Anatomy Lecture Deck 5 Flashcards
T cells may attack blank cells or those infected by a blank
foreign, virus
T cells may stay on reserve only to become active if the blank reappears
pathogen
lymphocytes that are also derived directly from bone marrow and directly attack foreign cells
natural killer
reticular connective tissue is dominated by blank
lymphocytes
these are not organs but include mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
lymphoid nodules
MALT has blank lymph nodules
digestive
lymph nodes are not the same as blank
nodules
MALT that is positioned around the pharynx and remove pahtogens that enter via air or food
tonsils
three types of tonsils
pharyngeal, palatine, lingual
tonsil with one nodule in nasopharynx like adenoids
pharyngeal
tonsil with two nodules on the soft palate
palatine
tonsils with two nodules at the base of the tongue
lingual
MALT that line mucosa of the small intestine
aggregated lymphoid nodules
MALT that is a blind tube at the beginning of small intestine and is an area that is prone to infection
appendix
appendix infected is called blank and allows the intestinal blank to enter underlying tissue
appendicitis, flora
these are surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue capsule and include lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
lymph organs
lymph organs that are bean shaped and lie between several blank and one blank vessel
lymph nodes, afferent, efferent
indented region where blood vessels, nerves, and efferent lymph vessels connect in lymph nodes
hilum
lymph nodes have a blank which has a capsule which has blank that subdivide it
cortex, trabeculae
two regions of lymph node cortex
outer, inner
region of lymph node cortex that consists of aggregated B cells
outer
region of cortex of lymph node that has T cells that enter blood here
inner
lymph node part where B cells leave
medulla
three locations of lymph nodes
cervical, axillary, inguinal, pelvic, abdominal, thoracic
lymph organ on left side of stomach and is the largest lymphatic organ
spleen
spleen part that resembles a lymph node
white pulp
spleen part that has large amounts of red blood cells and sinuses, macrophages, and t/b cells
red pulp
spleen removes old blank and stores blank
red blood cell, iron
spleen initiates blank and is a blank reservoir
immune response, reservoir
spleen does red blood cell production in blank
fetus
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum and is the first lymph organ to develop
thymus
thymus grows until blank and shrinks with blank
puberty, age
two lobes of thymus
cortex, medulla
lobe of thymus with mostly immature T cells
cortex
thymus cortex produces mature blank
t cells
T cells mature and migrate into blank of thymus
medulla
T cells enter blood vessels and go into blank
circulation
thymus cells that produce thymosin and promote T cell blank
reticular cells, differentiation
lobe of thymus with mostly reticular epithelial cells
medulla
two parts of respiratory system
upper, lower
nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx make up this respiratory system
upper
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli make up the blank
lower respiratory system
gas exchange surface
alveoli
lung is an extensive area for blank
gas exchange
respiratory produces blank
vocalization
respiratory system also helps with blank and blank
protection, regulation
increase the blank of the membrane to increase efficiency of membrane
surface area
decrease the blank of the membrane to increase efficiency of gas exchange
thickness
highly blank the respiratory membrane to maximize the concentration gradient to increase gas exchange efficiency
vascularize
gases exchange better with blank surfaces
moisture
two types of cartilage in nose
lateral nasal, major/minor alar
external nares are aka blank
nostrils
the nose encloses the nasal blank
vestibule
nasal vestibule is protected by blank and open into blank
hairs, nasal cavity
inside of nose is the blank
nasal vestibule
nasal vestibule is divided by blank
nasal septum
nasal cavity starts at nasal blank and ends at blank
vestibule, internal nares
nasal cavity is divided into two by the blank
nasal septum
nasal cavity is separated from oral cavity by blank and blank
hard palate, soft palate
hard palate is made of blank and blank
palatine, maxilla
nasal cavity has a blank membrane lining
mucus
superior region of the nasal cavity with areas of olfactory receptors
olfactory region
part of nasal cavity with three projections of bone on each side
conchae
ethmoid and inferior nasal concha bone make up the blank
conchae
grooves in between conchae are called blank
meatuses
conchae functions to blank out airborne particles
filter
conchae divides nasal cavity into blank
passages
conchae supports blank membranes
mucous
conchae increase blank and blank
surface area, turbulence
air filled sacs within cranial bones
sinuses
four sinuses
maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
sinuses open into blank cavity
nasal
sinuses are lined with blank
mucous membranes
sinus functions to decrease blank of skull
weight
sinuses produce blank
mucus
throat is aka blank
pharynx
shared passageway for respiratory and digestive system
pharynx
pharynx above uvula and posterior to internal nares
nasopharynx
function of pharynx is a blank for food and air and is for blank production
passage, sound
two layers of respiratory tree
mucosa, submucosa
layer of respiratory tree that has goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
mucosa
layer of respiratory tree that has areolar connective tissue and serous and mucous glands
submucosa
there is blank cartilage and blank muscle in the respiratory tree
hyaline, trachealis
trachealis muscle is blank and longitudinal blank muscle
transverse, smooth
there is blank muscle as one moves closer to the lungs
more
enlargement in airway at top of trachea and below pharynx
larynx
larynx routes air and blank to proper blank
food, channels
larynx surrounds and protects blank
glottis
opening into larynx
glottis
larynx houses blank
vocal cords
composed of muscles and cartilage held together by elastic tissue
larynx
cartilage of larynx that is Adam’s apple
thyroid
larynx cartilage that supports epiglottis
cricoid
larynx cartilages that attach and control vocal cords
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
folds in mucous membrane
vocal cords
false vocal cords that create no sound and muscles help close larynx during swallowing
vestibular folds
true vocal cords that cause sound production
vocal folds
air pushed past vocal folds causes blank
vibration
pitch is controlled by changing tension of blank
cords
tight tension means blank pitch
high
more force of air means blank sound
louder
oral cavity, lips, and tongue change blank
sound
flexible tube that connects larynx with bronchi
trachea
the trachea has a blank which is a ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells that beats continuously and expels mucous loaded with debris
Inner wall
function of trachea is to filter and direct incoming blank
air
trachea has cartilage blank that prevent collapsing
rings
these are formed by division of trachea
bronchi
bronchi are split at blank
carina
bronchi enter lungs at blank
hilus
bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller blank
branches
divisions of bronchi
primary, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles
in bronchi there is a difference between blank
sides
this bronchus is wider, shorter, straighter, and divides into blank parts whereas blank only has blank
right, three, left, two
there are blank terminal bronchioles
6500
smooth muscle and little cartilage in bronchioles which causes blank and blank
bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction
terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory blank
lobules
there are fifty to eighty terminal branches per blank
lobule
these lead to alveolar sacs
alveolar ducts
these contain several alveoli
alveolar sacs
there are blank alveoli per lung
150 million
each alveoli is associated with a network of blank
capillaries
alveoli have an abundance of blank fibers
elastic
The trachea has 20 c shaped pieces of blank cartilage
Hyaline
alveolus consists of these cells which are a moist lining that aids in diffusion across respiratory membrane and made of simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange
pneumocyte type 1
alveolus consists of these cells which do not do gas exchange but secrete pulmonary blank
pneumocyte type 2, surfactant
pulmonary surfactant is a fluid with a lower blank force than water
cohesive
pulmonary surfactant has blank walls that dont stick to eachother
alveolar
pulmonary surfactant prevents blank of alveoli
collapse
alveolus contains these two connective tissues
fibroblasts, macrophages
these are in the thoracic cavity and are surrounded by two membranes
lungs
two membranes of lungs
visceral pleura, parietal pleura
the blank is in between the two pleura of lungs
pleural cavity
all vessels and bronchi enter here in lungs
hilus
left lung has blank lobes while right has blank
2, 3
lung lobes divide into blank
lobules
type of respiration with moving air in and out
pulmonary ventilation
type of respiration that is gas exchange
external respiration
type of respiration that is transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
respiratory transport
type of respiration that is gas exchange between blood and tissue
internal respiration
breathing works depending on the blank changes in the blank cavity
volume, thoracic
two phases of breathing
inspiration, expiration
volume changes lead to blank change in breathing
pressure
when pressure changes, gases flow to blank pressure
equalize
during inspiration, blank and blank muscles contract
external intercostal, diaphragm
on inspiration, this expands
thoracic cavity
on inspiration, pressure in the pleural cavity blank
decrease
on inspiration, air moves blank lungs to equalize pressure
into
a passive process where muscles relax and recoil shrinks thoracic cavity
expiration
during expiration, prussure blank in pleural cavity in lungs
increases
during this, internal intercostals, external obliques, and abdominal recti muscles contract
forced expiration
in expiration, air moves blank to equalize pressure
out
process whereby food is changed into a form that can be absorbed
digestion
production of ATP by body process
metabolism
digestive tract is aka the blank and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus
alimentary canal
food enters via mouth
ingestio
squashing, tearing, crushin, mixing, churning of food
mechanical processing
chemical and enzymatic breakdown
digestion
four layers of digestive tract
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
inner most layer of digestive system with three layers
mucosa
three layers of mucosa
mucosal epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
layer of mucosa that has blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymph vessels, and MALT
lamina propria
may have folds to increase surface area and may have glands layer of digestive system
mucosa
layer of digestive system including loose connective tissue, glands, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
submucosa
layer of digestive system with layers of visceral smooth muscle
muscularis
two layers of muscularis
inner (circular), outer (longitudinal)
serosa is aka blank
visceral peritoneum
serosa does not exist superior to diaphragm and there is blank instead
adventitia
serosa has blank and blank tissue
connective, epithelium
this propels bolus down the digestive tract
peristalsis
in peristalsis, blank muscles contract first which prevents bolus from moving back
circular muscles
no net movement in any particular direction and goal is to fragment bolus in this motor functino
segmentation
there is mostly blank muscle contractions in segmentation
circular
a series of membranes in the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
membrane of abdominal cavity that adheres directly to the internal organs
visceral
membrane of abdominal cavity that adheres to the abdominal wall
parietal
peritoneal membranes are blank with one another and there is a blank in between
continuous, cavity
sheets of peritoneum connected to organs and are an access route for vessels and nerves and stabilize position
mesenteries
connects the stomach to the liver
lesser omentum
this starts at the stomach descends inferior and then forms a pouch filled with adipose tissue that connects to the colon
greater omentum
part of peritoneum that attaches to the majority of the small intestine
mesentery proper
part of peritoneum that attaches to large intestine
mesocolon
mesentery proper and mesocolon both allow for nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics to connect to blank
intestines
lips are aka
labia
this is a part of the mouth that is everything enclosed by lips and cheeks
oral cavity
oral cavity is made of blank epithelium
stratified squamous
area of mouth between lips cheeks and teeth
vestibule
palatine bone on roof of mouth
hard palate
connective tissue extension of the palate
soft palate
this prevents food from going down prematurely
uvula
body of the tongue is made of blank muscle
skeletal
papillae of tongue house blank
taste buds
tongue part that is anchored to the hyoid
root
tongue part that is connected to floor of mouth
frenulum
mechanical breakdown by teeth
mastication
cutting teeth
incisors
tearing teeth
cuspids
crushing and grinding teeth
bicuspids and molars
exposed region of tooth covered in enamel
crown
base within host bone of tooth
root
boundary between root and crown of tooth
neck
gums are blank
gingiva
hardest substance in body made of calcium salts
enamel
inner mineral matrix of tooth
dentin
bone like material covering root of tooth
cementum
this ligament anchors tooth
periodontal
spongy area with vessels and known as the root canal
pulp cavity
primary teeth are replaced with blank teeth
deciduous
there are blank primary or deciduous teeth
20
secondary or permanent teeth have blank bicuspids and blank molars
2, 3
there are blank total secondary or permanent teeth
32
movement through the pharynx is enabled by blank
swallowing
swallowing is known as blank
deglutition
there are blank stages of swallowing
3
stage of swallowing that compresses bolus against hard palate, elevates soft palate, and tongue retracts
buccal phase
passageway for food to stomach
esophagus
esophagus penetrates diaphragm through esophageal blank
hiatus
three layers of esophagus
mucosa, muscularis, adventitia
layer of esophagus that is stratified squamous
mucosa
this is for storage and mechanical breakdown and chemical breakdown of protein
stomach
stomach delivers blank to small intestine
chyme
there is little absorption of nutrients in the blank
stomach
stomach shape has a lesser and greater blank
curvature
region of stomach that meets esophagus
cardia
mucosa of stomach is folded into blank for expansion during a full stomach
rugae
three muscle layers are in the blank of stomach
muscularis
outer layer of stomach
longitudinal
middle layer of muscularis of stomach
circular
inner layer of muscularis of stomach
oblique
these make gastric juice and secrete them
gastric glands
secretory cell in stomach that makes HCl and intrinsic factor
parietal cells
secretory cell of stomach that makes pepsinogen
chief cells
this breaks down proteins
pepsinogens
secretory cells that secrete the hormone gastrin
enteroendocrine cells
three regions of small intestine
duodenum, jejenum, ileum
shortest length of small intestine
25 cm
longest part of small intestine
ileum
this completes digestion of chyme and receives secretions from pancreas and liver
small intestine
three parts of small intestine to increase surface area
plicae circulares, intestinal villi, microvilli
folds in lining of small intestine
plicae circulares
fingerlike projections of mucosa in small intestine
intestinal villi
fingerlike extensions of cell membranes in small intestines
microvilli
dilated pouch like structure of large intestine
cecum
narrow tube with closed end and hangs down from cecum in the large intestine
veriform appendix
appendix has blank tissue but no blank function
lymphatic, digestion
four regions of large intestine
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
large intestine part that follows curvature of sacrum and leads to anal canal
rectum
large intestine part that is opening to outside guarded by two sphincters
anus
internal sphincter of anus has blank muscle
smooth
blank sphincter is made of skeletal muscle
external
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism function and protein metabolism
liver
liver filters blank and secretes blank
blood, bile
liver converts blank and blank to fat
carbs, proteins
liver is divided by blank
falciform ligament
liver has a blank ligament which attaches liver to diaphragm
coronary
functional unit of liver
hepatic lobules
hepatic lobules are made of blank around central vein
hepatocytes
hepatocytes produce blank
bile
vascular channels of hepatic lobules that receive blood from portal veins
hepatic sinusoids
fixed macrophages part of hepatic lobules
kupffer cells
organ on inferior surface of liver
gallbladder
gallbladder stores blank and releases it into blank
bile, duodenum
pancreatic juice is produced by blank
pancreatic acini
pancreatic juice is made of blank which is for starch and blank which is protein
pancreatic amylase, proteinases and trypsin
urinary organ produces urine
kidney
urinary organ that takes urine to bladder
ureter
kidney is covered by these three things
renal capsule, renal fascia, perinephric adipose
superficial structure of kidney that is penetrated by renal artery, vein, and ureter penetrate
hilus
two layers of kidney
renal medulla, renal cortex
outer granular layer of kidney
renal cortex
renal papilla of renal pyramids empties into blank
minor calyces
minor calyx empties into blank
major calyces
major calyces empties into blank
renal pelvis
renal pelvis turns into blank
ureter
after going into glomerulus, blood in kidneys go to blank, then blank, then blank
efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, venules
functional unit of the kidney and there are blank per kidney
nephron, 1 million
nephrons are not blank if damages
replaced
amount of functional nephron essential for survival
3-Jan
two regions of nephron
renal corpuscle, renal tubule
renal corpuscle is made of blank and blank
glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
cluster of capillaries off afferent arteriole
glomerulus
glomerulus has blank endothelium on capillaries
fenestrated
two layers of renal corpuscle
visceral, parietal
part of visceral layer that adheres to the glomerulus
podocytes
podocytes are highly blank cells
branched
branches of podocytes are called blank
pedicels
outer wall of renal glomerular capsule
parietal layer
the filtration of blood is aka blank
glomerular filtration
plasma becomes blank in the capsule
filtrate
continues from renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule is made of blank epithelium with a brush border
cuboidal
proximal convoluted tubule absorbs blank percent of filtrate
80
proximal convoluted tubule only filters out blank nutrients and blank percent of essential ions
organic, 60
this has a descending and ascending limb
loop of henle
limb of loop of henle that is thin
descending
limb of loop of henle that is thick
ascending
renal tubule that is close to renal corpuscle
distal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule is for blank and blank
reabsorption, secretion
blank is reabsorbed due to blank in distal convoluted tubule
Na+, aldosterone
water is reabsorbed due to blank in distal convoluted tubule
ADH
distal convoluted tubule secretes blank and blank
H+, K+
distal convoluted tubule drains into blank tubules then collecting blank
collecting, ducts
collecting ducts go to blank ducts then blank then blank then blank then blank
papillary, minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter
final water adjustments are made in the blank and blank
distal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts
if permeability of collecting system is low then there are blank amounts of blank urine and less blank presence
large, dilute, adh
if permeability of collecting system is high then there are blank amounts of blank urine and more blank presence
smaller, concentrated, adh
specialized cells that monitor ion concentration of distal convoluted tubule filtrate
macula densa
juxtaglomerular complex is made of these two thigns
distal convoluted tubule, afferent arteriole
these cells are in the afferent arteriole and are smooth muscle cells in arteriole wall
juxtaglomerular cells
in the juxtaglomerular complex, when Na+ and Cl- is low then blank secretes blank
macula densa, renin
these constrict the afferent arteriole to increase filtrate
juxtaglomerular cells
two types of nephrons
cortical, juxtamedullary
short nephron mainly in cortex and produces standard blank
cortical, urine
nephron where corpuscles are in medulla and produces blank urine
juxtamedullary, concentrated
glomerulus filters out blank liters per day of filtrate
180
blank percent of water is reabsorbed and blank percent of filtrate enters renal pelvis
99, 1-5%
four hormones that affect urine concentration
pth, aldosteroone, renin, adh
hormone that increases calcium reabsorption
pth
hormone that increases Na reabsorption and K excretion
aldosterone
hormone that increases filtrate concentration
renin
hormone that increases water reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
adh
ureters are lined with blank
mucous membranes
urine can blank but not leave through the opening flap of bladder
enter, leave
hollow muscular sac that is behind the pubic symphis
bladder
bladder is made of blank fibers, blank muscles and many blank when empty
elastic, involuntary, rugae
in men the bladder is superior to blank
prostate
in women, bladd is inferior to blank
uterus
area at base of bladder bounded by openings of ureter and urethra
trigone
these glands secrete mucous in urethra
urethral
female urethra is blank than males
shorter
release that is controlled by two sphincters and both sphincters must be open to urinate
micturition
two sphincters of micturition
internal urethral, external urethral
micturition sphincter that is involuntary
internal urethral
micturition sphincter that is voluntary
external urethral
loss of urine without voluntary control
incontinence
micturition is the combination of blank and blank
reflex, urination
this means joint
articulation
this means upper arm
brachium
this means lower arm
antebrachium
this means rib
costa
this means fibrous joint between flat bones of skull
suture
bone marking that is rounded, a convex projection and takes part in joint formation
condyle
bone marking that is shaped like a cone and is a site of muscle and/or ligament attachment
conoid
bone marking that is hooked or curved and is a site of muscle and/or ligament attachment
coronoid
bone marking that is the prominent narrow ridge of a bone and is a site of muscle and/or ligament attachment
crest
bone marking that is an elevated area above a condyle and is a site of muscle and/or ligament attachment
epicondyle
bone marking that is a sharp, slender process and is a site of muscle and/or ligament attachment
spine
bone marking that is a large, irregularly shaped projection and is a site of muscle and/or ligament attachment
trochanter
bone marking that is a small, rounded projection and is a site of muscle and/or ligament attachment
tubercle
bone marking that is a large elevated, rounded projection with a roughened surface and is a site of muscle and/or ligament attachment
tuberosity
bone marking that is a shallow depression and is a site of muscle and/or ligament attachment and takes part in joint formation
fossa
bone marking that is a projection that usually articulates with bone it is named after and is a site of muscle and/or ligament attachment and takes part in joint formation
process
bone marking that is flat, smooth articular surface and takes part in joint formation
facet
bone marking that is a round expanded structure supported on neck and takes part in joint formation
head
bone marking that is a narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
line
bone marking that is an arm-like projection and takes part in joint formation
ramus
bone marking that is needle-like
styloid
bone marking that is an air-filled cavity within a bone
sinus
bone marking that resembles a pulley and takes part in joint formation
trochlea
bone marking that is narrow, usually long, and a slit-like opening and is a passageway for nerves, blood vessels or ducts
fissure
bone marking that is round or oval opening through bone and is a passageway for nerves, blood vessels or ducts
foramen… pl. foramina
bone marking that is a narrow channel and is a passageway for nerves, blood vessels or ducts
groove
bone marking that is canal or tunnel like and is a passageway for nerves, blood vessels or ducts
meatus
bone marking that is a groove or furrow and is a passageway for nerves, blood vessels or ducts
sulcus… pl. sulci
Ribs numbers 1-7
Vertebrosternal
Ribs 8-10
Vertebrochondral
Ribs 11-12
Vertebral floating
trick to remember carpals
to trick captain hook pan tried learning spanish
singular of phalanges
phalanx
the hip bone is called the
os coxa
three bones that make up the os coxa
ilium, ischium, pubis
trick to remember tarsals
cute timmy never could cooperate
Three structural classifications of joints
fibrous, synovial, cartilaginous
three fibrous joints
suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
six synovial joints
hinge, gliding, pivot, ellipsoidal, saddle, ball and socket
a cartilaginous joint
symphysis
joint with a fibrous connection plus extensive interlocking and no movement
suture
fibrous joint with connections plus insertion in alveolar process and no movement
gomphosis
fibrous joint with ligamentous connection and can move a little
syndesmosis
cartilaginous joint with little movement and connection by a pad of fibrous cartilage
symphysis
permits movement in one plane
monoaxial
permits movement in two planes
biaxial
permits movement in three planes
triaxial
example is between the bones of the skull
fibrous suture
example is periodontal ligaments between the teeth and jaws
fibrous gomphosis
example is between the tibia and fibula
fibrous syndesmosis
example is between right and left hip bones of pelvis; between adjacent vertebral bodies
cartilaginous symphysis
example is elbow and ankle
synovial monoaxial
example is ribs and wrist
biaxial
example is shoulder and hip
triaxial
means no movement
synarthrosis
means little movement
amphiarthrosis
means free movement
diarthrosis
the temporomandibular joint is a blank and is formed by the blank and blank
hinge, condylar process, mandibular fossa
the glenohumeral joint is a blank joint and is formed between the blank and blank
ball and socket, head of humerus, glenoid cavity of scapula
the distal radioulnar joint is a blank and is formed by blank and blank
pivot, ulnar notch of radius, head of ulna
the atlanto-occipital joint is a blank joint and is formed by blank and blank
condylar diarthrosis, superior articular facets of atlas, condyles of occipital
the atlanto-axial joint is a blank joint formed by blank and blank
pivot, articular facet for dens, dens of axis
the sacro-iliac joint is a blank joint formed by blank and blank
planar, auricular surface of ilium, articulating facets of sacrum
talocrural joint is a blank joint and is formed by articulations of the blank, blank, and blank
hinge, tibia, fibula, talus
acromioclavicular joint is a blank joint and is formed by the blank and blank
planar, facet of acromial end of the clavicle, acromion
the proximal radioulnar joint is a blank and is formed by blank and blank
pivot, radial notch of ulna, head of radius
iliopsoas group is made up of these muscles
iliacus, psoas major
hamstrings are made of these muscles
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
quadriceps are made of these muscles
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
buccinator
origin, insertion, action
buccinator
alveolar processes of maxilla/mandible, fibers of orbicularis oris, compresses cheeks
mentalis
incisive fossa of of mandible, skin of chin, moves lower lip
orbicularis oris
maxilla/mandible, lips, compresses lips
risorius
fasica surrounding parotid salivary gland, angle of mouth, draws corner of mouth laterally
orbicularis oculi
medial margin of orbit, skin around eyelids, closes eye
frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
epicranial aponeurosis, skin of eyebrow/bridge of nose, raises eyebrows/wrinkles forehead
occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
mastoid portion of temporal bone, epicranial aponeurosis, tenses/retracts scalp
temporoparietalis
fascia around external ear, epicranial aponeurosis, tenses scalp/moes auricle of ear
masseter
zygomatic arch, angle of mandibular ramus, elevates and closes jaws
temporalis
temporal lines of skull, coronoid process of mandible, elevates and closes jaws
digastric anterior belly
inferior surface of mandible, hyoid bone, opens mouth
digastric posterior belly
mastoid region of temporal bone, hyoid bone, opens mouth
geniohyoid
medial mandible surface, hyoid bone, opens mouth and retracts hyoid bone
mylohyoid
mandible, connective tissue that runs to hyoid bone, opens mouth
omohyoid
superior border of the scapula, hyoid bone, depresses hyoid
sternohyoid
clavicle/manubrium, hyoid bone, depresses hyoid bone
sternothyroid
dorsal surface of manubrium, thyroid cartilage of larynx, depresses hyoid bone
stylohyoid
styloid process of temporal bone, hyoid bone, elevates larynx
thyrohyoid
thyroid cartilage of larynx, hyoid bone, elevates larynx
sternocleidomastoid clavicular head
sternal end of clavicle, mastoid region, bends neck toward shoulder
sternocleidomastoid sternal head
manubrium, mastoid region, bends neck toward shoulder
external intercostals
inferior border of each rib, superior border of more inferior rib, elevate ribs
internal intercostals
superior border of each rib, inferior border of the more superior rib, depress ribs
serratus posterior inferior
aponeurosis from spinous processes, inferior broder of ribs 9-12, pulls ribs outward opposing diaphragm
external oblique
external and inferior border of ribs 5-12, external oblique aponeuroses, compresses abdomen
internal oblique
throacolumbar fascia, inferior surfaces of ribs 9-12, compresses abdomen
transversus abdominis
cartilages of ribs 6-12, linea alba/pubis, compresses abdomen
diaphragm
xiphoid process, contral tendinous sheet, expands throacic cavity
rectus abdominis
superior surface of pubis, xiphoid process, depresses ribs
pectoralis minor
fascia covering external intercostal muscles, coracoid process of scapula, depresses/protracts shoulder
rhomboid major
ligamentum nuchae, vertebral border of scapula, adducts and downward rotation of scapula
rhomboid minor
spinous processes of vertebrae, vertebral border of scapula, adducts and downward rotation of scapula
serratus anterior
anterior and superior margins of ribs, vertebral border of scapula, protracts shoulder
subclavius
first rib, clavicle, depresses and protracts shoulder
trapezius
occipital bone, clavicle/scapula, elevates scapula
coracobrachialis
coracoid process, medial margin of humerus, adduction and flexion of shoulder
deltoid
clavicle, deltoid tuberosity of humerus, abduction of shoulder
supraspinatus
supraspinous fossa of scapula, greater tubercle of humerus, abduction of shoulder
infraspinatus
infraspinous fossa of scapula, greater tubercle of humerus, lateral rotation of shoulder
subscapularis
subscapular fossa of scapula, lesser tubercle of humerus, medial rotation of shoulder
teres major
inferior angle of scapula, intertubercular sulcus of humerus, medial rotation of shoulder
teres minor
lateral border of scapula, greater tubercle of humerus, lateral rotation of shoulder
latissimus dorsi
thoracolumbar fascia, intertubercular suclus of humerus, medial rotation of shoulder
pectoralis major
sternum, greater tubercle of humerus, medial rotation of shoulder
biceps brachii short head
coracoid process, radial tuberosity, flexion of elbow
biceps brachii long head
supraglenoid tubercle of scapula, radial tuberosity, flexion of elbow
brachialis
distal half of humerus, ulnar tuberosity/coronoid process, flexion of elbow
brachioradialis
lateral epicondyle of humerus, styloid process of radius, flexion of elbow
anconeus
lateral epicondyle of humerus, olecranon, extension of elbow
triceps brachii lateral head
Dorsal surface of humerus, olecranon of ulna, extension of elbow
triceps brachii long head
infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, olecranon of ulna, extension of elbow
triceps brachii medial head
posterior of humerus, olecranon of ulna, extension of elbow
pronator teres
medial epicondyle of humerus, middle of radius, flexion at elbow
supinator
lateral epicondyle of humerus, radius, supinates forearm and hand
flexor carpi radialis
medial epicondyle of humerus, metacarpal bones, flexion/abduction of wrist
flexor carpi ulnaris
medial epicondyle of humerus, pisiform/hamate, flexion/adduction of wrist
palmaris longus
medial epicondyle of humerus, palmar aponeurosis, flexion of wrist
extensor carpi radialis longus
lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, second metacarpal, extension and abduction of wrist
extensor carpi radialis brevis
lateral epicondyle of humerus, third metacarpal, extension and abduction of wrist
extensor carpi ulnaris
lateral epicondyle of humerus, fifth metacarpal, extension and adduction of wrist
extensor digitorum
lateral epicondyle of humerus, posterior surfaces of phalanges, extension of finger joints and wrist
flexor digitorum superficialis
medial epicondyle of humerus, middle phalanges, flexion of wrist
flexor digitorum profundus
ulna, phalanges, flexion of wrist
gluteus maximus
iliac crest, iliotibial tract, hip extension
gluteus medius
iliac crest, greater trochanter of femur, medial rotation of hip
gluetus minimus
ilium surface, greater trochanter of femur, medial rotation of hip
tensor fasciae latae
iliac crest, iliotibial tract, medial rotation of hip
piriformis
sacrum surface, greater trochanter of femur, lateral rotation of hip
quadratus femoris
ischial tuberosity, femur, lateral rotation of hip
adductor longus
pubic ramus, linea aspera of femur, medial rotation of hip
gracilis
pubic ramus, tibia, medial rotation of knee
iliacus
iliac fossa, distal femur, hip flexion
biceps femoris
ischial tuberosity, head of fibula, knee flexion and hip extension
semimembranosus
ischial tuberosity, medial condyle of tibia, flexion at knee and extension of hip
semitendinosus
ischial tuberosity, tibial shaft, flexion of knee and hip extension
sartorius
iliac spine, near tibial tuberosity, flexion at knee
popliteus
lateral condyle of femur, tibial shaft, tibia rotation and knee flexion
rectus femoris
iliac spine, tibial tuberosity, extension of knee and hip flexion
vastus intermedius
surface of femur, tibial tuberosity, knee extension
