Anatomy Lecture Deck 1 Flashcards
This analyzes the internal structure of cells
cytology
this examines tissues
histology
this anatomy considers structures not able to be seen with the naked eye
microscopic
this anatomy considers large structures able to be seen by the human eye
gross or macroscopic
this anatomy refers to the study of general form and superficial anatomical markings
surface
the general form of anatomical markings
morphology
This anatomy considers all of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body
regional
this anatomy considers the structure of major organ systems such as the skeletal system
systemic
the strongest type of microscope
transmission electron microscope
a decision about the nature of an illness
diagnosis
Eleven organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphoid, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
The legs are blank, the arms are blank, and the palms are blank in the standard anatomical position
together, at the sides, facing forward
a person lying down and face up in the anatomical position is blank
supine
a person laying down and face down in the anatomical position is blank
prone
area of head
cephalic
area of neck
cervical
area of chest
thoracic
segment of the upper limb closest to the trunk; the arm
brachial
the forearm
antebrachial
the wrist
carpal
the hand
manual
the pelvis
pelvic
the anterior pelvis
pubic
the groin
inguinal
the lower back
lumbar
the buttock
gluteal
the thigh
femoral
the kneecap
patellar
the leg, from knee to ankle
crural
the calf
sural
the ankle
tarsal
the foot
pedal
sole region of foot
plantar
the front; before
anterior
the belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body)
ventral
the back; behind
posterior
the back (equivalent to posterior when referring to human body)
dorsal
toward the head
cranial
same as cranial
cephalic
above; at a higher level (in human body, toward the head)
superior
toward the tail (coccyx in humans)
caudal
below; at a lower level; toward the feet
inferior
toward the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)
medial
away from the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)
lateral
toward an attached base
proximal
away from an attached base
distal
at, near, or close to the body surface
superficial
toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface
deep
profile view is the blank plane
sagittal
front view is the blank plane
frontal
looking down upon view is the blank plane
transverse
a dome shaped muscular sheet that separates the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity and and inferior abodminopelvic cavity
diaphragm
The main body cavity (coelom) of a human
ventral
the ventral body cavity is separated by the blank
diaphragm
the ventral body cavity is separated into the blank and blank cavities
thoracic, abdominopelvic
the thoracic cavity is divided into these three cavities
right/left pleural, mediastinum
the mediastinum contains the blank cavity
pericardial
the abdominopelvic cavity includes these two cavities
abdominal, pelvic
cavity that provides protection, allows organ movement, and lining prevents friction
ventral
cavity that is surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm
thoracic
cavity that contains the peritoneal cavity
abdominopelvic
cavity that surrounds the right lung
right pleural
cavity that surrounds the left lung
left pleural
cavity that contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels
mediastinum
cavity that surrounds the heart
pericardial
cavity that contains many digestive glands and organs
abdominal
cavity that contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract
pelvic cavity
many tissues make up a blank
organ
tissues are made of similar types of blank
cells
Four primary types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
three characteristics of epithelial tissue
regeneration, polarity, covers all body surfaces, cellularity, attachment, avascularity
do blood vessels run through epithelial tissue?
no
three functions of epithelial tissue
physical protection, control permeability, sensation, secretions
glandular products are made from blank tissue
epithelial
There is blank space between epithelial cells
little
there is no blank matrix in epithelial tissue
intercellular
nutrients are usually supplied through blood in the underlying tissue underneath blank tissue
epithelial
The polar sides of epithelial tissue are…
basal, lateral, apical
basal side grows off a basal blank
lamina
lateral side contacts blank cells and cell blanks
adjacent, junctions
apical side is exposed to blank and has these two specializations
lumen… microvilli, cilia
basal lamina is also known as
basement membrane
lamina lucida means blank
clear layer
lamina densa means blank
dense layer
three types of classification of epithelial tissue
simple, pseudostratified, stratified
function is secretion and absorption epithelial tissue
simple
epithelial tissue whose function is protection
stratified
single layer of cells epithelial tissue
simple
single layer of cells that look stratified
pseudostratified epithelial tissue
two or more layers of epithelial tissue
stratified
four shapes of epithelial tissue
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
cells are flattened in this epithelial tissue shape
squamous
cells are usually cube shaped or hexagons epithelial shape
cuboidal
tall and cylindrical cells epithelial shape
columnar
shape changes in this shape of epithelial tissue
transitional
any type of epithelium has blank names
two… ex) simple squamous
structure is one layer, thin, flat, irregular
simple squamous
function is absorption, diffusion, reduce friction
simple squamous
location of simple squamous
blood vessels, lungs, kidney tubules, serous membranes
structure is one layer, hexagonal box shaped cells
simple cuboidal
function is absorption, secretion, limited protection
simple cuboidal
location of simple cuboidal
glands, ducts, kidney tubules
structure is one layer, hexagonal column shaped cells
simple columnar
function is protection, absorption, secretion
simple columnar
location of simple columnar
stomach, intestine, gall bladder, uterine tubes
structure is one layer, multi shaped cells with nuclei at varied heights
pseudostratified columnar
function is protection and secretion
pseudostratified columnar
location of pseudostratified columnar
male urinary tracts
structure is thin, flat, irregular, multiple layer cells
stratified squamous
function is protection against frequent abrasion
stratified squamous
location of stratified squamous
skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
structure is multiple layered, hexagonal shaped boxes
stratified cuboidal
function is secretion
stratified cuboidal
location of stratified cuboidal
some ducts
structure is multiple layers, hexagonal column shaped cells
stratified columnar
function is protection and secretion
stratified columnar
location of stratified columnar
pharynx, anus
strucuture is multiple layers and can change shape
transitional
function is expansion and recoil without tearing
transitional
location of transitional
urinary bladder, renal pelvis
females urinate blank than males
more
several glandular epithelial cells put together equals
gland
two types of glands
exocrine, endocrine
gland that secretes products into ducts that open on a surface
exocrine
gland that secretes products into tissue fluid or blood
endocrine
two types of exocrine glands
unicellular, multicellular
single cell and goblet cell are blank exocrine glands
unicellular
secretory sheets, simple, and compound exocrine glands are blank
multicellular
two types of multicellular exocrine glands
simple, compound
one large sheer covering a surface and rarely have ducts or pockets and is an exocrine multicellular gland
secretory sheets
have one distinct duct and can be tubular, coiled or alveolar and is multicellular exocrine gland
simple
a multicellular exocrine gland that has many distinct ducts and can be tubular, coiled, or alveolar
compound
three types of exocrine glands
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
exocrine gland that secrete products by exocytosis. ex salivary gland
merocrine
vesicles within cytoplasm bring product to the surface
exocytosis
exocrine gland that pinches off of cell portion and the product is within this portion. ex. mammary glands
apocrine
exocrine gland that product accumulates in cytosol and cell ruptures and becomes the product. ex. sebaceous glands
holocrine glands
three traits of connective tissue
most abundant, multiple functions, spread apart, able to reproduce, well nourished, vary in structure
connective tissue blank occur on free surface
does not
cartilage and tendons are unlike other connective tissue because it does not have blank
good nerve/ blood supply
all connective tissue is derived from blank cells
mesenchymal cells
stem cells that differentiate into the multitude of cell types in all connective tissue
mesenchymal cells
this is secreted by cells, has protein fibers and ground substance
extracellular matrix
connective tissue is composed of these two things
extracellular matrix, cells
connective tissue blank produce the matrix
cells
cells rarely blank due to the extracellular matrix
touch
three functions of connective tissue
bind structures, support, protection, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood, repair damage, protect against infection, transport fluids & dissolved materials
connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substance
connective tissue proper
two types of connective tissue proper
loose, dense
connective tissue proper that is areolar, adipose, reticular
loose
connective tissue proper that is regular, irregular, elastic
dense
produce protein fibers in connective tissue proper
fibroblasts
white blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders in connective tissue proper
fixed macrophages
fat cells in connective tissue proper
adipocytes
produce melanin in connective tissue proper
melanocytes
wandering type of defense
free macrophages
connective tissue proper that makes up 25 percent of protein in body and is resistant to pull
collagen fibers
collagen is found in bone, blank, blank, and blank
cartilage, tendons, ligaments
connective tissue proper that is smaller in diameter than fibers of collagen and is rubbery and can stretch 1.5 times it size
elastic fibers
elastic fibers are formed from the proteins blank and blank
elastin, fibrillin
elastic fibers are found in the blank blank and blank
lungs, blood vessels, skin
connective tissue proper that is thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
reticular fibers
reticular fibers are formed from protein blank as well
collagen
reticular fibers are found in the blank and blank
spleen, lymph nodes
connective tissue that has a loosely arranged structure, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes
areolar
function of areolar ct is to hold blank to underlying blank
skin, organs
areolar ct is found in these three tracts
digestive, respiratory, urinary
areolar ct is found almost blank
everywhere
structure is mostly adipocytes and is a connective tissue
adipose
the function of adipose ct is to cushion blank, store blank and blank
joints, energy, heat
location of adipose ct
between muscles, behind eye, joints
connective tissue that has a structure with fibroblasts, reticular fibers in a 3d web
reticular
function is to support tissue in walls of organs and is a connective tissue
reticular
reticular ct is found in lymphoid blanks
organs
connective tissue that has many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, little open space
dense regular
function of this ct is to reinforce structures in one direction
dense regular ct
tendons and ligaments have this ct
dense regular
structure of this ct is the same as regular dense ct except no pattern
dense irregular
dermis, joint capsules have this connective tissue
dense irregular
dense irregular ct is stronger blank than dense regular
all around
dense irregular tissue is blank than dense regular in the one certain direction
weaker
connective tissue that has elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks
elastic
ct located between vertebrae, walls of hollow organs
elastic
function of elastic ct is to provide blank
elasticity
a major artery that has elastic connective tissue
aorta
two types of fluid connective tissue
blood, lymph
connective tissue with a liquid matrix
blood
liquid matrix of blood
plasma
three types of cells in blood
red, white, platelets
blood provides blank and blank functions
clotting, immune
interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels and is connective tissue
lymph
this connective tissue provides a framework that supports the rest of the body
supporting
two types of supporting connective tissue
cartilage, bone
blank are made of epithelial and connective tissue
membranes
these form barriers and cover/protect
membranes
type of membrane that lines passageways open to exterior
mucous
mucous membranes contain blank tissue
areolar
there are blank cells in mucous membranes
goblet
membrane type that has simple squamous mesothelium and secretes watery fluid
serous
serous membrane surrounds most blanks
organs
membrane made of transudete, mesothelium and areolar tissue
serous
this is cutaneous membrane
skin
thickest and strongest membrane in body
skin
membrane made of epithelium, areolar tissue, dense irregular ct
cutaneous
membrane type that is in joint cavities and lubricates them
synovial
synovial membranes promotes blank movement
smooth
the three fascia of connective tissue
superficial, deep, subserous
fascia with areolar and adipose tissue
superficial
fascia with dense ct, binds to tendons and ligaments
deep
fascia with areolar ct and binds to serous membrane
subserous
this tissue is contractile, elastic, extensible, and excitable
muscle
type of muscle tissue that has a large cylindrical structure, is multinucleated, striated, and has satellite cells
skeletal
function of this muscle tissue is control of skeleton and heat generation
skeletal
muscle tissue that is unicellular, branched, striated, involuntary
cardiac
muscle tissue that has a short tapered cell structure, uninucleated, not striated, involuntary, can divide and regenerate
smooth
this muscle tissue lines tracts and hollow organs
smooth
function is to control respiratory, digestive, and circulatory
smooth muscles
two cell types of nervous tissue
neurons, neuroglia
nervous tissue that transmit impulses for cell communication
neurons
nervous tissue that is for support, nourish, and protect neurons
neuroglia
2 components of integumentary system
cutaneous membrane, accessory structures
2 parts of cutaneous membrane
epidermis, dermis
hair nails and glands are part of the blank component of integ system
accessory structures
Three functions of integ system
protect deeper tissues, aid in heat regulation, make vitamin d, aid in excretion of urea and uric acid
stratified squamous epithelium makes up the blank
epidermis
epidermis lacks blank
blood vessels
outer most layers of epidermis are blank
dead
four cell types of epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan, merkel
90 percent of epidermal cells and they provide protection
keratinocytes
8 percent of epidermal cells
melanocytes
epidermal cell type formed from bone marrow and is part of immune response
langerhan cells
epidermal cell type that is in the deepest layer and form touch receptor with sensory neuron
merkel cells
stem cells divide to produce blank at the basal blank
keratinocytes, lamina
keratinocytes slowly blank when pushed up toward the surface
die
keratinization takes this long unless removed by abrasion
4 weeks
5 layers of epidermis
stratum germinativumstratum spinosumstratum granulosumstratum lucidumstratum corneum
Deepest single layer of cells
stratum germinativum
Cells attached to each other & to basal lamina by these two things in stratum germinativum
desmosomes, hemidesmosomes
8 to 10 cell layers held together by desmosomesDuring slide preparation, cells shrink and look spiny
stratum spinosum
3 - 5 layers of flat dying cells Show nuclear degeneration
stratum granulosum
stratum granulosum contain dark staining blank granules that release lipid that repels water
keratohyalin
Seen in thick skin on palms & soles of feet only Three to five layers of clear, flat, dead cells
stratum lucidum
25 to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
stratum corneum
stratum corneum cells are continuously blank
shed
friction of stratum corneum stimulates blank
callus formation
Palmer & planter surfaceAbout 30 layers of S. corneumAll 5 layers
thick skin
Rest of body surfacesFewer layers of S. corneumNo S. lucidum
thin skin
forms ridges that extend into the dermis
stratum germinativum
blank yolk means good chicke, blank yolk means bad chicken
orange, yellow
these increase area of contact for better grip
epidermal ridges
this is produced in the epidermis by these cells
melanin, melanocytes
everyone has the same blank melanocytes but blank amounts of pigment produced
number, different
melanin production is in response to blank hormone
melanocyte stimulating
blank in sunlight increases melanin production
uv
melanocytes convert blank to blank
tyrosine, melanin
two types of melanin
eumelanin, pheomelanin
there are blank types of melanin
several
brown or black melanin
eumelanin
red brown melanin
pheomelanin
freckles or liver spots means there are melanocytes blank
in a patch
benign melanocytes make up a blank aka blank
nevus, mole
inherited lack of tyrosinase
albinism
yellow orange pigment that can be in the dermis
carotene
carotene is found in the blank and blank
stratum corneum, subcutaneous
carotene and blank are pigments
hemoglobin
red oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells
hemoglobin
the dermis has these two layers
papillary, reticular
there is blank connective tissue in papillary layer
areolar ct
there are blank in the papillary layer
dermal papillae and capillaries and neurons
layer of dermis that is the anchoring layer with large vessels, adipocytes, and nerves
reticular
the connective tissue in reticular layer
dense irregular
Network of arteries & veins supplying skinIn subcutaneous layer
cutaneous plexus
Follows epidermal/dermal boundaryHelps nourish epidermal layer
papillary plexus
Weight gain causes fibers to stretch; they loose elasticity & break which causes
stretch marks
more weight loss means blank stretch marks
more
this is also called the superficial fascia / subcutaneous layer
hypodermis
hypodermis has these two connective tissues
areolar, adipose
adipose acts as a blank in hypodermis
insulator
hypodermis blanks skin
stabilizes
three parts that hair is not on
lips, eyelids, plantar, palmar, parts of digits
hair number is blank at birth
fixed
three types of hair
vellus, terminal, intermediate
peach fuzz hair
vellus
thicker and darker pigment type of hair
terminal
hair on your arms type
intermediate
types of hair on different location blank
varies
each hair is made up of these three things
shaft, root, bulb
base of follicle is
bulb
which penetrates into the dermis
root
which mostly projects above the surface of the skin
shaft
each hair consists of these three things
cuticle, cortex, medulla
hair is made of blank cells
dead keratinized epidermal
blank which surrounds the root of hair
hair follicle
has Sensory nerves surrounding follicleDetect hair movement
root hair plexus
Smooth muscleMoves hair‘goose bumps’
arrector pili
lasts from 2 to 6 years depending on the body part matrix cells at base of hair root producing length
anagen stage
lasts up to 2 weeksmatrix cells inactive & follicle atrophies
catagen stage
three stages of hair growth
anagen, catagen, telogen
Hair follicale remains dormanthair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews
telogen stage
result of melanin produced in melanocytes in hair bulb
hair color
Brown/black hair contains large amounts of
eumelanin
Blonde hair results from little
eumelanin
Red hair has high relative
pheomelanin
blank hair is result of decline of all melanin production
gray
four exocrine glands found in the dermis
sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous, mammary
sebaceous glands secrete blank by holocrine secretion
sebum
sebum decreases blank and decreases bacterial growth
evaporation, bacterial growth
2 types of sebaceous glands
with hair, without hair
with hair, sebum is released into blank
follicle
without hair, sebum is secreted onto blank
epidermis
skin itches because it is being blank
eaten
2 types of sudoriferous glands
apocrine, merocrine
sweat glands and are coiled/tubular
sudoriferous
sweat gland that is on most body surfaces and is the greatest on the palm and not associated with hair follicle
merocrine sweat glands
watery secretion of merocrine glands
sensible perspiration
sweat glands that are associated with hair follicle and located in axillae and groin
apocrine
produces viscous secretion starting at puberty and reduces friction
apocrine
apocrine glands secrete blank which causes smell
pheromones
two modified apocrine sweat glands
mammary, ceruminous
ceruminous glands are in the blank
external ear
secretion of ceruminous glands mixes with sebum to create this
ear wax
keratinized, plate like structure
nail body
four parts of nails
body, bed, root, lunula
surface of skin that covers nail body
nail bed
source of nail production
nail root
whitish, half moon region at base of nail plate
lunula
tissue damage and cell death caused by heat electricity, uv, or chemicals
burns
type of burn that the skin is red and swollen. epidermal damage
first degree
type of burn with red skin, blisters, epidermis and upper dermis damaged
second degree
gray, white, black, destroys entire layer
third degree
burns are considered if over 25 percent of body has blank degree burn or if 10 percent of body has blank burn
second degree, third degree
three effects of aging
drying of epidermis, reduced blood supply, less hair
how many bones
206
2 divisions of skeletal system
axial, appendicular
2 types of bone tissue
compact, spongy
dense smooth bone
compact
bone with open spaces within
spongy
skeleton makes up blank percent of body mass
20
four components of skeletal system
ligaments, tendons, bone, cartilage
three functions of skeletal system
support, movement, storage, blood cell production, protection
cartilage has a blank and blank
cells, extracellular matrix
these are found in compartments called lucunae in cartilage cells
chondrocytes
collagen and elastic fibers are in the blank
extracellular matrix
this is the ground substance of chondroitin sulfates
extracellular matrix
no arteries, veins, or lymphocytes in blank
cartilage
three types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
cartilage heals blank
slowly
cartilage that is the most common but is the weakest
hyaline
structure of this cartilage is chondrocytes, chondroitin sulfate, some collage, water
hyaline
location of this cartilage is in the embryonic skeleton, articular surfaces, respiratory passages, nasal septum, between ribs and sternum
hyaline
structure of this flexible cartilage is in chondrocytes, intermediate amount of chondroitin sulfate, densely packed elastic fibers
elastic
location of this cartilage is in auricle, tip and lateral walls of nose, epiglottis
elastic
structure of this cartilage is chondroctyes, small amount of chondroitin sulfate, densely packed collagen fibers
fibrocartilage
very strong cartilage
fibrocartilage
location of this cartilage is in intervertebral disc, interpubic disc, articular cartilage in knee
fibrocartilage
fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
perichondrium
the perichondrium provides support and protection and makes new blank
chondrocytes
two layers of perichondrium
inner, outer
layer of perichondrium that binds to cartilage and provides support and protection
outer
layer of perichondrium that has the matrix
inner
this starts in the perichondrium and allows the perichondrium to grow
appositional growht
chondroblasts secrete blank
matrix
chondroblasts enclosed in the matrix become blank
chondrocytes
growth where chondrocytes are enclosed in matrix and divide
interstitial growth
matrix forms between chondrocytes and this is the growth of cartilage from within
interstitial growth
supportive connective tissue that contains specialized cells and has a solid extracellular matrix
osseous tissue
an organic portion of protein fibers in osseous tissue
osteoid
the ground substance of osseous tissue
calcium salts / water
bone is produced by these cells (first stage)
osteoprogenitor
bone is created by these cells (stage that does something)
osteoblasts
derived from osteogenic cells and secrete osteoid, and is the predecessor to osteocytes
osteoblasts
increased osteoblast activity =
stronger bone
mature cells that exist within matrix and maintain Ca and PO4 homeostasis
osteocytes
osteocytes are found in spaces called blank
lacunae
blank is how osteocytes get oxygen, get nutrients, and communicate
canaliculi
chain of bone formation
osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts (not same cell)
these are involved in bone cycle and are white blood cell derived
osteoclasts
osteoclasts are involved in blank
osteolysis
more osteoclast production =
weaker bone
osteoclasts are very blank
large
bone matrix is made up of these two things
osteoid, inorganic materials
makes up 65 percent of bone matrix and are brittle salts
inorganic materials
three inorganic materials that make up bone matrix
hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, ions
organic part of bone matrix and makes up 35 percent
osteoid
three fibers that make up osteoid of bone matrix
collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans
the result of bone matrix is both blank and blank
strong, flexible
two types of bone
compact, spongy
compact bone is arranged in blank
osteons
spongy bones are arranged in blank
trabeculae
these connect one cell to the next cell in compact bone osteocytes
canaliculi
in the center of each osteon is a blank
blood vessel
concentric blank of matrix surrounding a central blank canal
lamellae, haversian
osteons are connected to each other by blank canals
perforating
three types of lamellae
concentric, interstitial, circumferential
layers of bone surrounding the central canal and make up osteons
concentric lamellae
lamellae that is found between the osteons and represent older osteons partially removed during tissue remodeling
interstitial
lamellae that surrounds the compact bone and is produced by the blank
circumferential, periosteum
spongy bones can also be called blank
cancellous
contains trabeculae, canaliculi, matrix, and osteocytes
spongy bone
spongy bone does not have these two things
osteons, central canal
spongy bone is mostly on the blank of the bone
ends
blank is made of bone and is in spongy bone but is not an osteon. It has lamellae, canaliculi, but not a central canal
trabeculae
latticework of thin plates of bone oriented a long lines of stress
trabeculae
spaces of trabeculae are filled with blank where blood cells develop
red marrow
these lighten the bone and allows for movement
trabeculae
trabeculae have blank instead of blank
red marrow, blood vessels
this encloses bone and is absent at the site of attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments
periosteum
two layers of periodsteum
outer fibrous, inner
layer of periosteum that gives rise to collagen
outer fibrous
layer of periosteum that is for growth or new cells and maintenance
inner
1 cell layer and covers surfaces of spongy bone and medullary cavity
endosteum
three types of cells in endosteum
osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
shaft of long bone
diaphysis
one end of a long bone
epiphysis
growth plate region of long bone
metaphysis
over joint surfaces, acts as friction and shock absorber of a long bone
articular cartilage
marrow cavity of a long bone
medullary cavity
bone marrow that is areolar and adipose connective tissue and is absent in infants and is for energy storage
yellow
bone marrow that is areolar and myeloid tissue and produces blood cells
red marrow
supply periosteum with blood
periosteal arteries
these enter through nutrient foramen and supplies compact bone of diaphysis and yellow marrow with blood
nutrient arteries
supply red marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses and metaphyses with blood
metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
each artery supply of bone also has a corresponding blank
vein
replacing connective tissue with bone
ossification
mesenchymal cells growing into spongy bone is called blank growth
intramembranous
hyaline cartilage grows into spongy bone in this growth
endochondral
this ossification begins at week 8 in embryo and is mostly finished by week 15
intramembranous
this forms the cranial flat bones, facial bones, dentary bones, clavicle, and sesmoid bones
intramembranous ossification
location where bone growth begins
primary ossification center
these cells arrange around blood vessels
mesenchymal
bone blank proteins are released after mesencyhmal cells arrange
morphogenic
mesenchymal cells turn into blank
osteoblasts
osteoblasts secrete blank
osteoid
osteoblasts become isolated which forms blank
osteocytes
mesenchymal cells at surface form inner layer of blank
periosteum
calcified matrix is degraded by blank to form blank bone
osteoclasts, spongy
end result of intramembranous ossification
spongy bone with a thin layer of compact bone
ossification where bone replaces a cartilage model
endochondral
this begins at week 7 of embryo and continues to adulthood
endochondral ossifiction
this forms long bones, many short bones, non cranial irregular and flate bones, middle ear ossicles
endochondral ossification
blank cartilage forms model of future bone
hyaline
in endochondral ossification, cells differentiate into blank
osteoblasts
in endochondral ossification, compact bone forms around the blank
diaphysis
spongy bone forms in the center of the model at the blank
primary ossification center
in endochondral ossification, the shaft is blank
remodeled
two types of cartilage that remain from endochondral ossification
articular, epiphyseal plate
the growth plate
epiphyseal plate
contact points of bone at joints has this cartilage
articular cartilage
bone growth, or elongation occurs at the blank
epiphyseal plate
growth in length continues until blank ossification center meet
2
the relative thickness of epiphyseal plate does not change until growth is almost blank
complete
cartilage depleted and epiphyseal plate narrows into the blank
epiphyseal
compact bone is deposited beneath periosteum and bone thickens in this growth
appositional growth
bone remodeling occurs blank life in appositional growth
throughout
bone remodeling is done by blank and blank
osteoclasts, osteoblasts
three types of bone
long, flat, sesamoid
longer length than width bones
long bones
bones that are thin and compact
flat bones
small bones in tendons that protect from wear and tear
sesamoid bones
three more types of bones
irregular, sutural, short
bone with complex shapes and difficult to categorize
irregular
bones that grow between sutures
sutural bone
cube shaped bones that have equal length and width
short bones
this is when osteoclasts carve out small tunnels and osteoblasts rebuild osteons
bone remodeling
blank percent of compact bone is remodeled each year
4
blank percent of spongy bone is remodeled per year
20
blank is fully remodeled every four months
distal femur
blank break does not penetrate skin
simple
blank break penetrates skin
compound
how the ankle fractures
pott’s fracture
transverse fracture breaks on a blank
slant
fracture that splinters
greenstick fracture
fractures where the bone gets pushed out of place
epiphyseal fracture
fracture of spine where vertebra crush each other
compression fracture
fractures are treated by blank and blank
reduction, immobilization
a blank forms within hours of the injury and it is a mass of blood
fracture hematoma
blank and eliminate dead cells and matrix
osteoclasts
this consists of a mass bridging the broken ends of the bone after about 3 weeks
fibrocartilaginous callus
a blank forms after about 3 to 4 months after breaking bone
bony callus
a well healed fracture is blank
undetectable
bone remodeling can take blank to blank depending on the severity of the fracture
weeks, months
three factors affecting growth repair and development of bone
vitamin d, sunlight, balance hormones, physical stress
abnormal reduction of bone mass
osteoporosis
osteoporosis causes blank in bones
holes
fibrodysplasia is when the fibrous tissue becomes blank
ossified
