Neural tunic (innermost layer)
    • Retina
    • Back 1/3 of the eyeball

[add more details for each structure]

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4
Q

How does olfaction work?

A
  • Odorant molecules are breathed into the nose
  • At the superior nasal conchae, these odorant molecules are dissolved in mucus
  • In this mucus, Olfactory (bipolar) neurons carry the signal through the ethmoid bone to the Mitral cells
  • The Mitral cell axons form the olfactory tract, and they carry the signal to different parts of the brain
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5
Q

What fluids are in the anterior portion and posterior portion of the eye?

A
  • anterior = aqueous humor
  • posterior = vitreous humor
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6
Q

How does vision work?

A

ganglion cell bipolar cell rods and cones

[please finish]

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7
Q

Voluntary body controls. afferent and efferent nerves

A

somatic nervous system

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8
Q

Classification of Sensory Nerves by structure

  1. Terminus has tissue ball around it
  2. Terminus has nothing
  3. Unique receptor, like in the nose
A
  1. Encapsulated nerve ending
  2. Free nerve ending
  3. Specialized receptor cell
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9
Q

What is the conjunctiva? What it do like?

A

Thin film covering the sclera (white part of the eye) and lining the eyelid

moistens eye

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10
Q

Part of the brain continuous with spinal cord? What it do like?

A

Medulla oblongata

  • responsible for things like: respiratory and cardiovascular
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11
Q

Part of brain that coordinates motor activity

A

cerebellum

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12
Q

How does hearing work?

A
  1. Sound waves enter through ear canal
  2. The tympanic membrane vibrates the malleus, incus, and stapes bones
  3. Stapes vibrates sounds through the oval window to the inner ear (cochlea)
  4. Vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move
  5. Cochlea hairs create neural signal
  6. Auditory nerve signals are sent to the brain where they are interpreted as sound
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13
Q

What are the 2 components of blood?

A

Plasma (55%): water, protein, and hormones

Formed Elements (45%): RBC, WBC, Leukocytes, platelets

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14
Q

Pathway of blood flow in the heart?

A
  1. Inferior/superior vena cava dump into the Right Atrium
  2. This blood flows into Right Ventricle
    • Tricuspid valve
  3. Blood enters the pulmonary trunk
    • Pulm. semilunar valve
  4. This splits into the L/R pulmonary arteries [low O2], which go to lungs
  5. Oxygenated blood flows into the LA
  6. Blood enters Left Ventricle
    • Mitral (bicuspid) valve
  7. Blood enters the Aorta
    • Aortic semilunar valve
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15
Q

List the Artery sub-types. If possible, give an example.

List the defining difference of each sub-type listed. (ie. more elastic fibers in tunica…)

A
  1. ​Elastic Arteries (Ex: Aorta)
    • Huge lumen.
    • Hella elastic everywhere, so it can “expand and snap back.”
  2. Muscular Arteries (Ex: Coeliac Artery)
    • Narrow lumen
    • Thick tunica media maintains shape.
  3. Arterioles
    • _​​_Smaller size overall
    • Moderate amount of each tissue type.
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16
Q

What are the 3 respiratory diseases Jones cares about?

A
  • COPD - is a broad umbrella of diseases, including the following:
    • Emphysema - Destruction of alveolar walls. Increased compliance (stretched out; easy to fill, hard to empty. So no room for new air to come in)
    • Bronchitis - Damaged cilia. This prevents mucous from being swept up, leading to inflammation of the respiratory tubes and a narrower lumen
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17
Q

Lymphatic system:

  1. What is function?
  2. What are the primary lymph organs?
  3. What are the secondary lymph organs?
  4. How is lymph moved through the body?
A
  1. Absorb XS fluid, mount immune response.
  2. Bone marrow and Thymus.
  3. Lymph nodes/nodules, peyer’s patches and M.A.L.T. cells
  4. No pump, just muscles squeeze the vessels
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18
Q

Where B cells made/ mature?

Where T cells made/mature?

A

Both cells made in the bone marrow

  • B cells mature in the bone marrow
  • T cells mature in the thymus
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19
Q

Dermal Modifications

A
  • Flexure lines - joint bends
  • Friction ridges - fingerprint
  • Cleavage lines - organization of the skin structures
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20
Q

What is the digestion process

A
  1. Mastication/ Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Chemical breakdown
  4. Mechanical breakdown
  5. Absorbtion
  6. Defectation
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21
Q

Swallowing phases

A
  1. Oral - you can control the chomping and swallowing
  2. Pharyngeal - Uvula flips up, epiglottis flips down
  3. Esophageal - peristaltic motions
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22
Q

Small intestine surface area? (3 things)

A
  1. Pleca circularis
  2. Villi
  3. Microvilli
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23
Q

Explain blood filteration to make urine

How much urine in 1 day

A
  1. Renal artery brings in, then branches several times into the afferent arteriole
  2. This leads into the glomerular capillaries, where filtrate forms
  3. Plasma and other things are now in Glomerular capsule; flow into PCT
  4. PCT –> LOOP –> DCT –> COLLECTING DUCT

800-2000 ml per day

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24
Q

What are the 2 muscle lever systems?

A
  • Speed system - your effort arm is short. Therefore closer to the fulcrum than the force arm.
  • Lever system - your effort arm is long. Therefore further away from the fulcrum than.
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25
Q

What are the 2 types of muscular hypertrophy?

A
  • Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy - your sarcoplasm get swole (bodybuilder)
  • Myofibrillar hypertrophy - your myofibrils get swole (strongest man)
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26
Q

What is that muscle loss of old people?

A

Sarcopenia - 1% muscle loss each year after age 50

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers?

A

Type 1: Slow Oxidative (slow twitch)

Type 2a: Fast Oxidative

Type 2b: Fast Glycolytic

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28
Q

What word describes the way cardiac muscle contract?

What is unique for the cardiac muscle?

A

Functionally syncitial, not structurally syncitial

  • Uninucleate cells
  • Intercalated disks
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29
Q

Where does sperm mature?

A

epididymus

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30
Q

Mechanisms of evolution?

A
  1. mutations
  2. genetic drift
  3. natural selection
  4. migration
  5. differential reproduction
  6. genetic heretibility
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31
Q

Compare and contrast Pennate muscle with Parallel (series muscle)

  1. Cross-sectional area
  2. Speed
  3. Power
A

[Jones approved]

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32
Q

List the Vein sub-types. If possible, give an example.

List the defining difference of each sub-type listed. (ie. more elastic fibers in tunica…)

A
  1. Large Vein (Ex: superior vena cava)
    • Hella smooth/fibrous tissue. Low elastic.
    • Has Valves
  2. Medium Vein (Ex: great saphenous vein)
    • Low smooth/fibrous/elastic tissue.
    • Has valves
  3. Venules
    • Low smooth/Fibrous. No elastic
    • No valves
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33
Q

List the Capillary sub-types. If possible, give an example.

List the defining difference of each sub-type listed. (ie. more elastic fibers in tunica…)

A

Capillaries

Fenestrated Capillaries

Sinusoid Capillaries

34
Q

Look at the chart on the back to compare the Vessels. It’s pretty lit.

(from histology)

A
35
Q

Why is the Optic Nerve unique?

A

It begins as a nerve, where it collects sensory impulse, but becomes an optic tract when it enters the CNS

36
Q

Network of nerve fibers w/ no associated cell bodies

A

Nerve Plexus

37
Q

Which system is faster? Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?

Why?

[10 point question on the exam fam]

A

Parasympathetic because the post-ganglionic axon is much shorter.

  • Pre-ganglionic axons have myelin. Post-ganglionic axons do not.
38
Q

How does Audition (hearing) work?

[in depth if you can]

A
  • Auricle of the ear funnels sound into the External ear
  • The tympanic membrane (at the inner end of the ext. ear canal) vibrates
  • This vibration pushes on the Malleus, Incus and Stapes of the Middle ear
  • The stapes is mated to the oval window, which transfers it’s vibrations to the fluid of the Scala Vestibuli (perilymph) in the Inner ear
  • Perilymph bends the membrane of the Cochlear Duct.
  • The endolymph in the Cochelar duct pushes on the Tectorial Membrane of the Organ of Corti, which pushes on hair cells that are hooked up to the Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII.
  • The Scala Vestibuli perilymph continues, wrapping around the cochlear duct, turning into the Scala Tympani until it reaches the Round window. By this time, a complete set of sound waves have been received.
39
Q

What information do the Utricle and Saccule provide?

A
  • Head position; are we upside down or right side up?
40
Q

What information do the semicircular canals provide?

A
  • Head rotation; it swishes the fluid around to let you know if you’re spinning
  • There are 3 of them, so that you can perceive in 3 dimensions
41
Q

What structures are defined below?

  1. Where hair originates
  2. Capillaries and nerve endings
  3. Hair below the surface
  4. Mitotic basal cells
  5. Surround growing hair
  6. Encloses the hair root
A
  1. Hair follicle
  2. Hair papilla
  3. Hair root
  4. Hair matrix
  5. Inner root sheath
  6. Outer (external) root sheath
42
Q

What structures are defined below?

  1. Area beneath the free edge of the nail, furthest from the cuticle
  2. Thick layer of moon shaped epithelium
  3. Nail fold that meets the nail body
A
  1. Hyponchium
  2. Lunula
  3. Eponychium
43
Q

Name the 3 types of glands we care about

A

Sweat Gland

  1. Eccrine - everywhere
  2. Apocrine - armpit, ano-genital

Sebaceous Gland - oily substance to lubricate and “waterproof” skin

44
Q

What are 5 human classifications?

A
  1. animal
  2. vertebrate
  3. tetrapod
  4. amniote
  5. mammal
  6. primate
45
Q

What’s our closest relative?

A

chimp

46
Q

What 3 things must be true for the scientific method to hold up?

A
  • Real
  • Reasonable
  • Regular
47
Q

What 3 things constitute a theory?

A
  • Tentative - doesnt assert certainty
  • Parsimonious - clear
  • Not falsified
48
Q

What are the 6 (or 7) steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Observe
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesize
  4. Predict
  5. Gather Data
  6. [optional] Refine
  7. Theory
49
Q

What 2 things is science based on?

A
  1. Empirical evidence
  2. Facts
50
Q

Part of the brain that is able to compare information given and make a decision

A

cerebrum

51
Q

General term for the parts of the brain that augment cortical processes?

What are the primary ones jones talked about?

A

Subcortical structures

  • Basal Nuclei
    • Striatum
      • Caudate
      • Putamen
    • Globus Pallidus
52
Q

Part of the brain that serves as a bridge between brain hemispheres and a regulator for the respiratory system?

A

Pons

53
Q

Part of the brain that handles much of the information from the cranial nerves

A

Midbrain

  • Tectum - audio and visual
  • Tegmentum - cranial nerve
54
Q

Part of the brain that regulates respiratory and cardiovascular processes. Continous with spinal cord.

A

Medulla oblongata

55
Q

Part of the embryo that forms Epithalamus, Thalamus and Hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

56
Q

Part of the embryo that forms the Pons and Cerebellum

A

Metencephalon

57
Q

The _____ germ layer gives rise to the epidermis, glands on skins, some cranial bones and pituitary & adrenal glands.

A

Ectoderm

58
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous Joints

Cartilaginous Joints

Synovial Joints

59
Q

_____ _____ is formed of a network of trabeculae.

A

Spongy Bone

60
Q

A freely movable joint

A

Diarthrosis

61
Q

The ______ germ layer gives rise to connective tissue proper, bone, cartilage, and blood.

A

Mesoderm

62
Q

What is the fibrous structure that anchors epitelium to the connective tissue (found underlying epithelia)

A

Basement Membrane

63
Q

____ main function is bone resorption.

A

Osteoclasts

64
Q

_____ cells are scattered within the epithelial linning of the intestines and respiratory tubes between columnar cells. They produce mucin.

A

Goblet

65
Q

What are the three types of membranes?

A

Cutaneous Membrane

Mucous Membrane

Serous Membrane

66
Q

What are the two types of cells found in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and Neuroglial Cells

67
Q

What are the three types of fiborus joints?

A

Sutures

Syndesmosis

Gomphosis

68
Q

What are the three types of functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthrosis

Amphiarthrosis

Diarthrosis

69
Q

The ____ is a connective tissue layer that surrounds skeletal muscle.

A

Epimysium

70
Q

The ____ is a connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fascicle.

A

Perimysium

71
Q

_____ is fluid contained within the lymphatic system.

A

Lymph

72
Q

The _____ cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae.

A

pleural

73
Q

_____ in the blood consists of water, protein, nutrients, and hormones.

A

Plasma

74
Q

What part of the cortex stops us from jumping up and down?

A

Basal Nuclei

[from the book i believe]

75
Q

The _____ in the blood consists of white blood cells and platelets.

A

buffy coat

76
Q

What is a basic 5 neuron process from sense to action?

A
  1. Sensory neuron receive
  2. Interneuron of spinal cord receives signal
  3. Interneuron of thalamus receives signal
  4. Upper motor neuron [cortex]
  5. Lower motor neuron to muscle
77
Q

Portion of the ventricle where ependymal cells come into contact with blood vessels

A

Choroid plexus

78
Q

List the first 4 Cranial Nerves and what they do

A
  • Olfactory Nerve I - Smell
  • Optic Nerve II - Vision
  • Occulomotor Nerve III - Eye motion
  • Trochlear Nerve IV - Eye motion
79
Q

List Cranial Nerves 5-8 and what they do

A
  • Trigeminal Nerve V - Facial sense / Move jaw
  • Abducens Nerve VI - Eye motion
  • Facial Nerve VII - Taste / Facial expression
  • Vestibularcochlear Nerve VIII - Hearing and balance
80
Q

List Cranial Nerves 9-12 and what they do

A
  • Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX - Tongue sense / Swallow
  • Vagus Nerve X - Taste / Swallow and talk
  • Spinal Accessory Nerve XI - Shoulder and head motion
  • Hypoglossal Nerve XII - Tongue motion
81
Q

Sensory Nerve classification by location:

  1. Nerve exposed or near external enviornment
  2. Nerve on organ
  3. Nerve by moving part
A
  1. Enteroreceptor
  2. Interoreceptor
  3. Propioceptor
82
Q

Sensory Nerve classification by Function:

  1. Concentration
  2. Osmolarity
  3. Pain
  4. Touch
  5. Temperature

[probably low yield]

A
  1. Chemoreceptor
  2. Osmoreceptor
  3. Nociceptor
  4. Mechanoreceptor
  5. Thermoreceptor

Anatomy and Histology (8 decks)

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