Anatomy Lecture final Flashcards
The 2 photoreceptors
- Cones = light
- Rods = darkness
[think of traffic cones, little light makes them really visible]
Where are most of the cones concentrated
- Macula lutea - most cones
- Fovea centralis - purely cones (at center of macula lutea)
What are the 3 tunics of the eye?
- Fibrous tunic (outer layer)
- Sclera
- Cornea
- Vascular tunic (middle/inner layer)
- Choroid
- Ciliary Body
- Iris
- Neural tunic (innermost layer)
- Retina
- Back 1/3 of the eyeball
[add more details for each structure]
How does olfaction work?
- Odorant molecules are breathed into the nose
- At the superior nasal conchae, these odorant molecules are dissolved in mucus
- In this mucus, Olfactory (bipolar) neurons carry the signal through the ethmoid bone to the Mitral cells
- The Mitral cell axons form the olfactory tract, and they carry the signal to different parts of the brain
What fluids are in the anterior portion and posterior portion of the eye?
- anterior = aqueous humor
- posterior = vitreous humor
How does vision work?
ganglion cell bipolar cell rods and cones
[please finish]
Voluntary body controls. afferent and efferent nerves
somatic nervous system
Classification of Sensory Nerves by structure
- Terminus has tissue ball around it
- Terminus has nothing
- Unique receptor, like in the nose
- Encapsulated nerve ending
- Free nerve ending
- Specialized receptor cell
What is the conjunctiva? What it do like?
Thin film covering the sclera (white part of the eye) and lining the eyelid
moistens eye
Part of the brain continuous with spinal cord? What it do like?
Medulla oblongata
- responsible for things like: respiratory and cardiovascular
Part of brain that coordinates motor activity
cerebellum
How does hearing work?
- Sound waves enter through ear canal
- The tympanic membrane vibrates the malleus, incus, and stapes bones
- Stapes vibrates sounds through the oval window to the inner ear (cochlea)
- Vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move
- Cochlea hairs create neural signal
- Auditory nerve signals are sent to the brain where they are interpreted as sound
What are the 2 components of blood?
Plasma (55%): water, protein, and hormones
Formed Elements (45%): RBC, WBC, Leukocytes, platelets
Pathway of blood flow in the heart?
- Inferior/superior vena cava dump into the Right Atrium
- This blood flows into Right Ventricle
- Tricuspid valve
- Blood enters the pulmonary trunk
- Pulm. semilunar valve
- This splits into the L/R pulmonary arteries [low O2], which go to lungs
- Oxygenated blood flows into the LA
- Blood enters Left Ventricle
- Mitral (bicuspid) valve
- Blood enters the Aorta
- Aortic semilunar valve
List the Artery sub-types. If possible, give an example.
List the defining difference of each sub-type listed. (ie. more elastic fibers in tunica…)
- Elastic Arteries (Ex: Aorta)
- Huge lumen.
- Hella elastic everywhere, so it can “expand and snap back.”
-
Muscular Arteries (Ex: Coeliac Artery)
- Narrow lumen
- Thick tunica media maintains shape.
-
Arterioles
- __Smaller size overall
- Moderate amount of each tissue type.
What are the 3 respiratory diseases Jones cares about?
-
COPD - is a broad umbrella of diseases, including the following:
- Emphysema - Destruction of alveolar walls. Increased compliance (stretched out; easy to fill, hard to empty. So no room for new air to come in)
- Bronchitis - Damaged cilia. This prevents mucous from being swept up, leading to inflammation of the respiratory tubes and a narrower lumen
Lymphatic system:
- What is function?
- What are the primary lymph organs?
- What are the secondary lymph organs?
- How is lymph moved through the body?
- Absorb XS fluid, mount immune response.
- Bone marrow and Thymus.
- Lymph nodes/nodules, peyer’s patches and M.A.L.T. cells
- No pump, just muscles squeeze the vessels
Where B cells made/ mature?
Where T cells made/mature?
Both cells made in the bone marrow
- B cells mature in the bone marrow
- T cells mature in the thymus
Dermal Modifications
- Flexure lines - joint bends
- Friction ridges - fingerprint
- Cleavage lines - organization of the skin structures
What is the digestion process
- Mastication/ Ingestion
- Propulsion
- Chemical breakdown
- Mechanical breakdown
- Absorbtion
- Defectation
Swallowing phases
- Oral - you can control the chomping and swallowing
- Pharyngeal - Uvula flips up, epiglottis flips down
- Esophageal - peristaltic motions
Small intestine surface area? (3 things)
- Pleca circularis
- Villi
- Microvilli
Explain blood filteration to make urine
How much urine in 1 day
- Renal artery brings in, then branches several times into the afferent arteriole
- This leads into the glomerular capillaries, where filtrate forms
- Plasma and other things are now in Glomerular capsule; flow into PCT
- PCT –> LOOP –> DCT –> COLLECTING DUCT
800-2000 ml per day
What are the 2 muscle lever systems?
- Speed system - your effort arm is short. Therefore closer to the fulcrum than the force arm.
- Lever system - your effort arm is long. Therefore further away from the fulcrum than.
What are the 2 types of muscular hypertrophy?
- Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy - your sarcoplasm get swole (bodybuilder)
- Myofibrillar hypertrophy - your myofibrils get swole (strongest man)
What is that muscle loss of old people?
Sarcopenia - 1% muscle loss each year after age 50
What are the 3 types of muscle fibers?
Type 1: Slow Oxidative (slow twitch)
Type 2a: Fast Oxidative
Type 2b: Fast Glycolytic
What word describes the way cardiac muscle contract?
What is unique for the cardiac muscle?
Functionally syncitial, not structurally syncitial
- Uninucleate cells
- Intercalated disks
Where does sperm mature?
epididymus
Mechanisms of evolution?
- mutations
- genetic drift
- natural selection
- migration
- differential reproduction
- genetic heretibility
Compare and contrast Pennate muscle with Parallel (series muscle)
- Cross-sectional area
- Speed
- Power
[Jones approved]
List the Vein sub-types. If possible, give an example.
List the defining difference of each sub-type listed. (ie. more elastic fibers in tunica…)
-
Large Vein (Ex: superior vena cava)
- Hella smooth/fibrous tissue. Low elastic.
- Has Valves
-
Medium Vein (Ex: great saphenous vein)
- Low smooth/fibrous/elastic tissue.
- Has valves
-
Venules
- Low smooth/Fibrous. No elastic
- No valves
List the Capillary sub-types. If possible, give an example.
List the defining difference of each sub-type listed. (ie. more elastic fibers in tunica…)
Capillaries
Fenestrated Capillaries
Sinusoid Capillaries
Look at the chart on the back to compare the Vessels. It’s pretty lit.
(from histology)
Why is the Optic Nerve unique?
It begins as a nerve, where it collects sensory impulse, but becomes an optic tract when it enters the CNS
Network of nerve fibers w/ no associated cell bodies
Nerve Plexus
Which system is faster? Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?
Why?
[10 point question on the exam fam]
Parasympathetic because the post-ganglionic axon is much shorter.
- Pre-ganglionic axons have myelin. Post-ganglionic axons do not.
How does Audition (hearing) work?
[in depth if you can]
- Auricle of the ear funnels sound into the External ear
- The tympanic membrane (at the inner end of the ext. ear canal) vibrates
- This vibration pushes on the Malleus, Incus and Stapes of the Middle ear
- The stapes is mated to the oval window, which transfers it’s vibrations to the fluid of the Scala Vestibuli (perilymph) in the Inner ear
- Perilymph bends the membrane of the Cochlear Duct.
- The endolymph in the Cochelar duct pushes on the Tectorial Membrane of the Organ of Corti, which pushes on hair cells that are hooked up to the Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII.
- The Scala Vestibuli perilymph continues, wrapping around the cochlear duct, turning into the Scala Tympani until it reaches the Round window. By this time, a complete set of sound waves have been received.
What information do the Utricle and Saccule provide?
- Head position; are we upside down or right side up?
What information do the semicircular canals provide?
- Head rotation; it swishes the fluid around to let you know if you’re spinning
- There are 3 of them, so that you can perceive in 3 dimensions
What structures are defined below?
- Where hair originates
- Capillaries and nerve endings
- Hair below the surface
- Mitotic basal cells
- Surround growing hair
- Encloses the hair root
- Hair follicle
- Hair papilla
- Hair root
- Hair matrix
- Inner root sheath
- Outer (external) root sheath
What structures are defined below?
- Area beneath the free edge of the nail, furthest from the cuticle
- Thick layer of moon shaped epithelium
- Nail fold that meets the nail body
- Hyponchium
- Lunula
- Eponychium
Name the 3 types of glands we care about
Sweat Gland
- Eccrine - everywhere
- Apocrine - armpit, ano-genital
Sebaceous Gland - oily substance to lubricate and “waterproof” skin
What are 5 human classifications?
- animal
- vertebrate
- tetrapod
- amniote
- mammal
- primate
What’s our closest relative?
chimp
What 3 things must be true for the scientific method to hold up?
- Real
- Reasonable
- Regular
What 3 things constitute a theory?
- Tentative - doesnt assert certainty
- Parsimonious - clear
- Not falsified
What are the 6 (or 7) steps of the scientific method?
- Observe
- Question
- Hypothesize
- Predict
- Gather Data
- [optional] Refine
- Theory
What 2 things is science based on?
- Empirical evidence
- Facts
Part of the brain that is able to compare information given and make a decision
cerebrum
General term for the parts of the brain that augment cortical processes?
What are the primary ones jones talked about?
Subcortical structures
- Basal Nuclei
-
Striatum
- Caudate
- Putamen
- Globus Pallidus
-
Striatum
Part of the brain that serves as a bridge between brain hemispheres and a regulator for the respiratory system?
Pons
Part of the brain that handles much of the information from the cranial nerves
Midbrain
- Tectum - audio and visual
- Tegmentum - cranial nerve
Part of the brain that regulates respiratory and cardiovascular processes. Continous with spinal cord.
Medulla oblongata
Part of the embryo that forms Epithalamus, Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Part of the embryo that forms the Pons and Cerebellum
Metencephalon
The _____ germ layer gives rise to the epidermis, glands on skins, some cranial bones and pituitary & adrenal glands.
Ectoderm
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
_____ _____ is formed of a network of trabeculae.
Spongy Bone
A freely movable joint
Diarthrosis
The ______ germ layer gives rise to connective tissue proper, bone, cartilage, and blood.
Mesoderm
What is the fibrous structure that anchors epitelium to the connective tissue (found underlying epithelia)
Basement Membrane
____ main function is bone resorption.
Osteoclasts
_____ cells are scattered within the epithelial linning of the intestines and respiratory tubes between columnar cells. They produce mucin.
Goblet
What are the three types of membranes?
Cutaneous Membrane
Mucous Membrane
Serous Membrane
What are the two types of cells found in nervous tissue?
Neurons and Neuroglial Cells
What are the three types of fiborus joints?
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
What are the three types of functional classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
The ____ is a connective tissue layer that surrounds skeletal muscle.
Epimysium
The ____ is a connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fascicle.
Perimysium
_____ is fluid contained within the lymphatic system.
Lymph
The _____ cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae.
pleural
_____ in the blood consists of water, protein, nutrients, and hormones.
Plasma
What part of the cortex stops us from jumping up and down?
Basal Nuclei
[from the book i believe]
The _____ in the blood consists of white blood cells and platelets.
buffy coat
What is a basic 5 neuron process from sense to action?
- Sensory neuron receive
- Interneuron of spinal cord receives signal
- Interneuron of thalamus receives signal
- Upper motor neuron [cortex]
- Lower motor neuron to muscle
Portion of the ventricle where ependymal cells come into contact with blood vessels
Choroid plexus
List the first 4 Cranial Nerves and what they do
- Olfactory Nerve I - Smell
- Optic Nerve II - Vision
- Occulomotor Nerve III - Eye motion
- Trochlear Nerve IV - Eye motion
List Cranial Nerves 5-8 and what they do
- Trigeminal Nerve V - Facial sense / Move jaw
- Abducens Nerve VI - Eye motion
- Facial Nerve VII - Taste / Facial expression
- Vestibularcochlear Nerve VIII - Hearing and balance
List Cranial Nerves 9-12 and what they do
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX - Tongue sense / Swallow
- Vagus Nerve X - Taste / Swallow and talk
- Spinal Accessory Nerve XI - Shoulder and head motion
- Hypoglossal Nerve XII - Tongue motion
Sensory Nerve classification by location:
- Nerve exposed or near external enviornment
- Nerve on organ
- Nerve by moving part
- Enteroreceptor
- Interoreceptor
- Propioceptor
Sensory Nerve classification by Function:
- Concentration
- Osmolarity
- Pain
- Touch
- Temperature
[probably low yield]
- Chemoreceptor
- Osmoreceptor
- Nociceptor
- Mechanoreceptor
- Thermoreceptor
