Anatomy Lecture Deck 2 Flashcards
fibrodysplasia is a blank disorder and injury results in inappropriate blank formation
genetic, bone
these hold bones together but may permit movement
joints
study of joints
arthrology
study of motion
kinesiology
three classifications of joints
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
classification of joints based on anatomy
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
collagen fiber joints
fibrous
cartilage joints
cartilaginous
joint capsule, ligaments, and fluid in this joint
synovial
fibrous joints lack a blank cavity
synovial
little or no movement joints
fibrous joints
three types of fibrous joints
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull and are immovable
sutures
if sutures are fused completely then it is called blank
synostosis
blank bones fuse together to become one in humans
frontal
fibrous joint where bones are united by a ligament and slightly movable
syndesmosis
anterior tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane are these kinds of joints
syndesmosis
ligament holds cone shaped peg in a bony socket and is immovable joint
gomphosis
teeth in alveolar processes of maxillae or mandible are an example of this joint
gomphosis
these joints lack a synovial cavity and allows little or no movement but bones are tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
cartilage joints
two types of cartilage joints
symphysis, synchondrosis
connecting material is hyaline cartilage and is immovable in this joint
synchondrosis
epiphyseal plate or joints between the ribs and sternum are these kinds of joints
synchondrosis
when fusion of synchondroses it is called
synostosis
fibrocartilage is the connecting material and these joints are slightly movable
symphysis
intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis are this joint
symphysis
men and women pelvic differences and bone model
l
2 bones separated by a fluid filled cavity in this joint
synovial
this is made of blood filtrate, hyaluronic acid, and glycoproteins
synovial fluid
function of synovial fluid
lubricate joint surface, shock absorber, nourish chondrocytes
reinforce and strengthen joint capsule and connect bone to bone
ligament
ligaments are made of this connective tissue
dense regular
ligaments outside the joint capsule, collaterals
extracapsular
ligaments within capsule, cruciates
intracapsular
pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivide a cavity and are also known as menisci
articular discs
knee joint and ulnolunate joint are blank
articular discs
three functions of articular discs
channel flow of synovial fluid, modifies articular surface, restrict movements at joint, help distribute body weight, cushion articulating surfaces
adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule
fat pads
small fluid filled pockets of connective tissue between tendons/ligaments and bones
bursae
two opposing surfaces slide past one another in this joint
gliding
example of gliding joint
sternoclavicular joint
movement with a change in angle between the shaft and the articular surface
angular movement
type of angular motion with rotation of the shaft while changing the angle
circumduction
spinning of the shaft without changing the angle
rotation
ball and socket joint has this movement
circumduction
twisting head is blank motion of the head
rotation
types of angular movement
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension
two types of rotation
pronation, supination
synovial joints are a trade off between blank and blank
flexibility, stability
six types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
synovial joint where bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved and side to side movement only
plane
intercarpal, intertarsal, sternoclavicular, and vertebrocostal are blank joints
plane
convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2nd bone and is monoaxial
hinge
knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints are these
hinge
rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone and ligament and is monoaxial that only allows for rotation and longitudinal axis joint
pivot
proximal radioulnar joint is this type of joint
pivot
oval shaped projection fits into oval depression and is biaxial
condylar
wrist is blank joint
wrist
one bone fits over another bone like a horse and is biaxial
saddle joint
trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb are this joint
saddle
ball fitting into a cuplike depresseion joint
ball and socket
ball and socket joints are blank because they can do flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
multiaxial
a shoulder joint and hip joint are these
ball and socket
temporomandibular joint is a blank joint between the blank and blank
hinge, condylar process of mandible, mandibular fossa
vertebrae articulate and blank and blank
superior and inferior articular processes
intervertebral facets are blank joints that restrict lateral movement
plane
these allow flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation in the vertebrae
discs
the two things that separate vertebrae and hold them together
anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus
anulus fibrosus is made of blank
fibrocartilage
this is made of water, hyaluronic acid and reticular/elastic fibers
nucleus pulposus
nucleus pulposus cells are found in the blank
notochord
a slipped disc is a blank disc
herniated
the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus in a blank
herniated disc
movements of vertebral column blanks nucleus in a herniated disc
compresses
shoulder joint is called the blank joint
glenohumeral
in the glenohumeral joint, it is made of blank and blank
head of humerus, glenoid cavity
the glenoid cavity is covered by the blank
glenoid labrum
a ring of dense irregular connective tissue attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity
glenoid labrum
two joints of the elbow
humerus and ulna, humerus and radius
humerus and ulna joint is a blank joint
hinge
humerus and radius is a blank joint
pivot
the wrist and hand have the blank joint
radiocarpal
radius and 3 proximal carpals make up this joint
radiocarpal
the radiocarpal joint has this motion
circumduction
intercarpal joints are blank joints
sliding
carpometacarpal joints are blank joints on the thumb
saddle
carpometacarpal joints are blank joints on all digits but thumb
plane (gliding)
this joint is the hand to the fingers and is a condylar joint
metacarpophalangeal joints
interphalangeal joints are blank joints are in the blank
hinge, fingers
hip joint is made of the blank and blank
femoral head, acetabulum of pelvis
hip joint is a blank joint
ball and socket
blank extends the size of the acetabulum in the hip joint
labrum
the joint that takes the biggest beating in the body
knee
knee joint has about blank degrees of motion
160
two joints of the knee
tibiofemoral joint, patellofemoral joint
tibiofemoral joint is a blank joint
hinge
patellofemoral joint is a blank joint
plane (gliding)
the ankle is the blank joint
talocrural
three connections in the talocrural joint
tibiotalar, tibiofibular, fibulotalar
foot joint that is planar and between tarsals
intertarsal
plane joint of the foot between tarsals and metatarsals
tarsometatarsal
foot joint that is condylar and between metatarsals and digits
metatarsophalangeal
foot joint that is a blank joint in digits
interphalangeal
study of muscles
myology
muscular tissue is blank percent of total body mass
45
muscles do most of the blank generated by the body
work
three muscle functions
maintain posture, movement, heat production, support visceral organs, guard orifices
property of muscle tissue that has the ability to receive and respond to electric or chemical stimuli
excitability
property of muscle that is the ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
contractility
property of muscle that has the ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue
extensibility
property of muscle tissue that is the ability to return to original shape after being stretched
elasticity
four properties of muscle tissue
excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
muscles are blank
organs
muscle is composed of many types of blank
tissue
a muscle fiber equals blank
1 muscle cell
skeletal muscle attaches to bone, skin, or blank
fascia
skeletal muscle blanks rapidly but blanks easilty
contracts, tires
another name for belly
gaster
main portion of a muscle
gaster
belly is attached to blank
tendons
tendons attach blank to blank
bone, muscle
fascia that is dense irregular ct around the muscle and holds it in place and separates it from other muscles
deep
fascia that is made of loose ct beneath skin, surrounds several muscles
subcutaneous
many muscle fibers are bundled together into groups called blank
fascicles
several blank make up a muscle
fascicle
fascicles have blank to blank fibers
10-100
skeletal muscle ct that surrounds the whole muscle
epimysium
skeletal muscle ct that surrounds fascicles
perimysium
skeletal muscle ct that separates individual muscle fibers
endomysium
all connective tissue extend beyond the muscle blank to form the blank
belly, tendon
tendons may form thick flattened sheets, called blank
aponeuroses
embryonic cells that fuse to form muscle fibers
myoblasts
these are the reason that muscles are so long and multinucleated
myoblasts
myoblasts that do not fuse become blank cells
myosatellite
these muscle fiber cells assist in repair of damaged cells
myosatellite
fiber cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
sarcoplasm
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
sarcolemma
extensions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm in muscle fibers
transverse tubule
contractile organelles that extend the length of a muscle fiber
myofibrils
myofibrils are surrounded by the blank
sarcoplasmic reticulum
the functional unit of a myofibril is a blank
sarcomere
sarcomeres are made of blank filaments and blank filaments
thick, thin
thick filament that is twisted with globular heads, about 1.6 micrometers long, and there are 500 of them to one thick filament
myosin
thin filaments are made of blank which is a structural protein and has coiled “beads”
actin
actin binds with blank because it has an active site
myosin
two regulatory proteins of actin
tropomyosin, troponin
the striated bands of filaments are blank
sarcomeres
entire thick filament range
A band
only thin filaments
I band
only thick filaments
H bands
both filaments are in this zone
zone of overlap
divide and flank the sarcomere
sarcomere lines
the end of the sarcomere made of actinin protein and anchor thin filaments
z line
middle of the sarcomere that stabilizes thick filaments and is a sarcomere line
m line
diagram a sarcomere
ehhh
structural protein that anchors a thick filament to a z line and accounts for elasticity and extensibility
titin
structural protein that holds F actin together on thin filaments
nebulin
structural protein that makes up the z line
actinin
during contraction, myosin attaches to binding site of blank
actin
during contraction, atp causes the myosin to flex and pull on the blank
actin
the blank filaments slide inward during contraction
thin
neuron and all muscle cells are stimulated by the neuron in this
motor unit
three things in neuromuscular junciton
motor unit, neuromuscular junction, synaptic terminal
point of contact between the neuron and the muscle
neuromuscular junction
end of axon that contacts motor end plate
synaptic terminal
three more parts of the neuromuscular junction
motor end plate, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter
point on muscle fiber that contacts synaptic terminal
motor end plate
chemical released into the gap in neuromuscular junction
neurotransmitter
gap between motor end plates in neuromuscular junction
synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter involved in neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
in muscle contraction, blank is stored in synaptic vesicles
ach
in muscle contraction, impulse reaches end of neuron which releases blank
ach
in muscle contraction, ach crosses gap and binds to blank
receptors
in muscle contraction, impulse travels through motor blank down t tubules the blank
end plates, sarcoplasmic reticulum
in muscle contraction, blank ions diffuse out of the SR into the blank
calcium, sarcoplasm
in muscle contraction, calcium exposes the blank
active site
in muscle contraction, blank binds to the active site
myosin
in muscle contraction, blank is used and contraction occurs
atp
in muscle contraction, contraction continues as long as calcium ion blank is high
concentration
draw out muscle contraction
to help for the exam
during muscle relaxion, ach is decomposed by blank
acetlycholinesterase
in muscle relaxion, blank are transported back to sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium ions
in muscle relaxtion, blank and blank links are broken
actin, myosin
in muscle relaxtion, blank move back
cross bridges
in muscle relaxion, blank is blocked once again
active site
the tension produced by a muscle is determined by the blank of stimulation and the number of blank stimulated
frequency, motor units
three keys to tension produced
all or none, recruitment, tetanus
law that states that all fibers in a motor unity fully contract if stimulated
all or none law
steady increase in tension by increasing the number of contracting motor units
recruitment
muscle never begins to relax, continuous fused contraction
tetanus
motor units contract randomly and there is tension but no movement in this
muscle tone
three things that muscle tone can do
stabilize joints, hold things in place, maintain posture
constant, exhaustive stimulation increases the number of organelles/proteins in a fiber
hypertrophy
overall enlargement of a muscle
hypertrophy
muscle fibers do not blank
reproduce
lack of constant motor neuron stimulation reduces organelles and proteins and is reversible if fiber is not dead
atrophy
atrophy is due to these three things
lack of use, hormones, age, nerve damage
attachment site that does not move
origin
attachment site that moves
insertion
tension =
force
fascicle arrangement varies based on blank of muscle
position
fascicles parallel to long blank in parallel muscles
axis
parallel muscles have this type of force
unidirectional
two types of parallel muscles
fusiform, strap-linear
fan shaped muscle with multidirectional force, versatility, and generates the least amount of force
convergent muscles
example of parallel muscles
biceps brachii
example of convergent muscle
pectoralis major
feather shaped muscles that have a tendon passing through the muscle and produce the greatest force
pennate
example of a pennate muscle
deltoid
three types of pennate muscles
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
concentric fascicles around opening and the contraction decreases lumen diameter
circular muscles
example of circular muscles
orbicularis oculi
rotation around one axis
uniaxial
movement that occurs along 2 axes
biaxial
movement on all axes
multiaxial
main muscle causing directional force action
agonist
muscle action that contracts to oppose agonist
antagonist
muscle action that assists/modifies movement
synergist
muscle action that stabilizes elements associated with agonist
fixator
example of fixator action muscles
deltoid stabilizes glenohumeral joint
a system that modifies movements and change magnitude of force, speed, direction, distance of limb movement
lever
stiff arms or arm that can move at a certain point
lever
four components of a lever system
lever, effort, fulcrum, resistance
part of lever system that is the skeletal element
lever
part of lever system that is the applied force
effort
part of the lever system that is the joint
fulcrum
part of lever system that is the body part or object moved
resistance
effort = blank
applied force
layer of dermis that consists of mostly dense connective tissue, and binds to tendons and ligaments
reticular
fascia that consists of dense connective tissue, and binds to tendons and ligaments
deep
exocrine gland with a single duct, does not wind, no branching and is lobed shaped
simple alveolar
the nutrient artery supplies blood to the blank
diaphysis
smooth muscle cells possess multiple nuclei t or f
f
of the three types of cartilage, hyaline cartilage has the lowest chondroitin sulfate concentration t or f
f
the patella is a short bone t or f
f
bursae are pads of cartilage that subdivide the synovial cavity t or f
f
type of lever that is a see-saw with resistance opposite of effort with a central fulcrum
first class
example of first class lever
neck extension
the effort in neck extension
neckextensors
fulcrum of neck extension
atlanto-occipital joint
resistance in neck extension
skull
type of lever that is a wheel barrow and the effort is opposite of fulcrum to move the resistance
second class
example of second class lever
plantar flexion
effort of plantar flexion
calf
fulcrum of plantar flexion
MP joint
resistance of plantar flexion
weight of body
type of lever that is a hockey wrist shot where the effort is in between fulcrum and resistance
third class
example of a third class lever
elbow flexion
effort of elbow flexion
biceps brachii
fulcrum of elbow flexion
elbow joint
resistance of elbow flexion
weight distal to joint
skeletal muscle fiber that has high energy requirements, are anaerobic, have large diamater, and densely packed myofibrils
fast fibers
fast fibers have blank mitochondria
few
fast fibers have rapid, powerful brief blank
contractions
skeletal muscle fibers with more myoglobin, aerobic, and smaller diameter
slow fibers
slow fibers take blank to contract
longer
slow muscles are blank in color
red
fast fibers are blank in color
white
skeletal muscle fibers that are slow and fast and have greater resistance to fatigue
intermediate fibers
blank can change one muscle type to another
exercise
this muscle type is attached to hair follicles in skin
smooth
three smooth muscle characteristics
in walls of organs and blood vessels, nonstriated, involuntary, elastic, spindle shaped, slow contractions
two things that stimulate smooth muscles
nervous system, hormones, ions, stretching
many gap junctions, sheets of spindle-shaped cells, and contract together in this type of smooth muscle
single unit
example of single unit smooth muscle
blood vessels, digestive tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract
type of smooth muscle that has no or few gap junctions, separate fibers, only contract when stimulated by motor nerve
multi unit
example of multi unit smooth muscle
large blood vessels, uterus, iris of ey
muscle type that is striated, involuntary and autorhythmic
cardiac muscle
cardiac muscle is made of a network of fibers with blank at ends and is found only in blank
intercalated disks, heart
coordinate all body systems and this is accomplished by the transmission of signals
nervous system
the nervous system is a blank signaling system
electrochemical
communication system that is a slower scale and uses chemicals in the blood stream called blank
endocrine system, hormones
two communication systems of the body
nervous, endocrine
nervous system is made up of many blank, each composed of several tissues
organs
three things that make up nervous system
neurons, neuroglia, blood vessels, connective tissue
2 divisions of the nervous system
central, peripheral
the brain and spinal cord make up the blank nervous system
central
cranial and spinal nerves make up the blank nervous system
peripheral
the central nervous system is covered by blank
meninges
central nervous system is bathed in blank fluid
cerebrospinal
nervous system that is the integration center
central
nervous system that has both sensory and motor fibers
peripheral
the PNS connects the CNS to blank and blank
glands, muscles
this nervous system brings information to and from the CNS
PNS
two divisions of the PNS
afferent, efferent
the sensory division of the PNS
afferent
the motor division of the PNS
efferent
two divisions of the efferent division
somatic, autonomic
conscious control division of the efferent division
somatic
unconscious division of the efferent division
autonomic
order of a general function of the nervous system
receptors, sensory, integrative, motor, effector
receptor of nervous system does what
detects stimuli
sensory is felt by blank
afferent PNS
integrative part of nervous system
CNS
motor part of nervous system is the blank
efferent PNS
the effector of the nervous system
muscle/gland
structural and functional units of nervous system, excitable and amitotic
neurons
nervous tissue cell that are accessory cells and act like connective tissue
neuroglial
three major structures of neurons
soma, dendrites, axon
cell body of a neuron
soma
soma is blank
mononucleate
four parts of soma
nissl bodies, axon hillock, perikaryon, neurofibrils
part of soma with ribosome clusters and give a gray color
nissl bodies
part of soma that connects soma to axon
axon hillock
region around the nucleus in soma
perikaryon
cytoskeleton that extend into dendrites/axon and gives shape in soma
neurofibrils
part of neuron that respond to neurtransmitters
dendrites
dendrites are short, branched, and blank
unmyelinated
dendrites are specialized for blank with other neurons
contact
axon is only blank
1 cell
axon conducts nerve impulses blank soma
away from
axon can give off blank
collaterals
axon are wrapped in blank
myelin sheath
glial cells wrapped around the axon
myelin sheath
axons end in blank
synaptic terminals
axons produce blank
neurotrasmitters
movement of cellular materials (not signals) through the axon
axonal transport
axonal transport that is away from soma; and transports neurotransmitters, organelles, nutrients
anterograde
axonal transport toward soma, degraded materials to be recycled & extracellular substances
retrograde
cytoplasm of an axon
axoplasma
axoplasma consists of few blank
organelles
plasma membrane of an axon
axolemma
axolemma has these three things
collaterals, telodendra, synaptic terminal
side branches of axolemma
collaterals
neuron shape that is small and axons can not be distinguished from dendrites
anaxonic
anaxonic neurons are found mostly in the blank
CNS
neuron shape that is several small dendrites converged onto one and the dendrite/axon are separated by soma
bipolar
bipolar neuron cells are blank
unmyelinated
neuron shape that is several small dendrites converged onto one large one and the dendrite/axon are continuous
unipolar
unipolar neurons are usually blank
myelinated
majority of unipolar neurons are sensory neurons in the blank
PNS
shape of neuron that is many dendrites extend from soma and a long axon
multipolar
multipolar neurons are blank
myelinated
the majority of motor neurons in the PNS are blank
multipolar
multipolar neurons are also in the blank of CNS
spinal interneurons
neurons that have sensory function
afferent
cell body is usually outside the CNS in blank neurons
afferent
afferent neurons have receptor ends on blank or are associated with receptor cells in blank organs
dendrites, sense
three types of receptors in afferent neurons
exteroreceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors
touch, temp, pressure, light chemicals are detected by blank receptors
exteroceptors
receptor that monitor muscle and skeleton position
proprioceptors
receptors that monitor internal systems
interoceptors
neurons only in the CNS and are the most abundant neurons
interneurons
two classifications of interneurons
excitatory, inhibitory
interneurons blank two or more neurons
link
neurons that have motor function and the cell body is usually inside the CNS
efferent
efferent neurons that control skeletal muscles
somatic
efferent neurons that control smooth muscles and glands
autonomic
cells that are called satellite or schwann cells in the PNS
neuroglial cells
cells that are called astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia in the CNS
neuroglial cells
largest and most common neuroglial cell that is star shaped
astrocytes
three functions of astrocytes
structure, repair, metabolism, regulate ions, guide neurons to targets, form blood brain barrier
these are like astrocytes but smaller
oligodendrocytes
oligodendrocytes form blank in the central nervous system
myelin
smallest and least common neuroglial cell
microglia
microglia are derived from blank cells
myeloid
microglia are the blank cells of the nervous system
white blood
main function of microglia
phagocytosis
columnar/cuboidal and have microvilli on luminal surface are are a neuroglial
ependymal
ependymal cells are joined by blank junctions
gap
main function of ependymal cells is to help produce blank
cerebrospinal fluid
associated with soma and assist with exchange of nutrients and is a neuroglial cell
satellite
satellite cells blank neuron from extraneous stimuli
Isolates
neuroglial cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system
schwann cells
schwann cells encloses blank of longer peripheral nerves
axons
main function of schwann cells is to blank large PNS axons
myelinate
blank axons appear gray and many axons associate with a single schwann cell
unmyelinated
unmyelinated cells are found in the blank and are not blank cells
CNS, glial
axons that appear white
myelinated
in the central nervous system, blank myelinate part of several axons
oligodendrocytes
in the PNS, blank cells myelinated part of one axon
schwann
plasma membrane of schwann cell wrapped around axon
myelin
part of schwann cell that contains cytoplasm
neurilemma
gaps in myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier
myelination process starts when you are blank and then stop around age blank
young, 3
myelin functions to blank axons and increase blank
isolate, rate of action potential
the peripheral nervous system can blank a fraction of the axons
regenerate
the regeneration of Schwann cells in PNS
Wallerian process
if the injury separates axon from cell body, the blank portion of the axon will blank along with with myelin sheath
distal, deteriorate
during the regeneration of nerve fibers, blank clean up, some blank cells remain, and a thin blank membrane and later of blank tissue around schwann cells
macrophages, schwann, basement, connective
new axon grows blank to blank millimeters per day when regenerating nerve fibers
4-Mar
repair in central nervous system is more blank
limited
oligodendrocytes do not blank and repair the central nervous sytem
proliferate
blank produce scar tissue and chemicals blocking regrowth in central nervous system
astrocytes
ability to respond to stimuli
irritability
ability to transmit an impulse
excitability
an electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrane
action potential
action potential moving down an axon
nerve impulse
impulse travels faster when the axon is blank and has a blank diamater
myelinated, larger
this functions as a control/transmission point and a site of communication
synapse
synapse is a site communication between any two cells with a blank
gap
two types of synapses
electrical, chemical
example of electrical synapse
intercalated discs of cardiac muscle
example of a chemical synapse
neuro-muscular junction
in chemical synapses, blank house neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicle
chemical synapses only exist in the blank
presynaptic cell
chemical synapses release neurotransmitters into the blank
synaptic cleft
receptors on blank membranes register the neurotransmitter in chemical synapses
post-synaptic
chemical synapses proliferates the blank from one cell to the next
action potential
in step 1 at a chemical synapse the action potential reaches the blank of the presynaptic neuron
synaptic knob
receive impulses from afferent fibers and the impulses are carried away on efferent fibers in these
neuronal pools
blank fibers can branch many times before entering a pool
afferent
one neuron to another in series in this pool
serial processing
pool when impulse leaves a pool, it may spread into several output fibers and allows impulse to be amplified
divergence
neuronal pool where a single nerve in pool may receive impulses from 2 or more incoming fibers
convergence
if an impulse leads to the same nerve, they are said to blank
converge
convergence allows summation of impulses from blank
different sources
processing information from several neurons at once
parallel processing
positive feedback continues activity of circuit in this pool
reverberation
one neuron may receive either blank and blank stimuli from multiple neurons
excitatory, inhibitory
the net effect of all input to a cell is called the blank
net charge
if the charge is positive enough to a nerve then it will result in a blank
active potential
the point where an action potential can be produced is known as blank
threshold
inhibitory stimuli bring signals blank threshold
away from
excitatory stimuli bring signals blank threshold
to
in step 2 at a chemical synapse the blank is release
neurotransmitter
in step 3 at a chemical synapse the blank binds to receptors and blanks the postsynaptic membrane
ach, depolarizes
in step 4 at a chemical synapse blank is removed by blank
ach, ache
if a neuron is excited but still below threshold, it said to be in blank
facilitation
cns structure that is a collection of neuron cell bodies
nuclei
cns structure that is the collection of neuron cell bodies working together
center
cns structure that are bundles of axons
tracts
pns structure that is a collection of neuron cell bodies
ganglia
pns structure that is a bundle of axons
nerves
spinal cord is a slender nerve blank
column
size of spinal cord
45 cm long
spinal cord has blank matter
gray and white
hold down the center of spinal cord with continuous brain ventricles and both contain csf
central canal
two grooves of spinal cord
anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus
two swollen regions of the spinal cord
cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement
inferior most tip of the spinal cord; cone shaped
conus medullaris
means horse’s tail; bundle of nerves inferior to spinal cord
cauda equina
inferior most spinal nerve
filum terminale
this consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses
gray matter
projections of gray matter are called blank
horns
cell bodies are organized into blank like blank and blank
nuclei, sensory, motor
three interior horns
posterior, anterior, lateral
five white tracts/columns
posterior, anterior, lateral, ascending tract, descending tract
white matter tract that is sensory
ascending
white matter tract that is motor
descending tract
membranes covering the central nervous system
meninges
meninges are similar in both blank and blank
brain, spinal cord
meninges are split into layers called blank which means mother
mater
vertebrae consist of vertebral blank
arches
space between meninges and vertebra and contains blood vessels and adipose
epidural space
meninges connect to blank covering of spinal nerves
connective tissue
the tough mother meninge that is very durable
dura mater
dura mater is blank to epidural space
deep
dura mater is superficial to blank
subdural space
spidery mother meninge
arachnoid mater
arachnoid mater is superficial to blank
subarachnoid space
connective tissue looks like a spider web in this mater
arachnoid
delicate mother that is a light layer adhering to the spinal cord
pia mater
pia mater forms part of blank
filum terminale
the subarachnoid space is with blank
csf
parts of spinal meninges
vertebra, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid layer, subarachnoid space, pia mater, neural tissue
how many pairs of spinal nerves
31
how many cervical spinal nerve pairs
8
how many thoracic spinal nerves pairs
12
how many lumbar spinal nerves pairs
5
how many sacral spinal nerves pairs
5
how many coccygeal spinal nerves pairs
1
two nerve componenets
dorsal root, ventral root
axons of dorsal root are called blank
dorsal root ganglion
dorsal roots are usually blank
sensory
ventral root has no blank and is usually blank
ganglion, motor
roots merge to form blank
nerves
spinal nerves are usually blank and blank
sensory and motor
all roots go through the blank
intervertebral foramina
surrounds the entire nerve and is a connective tissue
epineurium
ct that surrounds bundles of 10-100 axons (fascicle)
perineurium
ct that surrounds each individual axon of each neuron
endoneurium
offshoots of a nerve once it exits the vertebra
rami
three types of rami
dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, ramus communicantes
a splitting in the ramus separating sensory and motor fibers
rami communicantes
two splits of the rami communicantes
white, gray
sensory innervation by specific spinal nerves
dermatomes
spinal cord damage will result in loss of blank in dermatome
sensation
the method of detection of nerve damage in humans
dermatomes
these braid off ventral rami
nerve plexuses
