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General College Anatomy Lecture > Anatomy Lecture Deck 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture Deck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

This analyzes the internal structure of cells

A

cytology

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2
Q

this examines tissues

A

histology

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3
Q

this anatomy considers structures not able to be seen with the naked eye

A

microscopic

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4
Q

this anatomy considers large structures able to be seen by the human eye

A

gross or macroscopic

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5
Q

this anatomy refers to the study of general form and superficial anatomical markings

A

surface

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6
Q

the general form of anatomical markings

A

morphology

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7
Q

This anatomy considers all of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body

A

regional

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8
Q

this anatomy considers the structure of major organ systems such as the skeletal system

A

systemic

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9
Q

the strongest type of microscope

A

transmission electron microscope

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10
Q

a decision about the nature of an illness

A

diagnosis

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11
Q

Eleven organ systems

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphoid, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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12
Q

The legs are blank, the arms are blank, and the palms are blank in the standard anatomical position

A

together, at the sides, facing forward

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13
Q

a person lying down and face up in the anatomical position is blank

A

supine

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14
Q

a person laying down and face down in the anatomical position is blank

A

prone

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15
Q

area of head

A

cephalic

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16
Q

area of neck

A

cervical

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17
Q

area of chest

A

thoracic

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18
Q

segment of the upper limb closest to the trunk; the arm

A

brachial

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19
Q

the forearm

A

antebrachial

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20
Q

the wrist

A

carpal

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21
Q

the hand

A

manual

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22
Q

the pelvis

A

pelvic

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23
Q

the anterior pelvis

A

pubic

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24
Q

the groin

A

inguinal

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25
Q

the lower back

A

lumbar

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26
Q

the buttock

A

gluteal

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27
Q

the thigh

A

femoral

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28
Q

the kneecap

A

patellar

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29
Q

the leg, from knee to ankle

A

crural

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30
Q

the calf

A

sural

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31
Q

the ankle

A

tarsal

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32
Q

the foot

A

pedal

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33
Q

sole region of foot

A

plantar

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34
Q

the front; before

A

anterior

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35
Q

the belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body)

A

ventral

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36
Q

the back; behind

A

posterior

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37
Q

the back (equivalent to posterior when referring to human body)

A

dorsal

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38
Q

toward the head

A

cranial

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39
Q

same as cranial

A

cephalic

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40
Q

above; at a higher level (in human body, toward the head)

A

superior

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41
Q

toward the tail (coccyx in humans)

A

caudal

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42
Q

below; at a lower level; toward the feet

A

inferior

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43
Q

toward the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)

A

medial

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44
Q

away from the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)

A

lateral

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45
Q

toward an attached base

A

proximal

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46
Q

away from an attached base

A

distal

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47
Q

at, near, or close to the body surface

A

superficial

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48
Q

toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface

A

deep

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49
Q

profile view is the blank plane

A

sagittal

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50
Q

front view is the blank plane

A

frontal

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51
Q

looking down upon view is the blank plane

A

transverse

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52
Q

a dome shaped muscular sheet that separates the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity and and inferior abodminopelvic cavity

A

diaphragm

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53
Q

The main body cavity (coelom) of a human

A

ventral

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54
Q

the ventral body cavity is separated by the blank

A

diaphragm

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55
Q

the ventral body cavity is separated into the blank and blank cavities

A

thoracic, abdominopelvic

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56
Q

the thoracic cavity is divided into these three cavities

A

right/left pleural, mediastinum

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57
Q

the mediastinum contains the blank cavity

A

pericardial

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58
Q

the abdominopelvic cavity includes these two cavities

A

abdominal, pelvic

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59
Q

cavity that provides protection, allows organ movement, and lining prevents friction

A

ventral

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60
Q

cavity that is surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm

A

thoracic

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61
Q

cavity that contains the peritoneal cavity

A

abdominopelvic

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62
Q

cavity that surrounds the right lung

A

right pleural

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63
Q

cavity that surrounds the left lung

A

left pleural

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64
Q

cavity that contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels

A

mediastinum

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65
Q

cavity that surrounds the heart

A

pericardial

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66
Q

cavity that contains many digestive glands and organs

A

abdominal

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67
Q

cavity that contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract

A

pelvic cavity

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68
Q

many tissues make up a blank

A

organ

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69
Q

tissues are made of similar types of blank

A

cells

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70
Q

Four primary types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

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71
Q

three characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

regeneration, polarity, covers all body surfaces, cellularity, attachment, avascularity

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72
Q

do blood vessels run through epithelial tissue?

A

no

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73
Q

three functions of epithelial tissue

A

physical protection, control permeability, sensation, secretions

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74
Q

glandular products are made from blank tissue

A

epithelial

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75
Q

There is blank space between epithelial cells

A

little

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76
Q

there is no blank matrix in epithelial tissue

A

intercellular

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77
Q

nutrients are usually supplied through blood in the underlying tissue underneath blank tissue

A

epithelial

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78
Q

The polar sides of epithelial tissue are…

A

basal, lateral, apical

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79
Q

basal side grows off a basal blank

A

lamina

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80
Q

lateral side contacts blank cells and cell blanks

A

adjacent, junctions

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81
Q

apical side is exposed to blank and has these two specializations

A

lumen… microvilli, cilia

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82
Q

basal lamina is also known as

A

basement membrane

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83
Q

lamina lucida means blank

A

clear layer

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84
Q

lamina densa means blank

A

dense layer

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85
Q

three types of classification of epithelial tissue

A

simple, pseudostratified, stratified

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86
Q

function is secretion and absorption epithelial tissue

A

simple

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87
Q

epithelial tissue whose function is protection

A

stratified

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88
Q

single layer of cells epithelial tissue

A

simple

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89
Q

single layer of cells that look stratified

A

pseudostratified epithelial tissue

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90
Q

two or more layers of epithelial tissue

A

stratified

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91
Q

four shapes of epithelial tissue

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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92
Q

cells are flattened in this epithelial tissue shape

A

squamous

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93
Q

cells are usually cube shaped or hexagons epithelial shape

A

cuboidal

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94
Q

tall and cylindrical cells epithelial shape

A

columnar

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95
Q

shape changes in this shape of epithelial tissue

A

transitional

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96
Q

any type of epithelium has blank names

A

two… ex) simple squamous

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97
Q

structure is one layer, thin, flat, irregular

A

simple squamous

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98
Q

function is absorption, diffusion, reduce friction

A

simple squamous

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99
Q

location of simple squamous

A

blood vessels, lungs, kidney tubules, serous membranes

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100
Q

structure is one layer, hexagonal box shaped cells

A

simple cuboidal

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101
Q

function is absorption, secretion, limited protection

A

simple cuboidal

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102
Q

location of simple cuboidal

A

glands, ducts, kidney tubules

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103
Q

structure is one layer, hexagonal column shaped cells

A

simple columnar

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104
Q

function is protection, absorption, secretion

A

simple columnar

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105
Q

location of simple columnar

A

stomach, intestine, gall bladder, uterine tubes

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106
Q

structure is one layer, multi shaped cells with nuclei at varied heights

A

pseudostratified columnar

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107
Q

function is protection and secretion

A

pseudostratified columnar

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108
Q

location of pseudostratified columnar

A

male urinary tracts

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109
Q

structure is thin, flat, irregular, multiple layer cells

A

stratified squamous

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110
Q

function is protection against frequent abrasion

A

stratified squamous

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111
Q

location of stratified squamous

A

skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina

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112
Q

structure is multiple layered, hexagonal shaped boxes

A

stratified cuboidal

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113
Q

function is secretion

A

stratified cuboidal

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114
Q

location of stratified cuboidal

A

some ducts

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115
Q

structure is multiple layers, hexagonal column shaped cells

A

stratified columnar

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116
Q

function is protection and secretion

A

stratified columnar

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117
Q

location of stratified columnar

A

pharynx, anus

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118
Q

strucuture is multiple layers and can change shape

A

transitional

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119
Q

function is expansion and recoil without tearing

A

transitional

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120
Q

location of transitional

A

urinary bladder, renal pelvis

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121
Q

females urinate blank than males

A

more

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122
Q

several glandular epithelial cells put together equals

A

gland

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123
Q

two types of glands

A

exocrine, endocrine

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124
Q

gland that secretes products into ducts that open on a surface

A

exocrine

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125
Q

gland that secretes products into tissue fluid or blood

A

endocrine

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126
Q

two types of exocrine glands

A

unicellular, multicellular

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127
Q

single cell and goblet cell are blank exocrine glands

A

unicellular

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128
Q

secretory sheets, simple, and compound exocrine glands are blank

A

multicellular

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129
Q

two types of multicellular exocrine glands

A

simple, compound

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130
Q

one large sheer covering a surface and rarely have ducts or pockets and is an exocrine multicellular gland

A

secretory sheets

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131
Q

have one distinct duct and can be tubular, coiled or alveolar and is multicellular exocrine gland

A

simple

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132
Q

a multicellular exocrine gland that has many distinct ducts and can be tubular, coiled, or alveolar

A

compound

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133
Q

three types of exocrine glands

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

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134
Q

exocrine gland that secrete products by exocytosis. ex salivary gland

A

merocrine

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135
Q

vesicles within cytoplasm bring product to the surface

A

exocytosis

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136
Q

exocrine gland that pinches off of cell portion and the product is within this portion. ex. mammary glands

A

apocrine

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137
Q

exocrine gland that product accumulates in cytosol and cell ruptures and becomes the product. ex. sebaceous glands

A

holocrine glands

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138
Q

three traits of connective tissue

A

most abundant, multiple functions, spread apart, able to reproduce, well nourished, vary in structure

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139
Q

connective tissue blank occur on free surface

A

does not

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140
Q

cartilage and tendons are unlike other connective tissue because it does not have blank

A

good nerve/ blood supply

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141
Q

all connective tissue is derived from blank cells

A

mesenchymal cells

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142
Q

stem cells that differentiate into the multitude of cell types in all connective tissue

A

mesenchymal cells

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143
Q

this is secreted by cells, has protein fibers and ground substance

A

extracellular matrix

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144
Q

connective tissue is composed of these two things

A

extracellular matrix, cells

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145
Q

connective tissue blank produce the matrix

A

cells

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146
Q

cells rarely blank due to the extracellular matrix

A

touch

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147
Q

three functions of connective tissue

A

bind structures, support, protection, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood, repair damage, protect against infection, transport fluids & dissolved materials

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148
Q

connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substance

A

connective tissue proper

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149
Q

two types of connective tissue proper

A

loose, dense

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150
Q

connective tissue proper that is areolar, adipose, reticular

A

loose

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151
Q

connective tissue proper that is regular, irregular, elastic

A

dense

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152
Q

produce protein fibers in connective tissue proper

A

fibroblasts

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153
Q

white blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders in connective tissue proper

A

fixed macrophages

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154
Q

fat cells in connective tissue proper

A

adipocytes

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155
Q

produce melanin in connective tissue proper

A

melanocytes

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156
Q

wandering type of defense

A

free macrophages

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157
Q

connective tissue proper that makes up 25 percent of protein in body and is resistant to pull

A

collagen fibers

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158
Q

collagen is found in bone, blank, blank, and blank

A

cartilage, tendons, ligaments

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159
Q

connective tissue proper that is smaller in diameter than fibers of collagen and is rubbery and can stretch 1.5 times it size

A

elastic fibers

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160
Q

elastic fibers are formed from the proteins blank and blank

A

elastin, fibrillin

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161
Q

elastic fibers are found in the blank blank and blank

A

lungs, blood vessels, skin

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162
Q

connective tissue proper that is thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs

A

reticular fibers

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163
Q

reticular fibers are formed from protein blank as well

A

collagen

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164
Q

reticular fibers are found in the blank and blank

A

spleen, lymph nodes

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165
Q

connective tissue that has a loosely arranged structure, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes

A

areolar

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166
Q

function of areolar ct is to hold blank to underlying blank

A

skin, organs

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167
Q

areolar ct is found in these three tracts

A

digestive, respiratory, urinary

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168
Q

areolar ct is found almost blank

A

everywhere

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169
Q

structure is mostly adipocytes and is a connective tissue

A

adipose

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170
Q

the function of adipose ct is to cushion blank, store blank and blank

A

joints, energy, heat

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171
Q

location of adipose ct

A

between muscles, behind eye, joints

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172
Q

connective tissue that has a structure with fibroblasts, reticular fibers in a 3d web

A

reticular

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173
Q

function is to support tissue in walls of organs and is a connective tissue

A

reticular

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174
Q

reticular ct is found in lymphoid blanks

A

organs

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175
Q

connective tissue that has many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, little open space

A

dense regular

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176
Q

function of this ct is to reinforce structures in one direction

A

dense regular ct

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177
Q

tendons and ligaments have this ct

A

dense regular

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178
Q

structure of this ct is the same as regular dense ct except no pattern

A

dense irregular

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179
Q

dermis, joint capsules have this connective tissue

A

dense irregular

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180
Q

dense irregular ct is stronger blank than dense regular

A

all around

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181
Q

dense irregular tissue is blank than dense regular in the one certain direction

A

weaker

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182
Q

connective tissue that has elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks

A

elastic

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183
Q

ct located between vertebrae, walls of hollow organs

A

elastic

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184
Q

function of elastic ct is to provide blank

A

elasticity

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185
Q

a major artery that has elastic connective tissue

A

aorta

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186
Q

two types of fluid connective tissue

A

blood, lymph

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187
Q

connective tissue with a liquid matrix

A

blood

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188
Q

liquid matrix of blood

A

plasma

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189
Q

three types of cells in blood

A

red, white, platelets

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190
Q

blood provides blank and blank functions

A

clotting, immune

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191
Q

interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels and is connective tissue

A

lymph

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192
Q

this connective tissue provides a framework that supports the rest of the body

A

supporting

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193
Q

two types of supporting connective tissue

A

cartilage, bone

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194
Q

blank are made of epithelial and connective tissue

A

membranes

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195
Q

these form barriers and cover/protect

A

membranes

196
Q

type of membrane that lines passageways open to exterior

A

mucous

197
Q

mucous membranes contain blank tissue

A

areolar

198
Q

there are blank cells in mucous membranes

A

goblet

199
Q

membrane type that has simple squamous mesothelium and secretes watery fluid

A

serous

200
Q

serous membrane surrounds most blanks

A

organs

201
Q

membrane made of transudete, mesothelium and areolar tissue

A

serous

202
Q

this is cutaneous membrane

A

skin

203
Q

thickest and strongest membrane in body

A

skin

204
Q

membrane made of epithelium, areolar tissue, dense irregular ct

A

cutaneous

205
Q

membrane type that is in joint cavities and lubricates them

A

synovial

206
Q

synovial membranes promotes blank movement

A

smooth

207
Q

the three fascia of connective tissue

A

superficial, deep, subserous

208
Q

fascia with areolar and adipose tissue

A

superficial

209
Q

fascia with dense ct, binds to tendons and ligaments

A

deep

210
Q

fascia with areolar ct and binds to serous membrane

A

subserous

211
Q

this tissue is contractile, elastic, extensible, and excitable

A

muscle

212
Q

type of muscle tissue that has a large cylindrical structure, is multinucleated, striated, and has satellite cells

A

skeletal

213
Q

function of this muscle tissue is control of skeleton and heat generation

A

skeletal

214
Q

muscle tissue that is unicellular, branched, striated, involuntary

A

cardiac

215
Q

muscle tissue that has a short tapered cell structure, uninucleated, not striated, involuntary, can divide and regenerate

A

smooth

216
Q

this muscle tissue lines tracts and hollow organs

A

smooth

217
Q

function is to control respiratory, digestive, and circulatory

A

smooth muscles

218
Q

two cell types of nervous tissue

A

neurons, neuroglia

219
Q

nervous tissue that transmit impulses for cell communication

A

neurons

220
Q

nervous tissue that is for support, nourish, and protect neurons

A

neuroglia

221
Q

2 components of integumentary system

A

cutaneous membrane, accessory structures

222
Q

2 parts of cutaneous membrane

A

epidermis, dermis

223
Q

hair nails and glands are part of the blank component of integ system

A

accessory structures

224
Q

Three functions of integ system

A

protect deeper tissues, aid in heat regulation, make vitamin d, aid in excretion of urea and uric acid

225
Q

stratified squamous epithelium makes up the blank

A

epidermis

226
Q

epidermis lacks blank

A

blood vessels

227
Q

outer most layers of epidermis are blank

A

dead

228
Q

four cell types of epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan, merkel

229
Q

90 percent of epidermal cells and they provide protection

A

keratinocytes

230
Q

8 percent of epidermal cells

A

melanocytes

231
Q

epidermal cell type formed from bone marrow and is part of immune response

A

langerhan cells

232
Q

epidermal cell type that is in the deepest layer and form touch receptor with sensory neuron

A

merkel cells

233
Q

stem cells divide to produce blank at the basal blank

A

keratinocytes, lamina

234
Q

keratinocytes slowly blank when pushed up toward the surface

A

die

235
Q

keratinization takes this long unless removed by abrasion

A

4 weeks

236
Q

5 layers of epidermis

A

stratum germinativumstratum spinosumstratum granulosumstratum lucidumstratum corneum

237
Q

Deepest single layer of cells

A

stratum germinativum

238
Q

Cells attached to each other & to basal lamina by these two things in stratum germinativum

A

desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

239
Q

8 to 10 cell layers held together by desmosomesDuring slide preparation, cells shrink and look spiny

A

stratum spinosum

240
Q

3 - 5 layers of flat dying cells Show nuclear degeneration

A

stratum granulosum

241
Q

stratum granulosum contain dark staining blank granules that release lipid that repels water

A

keratohyalin

242
Q

Seen in thick skin on palms & soles of feet only Three to five layers of clear, flat, dead cells

A

stratum lucidum

243
Q

25 to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids

A

stratum corneum

244
Q

stratum corneum cells are continuously blank

A

shed

245
Q

friction of stratum corneum stimulates blank

A

callus formation

246
Q

Palmer & planter surfaceAbout 30 layers of S. corneumAll 5 layers

A

thick skin

247
Q

Rest of body surfacesFewer layers of S. corneumNo S. lucidum

A

thin skin

248
Q

forms ridges that extend into the dermis

A

stratum germinativum

249
Q

blank yolk means good chicke, blank yolk means bad chicken

A

orange, yellow

250
Q

these increase area of contact for better grip

A

epidermal ridges

251
Q

this is produced in the epidermis by these cells

A

melanin, melanocytes

252
Q

everyone has the same blank melanocytes but blank amounts of pigment produced

A

number, different

253
Q

melanin production is in response to blank hormone

A

melanocyte stimulating

254
Q

blank in sunlight increases melanin production

A

uv

255
Q

melanocytes convert blank to blank

A

tyrosine, melanin

256
Q

two types of melanin

A

eumelanin, pheomelanin

257
Q

there are blank types of melanin

A

several

258
Q

brown or black melanin

A

eumelanin

259
Q

red brown melanin

A

pheomelanin

260
Q

freckles or liver spots means there are melanocytes blank

A

in a patch

261
Q

benign melanocytes make up a blank aka blank

A

nevus, mole

262
Q

inherited lack of tyrosinase

A

albinism

263
Q

yellow orange pigment that can be in the dermis

A

carotene

264
Q

carotene is found in the blank and blank

A

stratum corneum, subcutaneous

265
Q

carotene and blank are pigments

A

hemoglobin

266
Q

red oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells

A

hemoglobin

267
Q

the dermis has these two layers

A

papillary, reticular

268
Q

there is blank connective tissue in papillary layer

A

areolar ct

269
Q

there are blank in the papillary layer

A

dermal papillae and capillaries and neurons

270
Q

layer of dermis that is the anchoring layer with large vessels, adipocytes, and nerves

A

reticular

271
Q

the connective tissue in reticular layer

A

dense irregular

272
Q

Network of arteries & veins supplying skinIn subcutaneous layer

A

cutaneous plexus

273
Q

Follows epidermal/dermal boundaryHelps nourish epidermal layer

A

papillary plexus

274
Q

Weight gain causes fibers to stretch; they loose elasticity & break which causes

A

stretch marks

275
Q

more weight loss means blank stretch marks

A

more

276
Q

this is also called the superficial fascia / subcutaneous layer

A

hypodermis

277
Q

hypodermis has these two connective tissues

A

areolar, adipose

278
Q

adipose acts as a blank in hypodermis

A

insulator

279
Q

hypodermis blanks skin

A

stabilizes

280
Q

three parts that hair is not on

A

lips, eyelids, plantar, palmar, parts of digits

281
Q

hair number is blank at birth

A

fixed

282
Q

three types of hair

A

vellus, terminal, intermediate

283
Q

peach fuzz hair

A

vellus

284
Q

thicker and darker pigment type of hair

A

terminal

285
Q

hair on your arms type

A

intermediate

286
Q

types of hair on different location blank

A

varies

287
Q

each hair is made up of these three things

A

shaft, root, bulb

288
Q

base of follicle is

A

bulb

289
Q

which penetrates into the dermis

A

root

290
Q

which mostly projects above the surface of the skin

A

shaft

291
Q

each hair consists of these three things

A

cuticle, cortex, medulla

292
Q

hair is made of blank cells

A

dead keratinized epidermal

293
Q

blank which surrounds the root of hair

A

hair follicle

294
Q

has Sensory nerves surrounding follicleDetect hair movement

A

root hair plexus

295
Q

Smooth muscleMoves hair‘goose bumps’

A

arrector pili

296
Q

lasts from 2 to 6 years depending on the body part matrix cells at base of hair root producing length

A

anagen stage

297
Q

lasts up to 2 weeksmatrix cells inactive & follicle atrophies

A

catagen stage

298
Q

three stages of hair growth

A

anagen, catagen, telogen

299
Q

Hair follicale remains dormanthair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews

A

telogen stage

300
Q

result of melanin produced in melanocytes in hair bulb

A

hair color

301
Q

Brown/black hair contains large amounts of

A

eumelanin

302
Q

Blonde hair results from little

A

eumelanin

303
Q

Red hair has high relative

A

pheomelanin

304
Q

blank hair is result of decline of all melanin production

A

gray

305
Q

four exocrine glands found in the dermis

A

sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous, mammary

306
Q

sebaceous glands secrete blank by holocrine secretion

A

sebum

307
Q

sebum decreases blank and decreases bacterial growth

A

evaporation, bacterial growth

308
Q

2 types of sebaceous glands

A

with hair, without hair

309
Q

with hair, sebum is released into blank

A

follicle

310
Q

without hair, sebum is secreted onto blank

A

epidermis

311
Q

skin itches because it is being blank

A

eaten

312
Q

2 types of sudoriferous glands

A

apocrine, merocrine

313
Q

sweat glands and are coiled/tubular

A

sudoriferous

314
Q

sweat gland that is on most body surfaces and is the greatest on the palm and not associated with hair follicle

A

merocrine sweat glands

315
Q

watery secretion of merocrine glands

A

sensible perspiration

316
Q

sweat glands that are associated with hair follicle and located in axillae and groin

A

apocrine

317
Q

produces viscous secretion starting at puberty and reduces friction

A

apocrine

318
Q

apocrine glands secrete blank which causes smell

A

pheromones

319
Q

two modified apocrine sweat glands

A

mammary, ceruminous

320
Q

ceruminous glands are in the blank

A

external ear

321
Q

secretion of ceruminous glands mixes with sebum to create this

A

ear wax

322
Q

keratinized, plate like structure

A

nail body

323
Q

four parts of nails

A

body, bed, root, lunula

324
Q

surface of skin that covers nail body

A

nail bed

325
Q

source of nail production

A

nail root

326
Q

whitish, half moon region at base of nail plate

A

lunula

327
Q

tissue damage and cell death caused by heat electricity, uv, or chemicals

A

burns

328
Q

type of burn that the skin is red and swollen. epidermal damage

A

first degree

329
Q

type of burn with red skin, blisters, epidermis and upper dermis damaged

A

second degree

330
Q

gray, white, black, destroys entire layer

A

third degree

331
Q

burns are considered if over 25 percent of body has blank degree burn or if 10 percent of body has blank burn

A

second degree, third degree

332
Q

three effects of aging

A

drying of epidermis, reduced blood supply, less hair

333
Q

how many bones

A

206

334
Q

2 divisions of skeletal system

A

axial, appendicular

335
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A

compact, spongy

336
Q

dense smooth bone

A

compact

337
Q

bone with open spaces within

A

spongy

338
Q

skeleton makes up blank percent of body mass

A

20

339
Q

four components of skeletal system

A

ligaments, tendons, bone, cartilage

340
Q

three functions of skeletal system

A

support, movement, storage, blood cell production, protection

341
Q

cartilage has a blank and blank

A

cells, extracellular matrix

342
Q

these are found in compartments called lucunae in cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

343
Q

collagen and elastic fibers are in the blank

A

extracellular matrix

344
Q

this is the ground substance of chondroitin sulfates

A

extracellular matrix

345
Q

no arteries, veins, or lymphocytes in blank

A

cartilage

346
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

347
Q

cartilage heals blank

A

slowly

348
Q

cartilage that is the most common but is the weakest

A

hyaline

349
Q

structure of this cartilage is chondrocytes, chondroitin sulfate, some collage, water

A

hyaline

350
Q

location of this cartilage is in the embryonic skeleton, articular surfaces, respiratory passages, nasal septum, between ribs and sternum

A

hyaline

351
Q

structure of this flexible cartilage is in chondrocytes, intermediate amount of chondroitin sulfate, densely packed elastic fibers

A

elastic

352
Q

location of this cartilage is in auricle, tip and lateral walls of nose, epiglottis

A

elastic

353
Q

structure of this cartilage is chondroctyes, small amount of chondroitin sulfate, densely packed collagen fibers

A

fibrocartilage

354
Q

very strong cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

355
Q

location of this cartilage is in intervertebral disc, interpubic disc, articular cartilage in knee

A

fibrocartilage

356
Q

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage

A

perichondrium

357
Q

the perichondrium provides support and protection and makes new blank

A

chondrocytes

358
Q

two layers of perichondrium

A

inner, outer

359
Q

layer of perichondrium that binds to cartilage and provides support and protection

A

outer

360
Q

layer of perichondrium that has the matrix

A

inner

361
Q

this starts in the perichondrium and allows the perichondrium to grow

A

appositional growht

362
Q

chondroblasts secrete blank

A

matrix

363
Q

chondroblasts enclosed in the matrix become blank

A

chondrocytes

364
Q

growth where chondrocytes are enclosed in matrix and divide

A

interstitial growth

365
Q

matrix forms between chondrocytes and this is the growth of cartilage from within

A

interstitial growth

366
Q

supportive connective tissue that contains specialized cells and has a solid extracellular matrix

A

osseous tissue

367
Q

an organic portion of protein fibers in osseous tissue

A

osteoid

368
Q

the ground substance of osseous tissue

A

calcium salts / water

369
Q

bone is produced by these cells (first stage)

A

osteoprogenitor

370
Q

bone is created by these cells (stage that does something)

A

osteoblasts

371
Q

derived from osteogenic cells and secrete osteoid, and is the predecessor to osteocytes

A

osteoblasts

372
Q

increased osteoblast activity =

A

stronger bone

373
Q

mature cells that exist within matrix and maintain Ca and PO4 homeostasis

A

osteocytes

374
Q

osteocytes are found in spaces called blank

A

lacunae

375
Q

blank is how osteocytes get oxygen, get nutrients, and communicate

A

canaliculi

376
Q

chain of bone formation

A

osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts (not same cell)

377
Q

these are involved in bone cycle and are white blood cell derived

A

osteoclasts

378
Q

osteoclasts are involved in blank

A

osteolysis

379
Q

more osteoclast production =

A

weaker bone

380
Q

osteoclasts are very blank

A

large

381
Q

bone matrix is made up of these two things

A

osteoid, inorganic materials

382
Q

makes up 65 percent of bone matrix and are brittle salts

A

inorganic materials

383
Q

three inorganic materials that make up bone matrix

A

hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, ions

384
Q

organic part of bone matrix and makes up 35 percent

A

osteoid

385
Q

three fibers that make up osteoid of bone matrix

A

collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

386
Q

the result of bone matrix is both blank and blank

A

strong, flexible

387
Q

two types of bone

A

compact, spongy

388
Q

compact bone is arranged in blank

A

osteons

389
Q

spongy bones are arranged in blank

A

trabeculae

390
Q

these connect one cell to the next cell in compact bone osteocytes

A

canaliculi

391
Q

in the center of each osteon is a blank

A

blood vessel

392
Q

concentric blank of matrix surrounding a central blank canal

A

lamellae, haversian

393
Q

osteons are connected to each other by blank canals

A

perforating

394
Q

three types of lamellae

A

concentric, interstitial, circumferential

395
Q

layers of bone surrounding the central canal and make up osteons

A

concentric lamellae

396
Q

lamellae that is found between the osteons and represent older osteons partially removed during tissue remodeling

A

interstitial

397
Q

lamellae that surrounds the compact bone and is produced by the blank

A

circumferential, periosteum

398
Q

spongy bones can also be called blank

A

cancellous

399
Q

contains trabeculae, canaliculi, matrix, and osteocytes

A

spongy bone

400
Q

spongy bone does not have these two things

A

osteons, central canal

401
Q

spongy bone is mostly on the blank of the bone

A

ends

402
Q

blank is made of bone and is in spongy bone but is not an osteon. It has lamellae, canaliculi, but not a central canal

A

trabeculae

403
Q

latticework of thin plates of bone oriented a long lines of stress

A

trabeculae

404
Q

spaces of trabeculae are filled with blank where blood cells develop

A

red marrow

405
Q

these lighten the bone and allows for movement

A

trabeculae

406
Q

trabeculae have blank instead of blank

A

red marrow, blood vessels

407
Q

this encloses bone and is absent at the site of attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments

A

periosteum

408
Q

two layers of periodsteum

A

outer fibrous, inner

409
Q

layer of periosteum that gives rise to collagen

A

outer fibrous

410
Q

layer of periosteum that is for growth or new cells and maintenance

A

inner

411
Q

1 cell layer and covers surfaces of spongy bone and medullary cavity

A

endosteum

412
Q

three types of cells in endosteum

A

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

413
Q

shaft of long bone

A

diaphysis

414
Q

one end of a long bone

A

epiphysis

415
Q

growth plate region of long bone

A

metaphysis

416
Q

over joint surfaces, acts as friction and shock absorber of a long bone

A

articular cartilage

417
Q

marrow cavity of a long bone

A

medullary cavity

418
Q

bone marrow that is areolar and adipose connective tissue and is absent in infants and is for energy storage

A

yellow

419
Q

bone marrow that is areolar and myeloid tissue and produces blood cells

A

red marrow

420
Q

supply periosteum with blood

A

periosteal arteries

421
Q

these enter through nutrient foramen and supplies compact bone of diaphysis and yellow marrow with blood

A

nutrient arteries

422
Q

supply red marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses and metaphyses with blood

A

metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries

423
Q

each artery supply of bone also has a corresponding blank

A

vein

424
Q

replacing connective tissue with bone

A

ossification

425
Q

mesenchymal cells growing into spongy bone is called blank growth

A

intramembranous

426
Q

hyaline cartilage grows into spongy bone in this growth

A

endochondral

427
Q

this ossification begins at week 8 in embryo and is mostly finished by week 15

A

intramembranous

428
Q

this forms the cranial flat bones, facial bones, dentary bones, clavicle, and sesmoid bones

A

intramembranous ossification

429
Q

location where bone growth begins

A

primary ossification center

430
Q

these cells arrange around blood vessels

A

mesenchymal

431
Q

bone blank proteins are released after mesencyhmal cells arrange

A

morphogenic

432
Q

mesenchymal cells turn into blank

A

osteoblasts

433
Q

osteoblasts secrete blank

A

osteoid

434
Q

osteoblasts become isolated which forms blank

A

osteocytes

435
Q

mesenchymal cells at surface form inner layer of blank

A

periosteum

436
Q

calcified matrix is degraded by blank to form blank bone

A

osteoclasts, spongy

437
Q

end result of intramembranous ossification

A

spongy bone with a thin layer of compact bone

438
Q

ossification where bone replaces a cartilage model

A

endochondral

439
Q

this begins at week 7 of embryo and continues to adulthood

A

endochondral ossifiction

440
Q

this forms long bones, many short bones, non cranial irregular and flate bones, middle ear ossicles

A

endochondral ossification

441
Q

blank cartilage forms model of future bone

A

hyaline

442
Q

in endochondral ossification, cells differentiate into blank

A

osteoblasts

443
Q

in endochondral ossification, compact bone forms around the blank

A

diaphysis

444
Q

spongy bone forms in the center of the model at the blank

A

primary ossification center

445
Q

in endochondral ossification, the shaft is blank

A

remodeled

446
Q

two types of cartilage that remain from endochondral ossification

A

articular, epiphyseal plate

447
Q

the growth plate

A

epiphyseal plate

448
Q

contact points of bone at joints has this cartilage

A

articular cartilage

449
Q

bone growth, or elongation occurs at the blank

A

epiphyseal plate

450
Q

growth in length continues until blank ossification center meet

A

2

451
Q

the relative thickness of epiphyseal plate does not change until growth is almost blank

A

complete

452
Q

cartilage depleted and epiphyseal plate narrows into the blank

A

epiphyseal

453
Q

compact bone is deposited beneath periosteum and bone thickens in this growth

A

appositional growth

454
Q

bone remodeling occurs blank life in appositional growth

A

throughout

455
Q

bone remodeling is done by blank and blank

A

osteoclasts, osteoblasts

456
Q

three types of bone

A

long, flat, sesamoid

457
Q

longer length than width bones

A

long bones

458
Q

bones that are thin and compact

A

flat bones

459
Q

small bones in tendons that protect from wear and tear

A

sesamoid bones

460
Q

three more types of bones

A

irregular, sutural, short

461
Q

bone with complex shapes and difficult to categorize

A

irregular

462
Q

bones that grow between sutures

A

sutural bone

463
Q

cube shaped bones that have equal length and width

A

short bones

464
Q

this is when osteoclasts carve out small tunnels and osteoblasts rebuild osteons

A

bone remodeling

465
Q

blank percent of compact bone is remodeled each year

A

4

466
Q

blank percent of spongy bone is remodeled per year

A

20

467
Q

blank is fully remodeled every four months

A

distal femur

468
Q

blank break does not penetrate skin

A

simple

469
Q

blank break penetrates skin

A

compound

470
Q

how the ankle fractures

A

pott’s fracture

471
Q

transverse fracture breaks on a blank

A

slant

472
Q

fracture that splinters

A

greenstick fracture

473
Q

fractures where the bone gets pushed out of place

A

epiphyseal fracture

474
Q

fracture of spine where vertebra crush each other

A

compression fracture

475
Q

fractures are treated by blank and blank

A

reduction, immobilization

476
Q

a blank forms within hours of the injury and it is a mass of blood

A

fracture hematoma

477
Q

blank and eliminate dead cells and matrix

A

osteoclasts

478
Q

this consists of a mass bridging the broken ends of the bone after about 3 weeks

A

fibrocartilaginous callus

479
Q

a blank forms after about 3 to 4 months after breaking bone

A

bony callus

480
Q

a well healed fracture is blank

A

undetectable

481
Q

bone remodeling can take blank to blank depending on the severity of the fracture

A

weeks, months

482
Q

three factors affecting growth repair and development of bone

A

vitamin d, sunlight, balance hormones, physical stress

483
Q

abnormal reduction of bone mass

A

osteoporosis

484
Q

osteoporosis causes blank in bones

A

holes

485
Q

fibrodysplasia is when the fibrous tissue becomes blank

A

ossified

General College Anatomy Lecture (6 decks)

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