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General College Anatomy Lecture > Anatomy Lecture Deck 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture Deck 2 Flashcards

1
Q

fibrodysplasia is a blank disorder and injury results in inappropriate blank formation

A

genetic, bone

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2
Q

these hold bones together but may permit movement

A

joints

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3
Q

study of joints

A

arthrology

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4
Q

study of motion

A

kinesiology

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5
Q

three classifications of joints

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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6
Q

classification of joints based on anatomy

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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7
Q

collagen fiber joints

A

fibrous

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8
Q

cartilage joints

A

cartilaginous

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9
Q

joint capsule, ligaments, and fluid in this joint

A

synovial

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10
Q

fibrous joints lack a blank cavity

A

synovial

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11
Q

little or no movement joints

A

fibrous joints

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12
Q

three types of fibrous joints

A

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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13
Q

thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull and are immovable

A

sutures

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14
Q

if sutures are fused completely then it is called blank

A

synostosis

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15
Q

blank bones fuse together to become one in humans

A

frontal

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16
Q

fibrous joint where bones are united by a ligament and slightly movable

A

syndesmosis

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17
Q

anterior tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane are these kinds of joints

A

syndesmosis

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18
Q

ligament holds cone shaped peg in a bony socket and is immovable joint

A

gomphosis

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19
Q

teeth in alveolar processes of maxillae or mandible are an example of this joint

A

gomphosis

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20
Q

these joints lack a synovial cavity and allows little or no movement but bones are tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

A

cartilage joints

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21
Q

two types of cartilage joints

A

symphysis, synchondrosis

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22
Q

connecting material is hyaline cartilage and is immovable in this joint

A

synchondrosis

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23
Q

epiphyseal plate or joints between the ribs and sternum are these kinds of joints

A

synchondrosis

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24
Q

when fusion of synchondroses it is called

A

synostosis

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25
Q

fibrocartilage is the connecting material and these joints are slightly movable

A

symphysis

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26
Q

intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis are this joint

A

symphysis

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27
Q

men and women pelvic differences and bone model

A

l

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28
Q

2 bones separated by a fluid filled cavity in this joint

A

synovial

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29
Q

this is made of blood filtrate, hyaluronic acid, and glycoproteins

A

synovial fluid

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30
Q

function of synovial fluid

A

lubricate joint surface, shock absorber, nourish chondrocytes

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31
Q

reinforce and strengthen joint capsule and connect bone to bone

A

ligament

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32
Q

ligaments are made of this connective tissue

A

dense regular

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33
Q

ligaments outside the joint capsule, collaterals

A

extracapsular

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34
Q

ligaments within capsule, cruciates

A

intracapsular

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35
Q

pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivide a cavity and are also known as menisci

A

articular discs

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36
Q

knee joint and ulnolunate joint are blank

A

articular discs

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37
Q

three functions of articular discs

A

channel flow of synovial fluid, modifies articular surface, restrict movements at joint, help distribute body weight, cushion articulating surfaces

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38
Q

adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule

A

fat pads

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39
Q

small fluid filled pockets of connective tissue between tendons/ligaments and bones

A

bursae

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40
Q

two opposing surfaces slide past one another in this joint

A

gliding

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41
Q

example of gliding joint

A

sternoclavicular joint

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42
Q

movement with a change in angle between the shaft and the articular surface

A

angular movement

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43
Q

type of angular motion with rotation of the shaft while changing the angle

A

circumduction

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44
Q

spinning of the shaft without changing the angle

A

rotation

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45
Q

ball and socket joint has this movement

A

circumduction

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46
Q

twisting head is blank motion of the head

A

rotation

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47
Q

types of angular movement

A

abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension

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48
Q

two types of rotation

A

pronation, supination

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49
Q

synovial joints are a trade off between blank and blank

A

flexibility, stability

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50
Q

six types of synovial joints

A

plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket

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51
Q

synovial joint where bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved and side to side movement only

A

plane

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52
Q

intercarpal, intertarsal, sternoclavicular, and vertebrocostal are blank joints

A

plane

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53
Q

convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2nd bone and is monoaxial

A

hinge

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54
Q

knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints are these

A

hinge

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55
Q

rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone and ligament and is monoaxial that only allows for rotation and longitudinal axis joint

A

pivot

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56
Q

proximal radioulnar joint is this type of joint

A

pivot

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57
Q

oval shaped projection fits into oval depression and is biaxial

A

condylar

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58
Q

wrist is blank joint

A

wrist

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59
Q

one bone fits over another bone like a horse and is biaxial

A

saddle joint

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60
Q

trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb are this joint

A

saddle

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61
Q

ball fitting into a cuplike depresseion joint

A

ball and socket

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62
Q

ball and socket joints are blank because they can do flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation

A

multiaxial

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63
Q

a shoulder joint and hip joint are these

A

ball and socket

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64
Q

temporomandibular joint is a blank joint between the blank and blank

A

hinge, condylar process of mandible, mandibular fossa

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65
Q

vertebrae articulate and blank and blank

A

superior and inferior articular processes

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66
Q

intervertebral facets are blank joints that restrict lateral movement

A

plane

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67
Q

these allow flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation in the vertebrae

A

discs

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68
Q

the two things that separate vertebrae and hold them together

A

anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus

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69
Q

anulus fibrosus is made of blank

A

fibrocartilage

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70
Q

this is made of water, hyaluronic acid and reticular/elastic fibers

A

nucleus pulposus

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71
Q

nucleus pulposus cells are found in the blank

A

notochord

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72
Q

a slipped disc is a blank disc

A

herniated

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73
Q

the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus in a blank

A

herniated disc

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74
Q

movements of vertebral column blanks nucleus in a herniated disc

A

compresses

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75
Q

shoulder joint is called the blank joint

A

glenohumeral

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76
Q

in the glenohumeral joint, it is made of blank and blank

A

head of humerus, glenoid cavity

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77
Q

the glenoid cavity is covered by the blank

A

glenoid labrum

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78
Q

a ring of dense irregular connective tissue attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity

A

glenoid labrum

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79
Q

two joints of the elbow

A

humerus and ulna, humerus and radius

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80
Q

humerus and ulna joint is a blank joint

A

hinge

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81
Q

humerus and radius is a blank joint

A

pivot

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82
Q

the wrist and hand have the blank joint

A

radiocarpal

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83
Q

radius and 3 proximal carpals make up this joint

A

radiocarpal

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84
Q

the radiocarpal joint has this motion

A

circumduction

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85
Q

intercarpal joints are blank joints

A

sliding

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86
Q

carpometacarpal joints are blank joints on the thumb

A

saddle

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87
Q

carpometacarpal joints are blank joints on all digits but thumb

A

plane (gliding)

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88
Q

this joint is the hand to the fingers and is a condylar joint

A

metacarpophalangeal joints

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89
Q

interphalangeal joints are blank joints are in the blank

A

hinge, fingers

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90
Q

hip joint is made of the blank and blank

A

femoral head, acetabulum of pelvis

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91
Q

hip joint is a blank joint

A

ball and socket

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92
Q

blank extends the size of the acetabulum in the hip joint

A

labrum

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93
Q

the joint that takes the biggest beating in the body

A

knee

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94
Q

knee joint has about blank degrees of motion

A

160

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95
Q

two joints of the knee

A

tibiofemoral joint, patellofemoral joint

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96
Q

tibiofemoral joint is a blank joint

A

hinge

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97
Q

patellofemoral joint is a blank joint

A

plane (gliding)

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98
Q

the ankle is the blank joint

A

talocrural

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99
Q

three connections in the talocrural joint

A

tibiotalar, tibiofibular, fibulotalar

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100
Q

foot joint that is planar and between tarsals

A

intertarsal

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101
Q

plane joint of the foot between tarsals and metatarsals

A

tarsometatarsal

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102
Q

foot joint that is condylar and between metatarsals and digits

A

metatarsophalangeal

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103
Q

foot joint that is a blank joint in digits

A

interphalangeal

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104
Q

study of muscles

A

myology

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105
Q

muscular tissue is blank percent of total body mass

A

45

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106
Q

muscles do most of the blank generated by the body

A

work

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107
Q

three muscle functions

A

maintain posture, movement, heat production, support visceral organs, guard orifices

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108
Q

property of muscle tissue that has the ability to receive and respond to electric or chemical stimuli

A

excitability

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109
Q

property of muscle that is the ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

A

contractility

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110
Q

property of muscle that has the ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue

A

extensibility

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111
Q

property of muscle tissue that is the ability to return to original shape after being stretched

A

elasticity

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112
Q

four properties of muscle tissue

A

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

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113
Q

muscles are blank

A

organs

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114
Q

muscle is composed of many types of blank

A

tissue

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115
Q

a muscle fiber equals blank

A

1 muscle cell

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116
Q

skeletal muscle attaches to bone, skin, or blank

A

fascia

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117
Q

skeletal muscle blanks rapidly but blanks easilty

A

contracts, tires

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118
Q

another name for belly

A

gaster

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119
Q

main portion of a muscle

A

gaster

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120
Q

belly is attached to blank

A

tendons

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121
Q

tendons attach blank to blank

A

bone, muscle

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122
Q

fascia that is dense irregular ct around the muscle and holds it in place and separates it from other muscles

A

deep

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123
Q

fascia that is made of loose ct beneath skin, surrounds several muscles

A

subcutaneous

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124
Q

many muscle fibers are bundled together into groups called blank

A

fascicles

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125
Q

several blank make up a muscle

A

fascicle

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126
Q

fascicles have blank to blank fibers

A

10-100

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127
Q

skeletal muscle ct that surrounds the whole muscle

A

epimysium

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128
Q

skeletal muscle ct that surrounds fascicles

A

perimysium

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129
Q

skeletal muscle ct that separates individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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130
Q

all connective tissue extend beyond the muscle blank to form the blank

A

belly, tendon

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131
Q

tendons may form thick flattened sheets, called blank

A

aponeuroses

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132
Q

embryonic cells that fuse to form muscle fibers

A

myoblasts

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133
Q

these are the reason that muscles are so long and multinucleated

A

myoblasts

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134
Q

myoblasts that do not fuse become blank cells

A

myosatellite

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135
Q

these muscle fiber cells assist in repair of damaged cells

A

myosatellite

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136
Q

fiber cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

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137
Q

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

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138
Q

extensions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm in muscle fibers

A

transverse tubule

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139
Q

contractile organelles that extend the length of a muscle fiber

A

myofibrils

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140
Q

myofibrils are surrounded by the blank

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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141
Q

the functional unit of a myofibril is a blank

A

sarcomere

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142
Q

sarcomeres are made of blank filaments and blank filaments

A

thick, thin

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143
Q

thick filament that is twisted with globular heads, about 1.6 micrometers long, and there are 500 of them to one thick filament

A

myosin

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144
Q

thin filaments are made of blank which is a structural protein and has coiled “beads”

A

actin

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145
Q

actin binds with blank because it has an active site

A

myosin

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146
Q

two regulatory proteins of actin

A

tropomyosin, troponin

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147
Q

the striated bands of filaments are blank

A

sarcomeres

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148
Q

entire thick filament range

A

A band

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149
Q

only thin filaments

A

I band

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150
Q

only thick filaments

A

H bands

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151
Q

both filaments are in this zone

A

zone of overlap

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152
Q

divide and flank the sarcomere

A

sarcomere lines

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153
Q

the end of the sarcomere made of actinin protein and anchor thin filaments

A

z line

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154
Q

middle of the sarcomere that stabilizes thick filaments and is a sarcomere line

A

m line

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155
Q

diagram a sarcomere

A

ehhh

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156
Q

structural protein that anchors a thick filament to a z line and accounts for elasticity and extensibility

A

titin

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157
Q

structural protein that holds F actin together on thin filaments

A

nebulin

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158
Q

structural protein that makes up the z line

A

actinin

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159
Q

during contraction, myosin attaches to binding site of blank

A

actin

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160
Q

during contraction, atp causes the myosin to flex and pull on the blank

A

actin

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161
Q

the blank filaments slide inward during contraction

A

thin

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162
Q

neuron and all muscle cells are stimulated by the neuron in this

A

motor unit

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163
Q

three things in neuromuscular junciton

A

motor unit, neuromuscular junction, synaptic terminal

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164
Q

point of contact between the neuron and the muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

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165
Q

end of axon that contacts motor end plate

A

synaptic terminal

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166
Q

three more parts of the neuromuscular junction

A

motor end plate, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter

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167
Q

point on muscle fiber that contacts synaptic terminal

A

motor end plate

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168
Q

chemical released into the gap in neuromuscular junction

A

neurotransmitter

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169
Q

gap between motor end plates in neuromuscular junction

A

synaptic cleft

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170
Q

neurotransmitter involved in neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

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171
Q

in muscle contraction, blank is stored in synaptic vesicles

A

ach

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172
Q

in muscle contraction, impulse reaches end of neuron which releases blank

A

ach

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173
Q

in muscle contraction, ach crosses gap and binds to blank

A

receptors

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174
Q

in muscle contraction, impulse travels through motor blank down t tubules the blank

A

end plates, sarcoplasmic reticulum

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175
Q

in muscle contraction, blank ions diffuse out of the SR into the blank

A

calcium, sarcoplasm

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176
Q

in muscle contraction, calcium exposes the blank

A

active site

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177
Q

in muscle contraction, blank binds to the active site

A

myosin

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178
Q

in muscle contraction, blank is used and contraction occurs

A

atp

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179
Q

in muscle contraction, contraction continues as long as calcium ion blank is high

A

concentration

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180
Q

draw out muscle contraction

A

to help for the exam

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181
Q

during muscle relaxion, ach is decomposed by blank

A

acetlycholinesterase

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182
Q

in muscle relaxion, blank are transported back to sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

calcium ions

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183
Q

in muscle relaxtion, blank and blank links are broken

A

actin, myosin

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184
Q

in muscle relaxtion, blank move back

A

cross bridges

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185
Q

in muscle relaxion, blank is blocked once again

A

active site

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186
Q

the tension produced by a muscle is determined by the blank of stimulation and the number of blank stimulated

A

frequency, motor units

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187
Q

three keys to tension produced

A

all or none, recruitment, tetanus

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188
Q

law that states that all fibers in a motor unity fully contract if stimulated

A

all or none law

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189
Q

steady increase in tension by increasing the number of contracting motor units

A

recruitment

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190
Q

muscle never begins to relax, continuous fused contraction

A

tetanus

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191
Q

motor units contract randomly and there is tension but no movement in this

A

muscle tone

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192
Q

three things that muscle tone can do

A

stabilize joints, hold things in place, maintain posture

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193
Q

constant, exhaustive stimulation increases the number of organelles/proteins in a fiber

A

hypertrophy

194
Q

overall enlargement of a muscle

A

hypertrophy

195
Q

muscle fibers do not blank

A

reproduce

196
Q

lack of constant motor neuron stimulation reduces organelles and proteins and is reversible if fiber is not dead

A

atrophy

197
Q

atrophy is due to these three things

A

lack of use, hormones, age, nerve damage

198
Q

attachment site that does not move

A

origin

199
Q

attachment site that moves

A

insertion

200
Q

tension =

A

force

201
Q

fascicle arrangement varies based on blank of muscle

A

position

202
Q

fascicles parallel to long blank in parallel muscles

A

axis

203
Q

parallel muscles have this type of force

A

unidirectional

204
Q

two types of parallel muscles

A

fusiform, strap-linear

205
Q

fan shaped muscle with multidirectional force, versatility, and generates the least amount of force

A

convergent muscles

206
Q

example of parallel muscles

A

biceps brachii

207
Q

example of convergent muscle

A

pectoralis major

208
Q

feather shaped muscles that have a tendon passing through the muscle and produce the greatest force

A

pennate

209
Q

example of a pennate muscle

A

deltoid

210
Q

three types of pennate muscles

A

unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

211
Q

concentric fascicles around opening and the contraction decreases lumen diameter

A

circular muscles

212
Q

example of circular muscles

A

orbicularis oculi

213
Q

rotation around one axis

A

uniaxial

214
Q

movement that occurs along 2 axes

A

biaxial

215
Q

movement on all axes

A

multiaxial

216
Q

main muscle causing directional force action

A

agonist

217
Q

muscle action that contracts to oppose agonist

A

antagonist

218
Q

muscle action that assists/modifies movement

A

synergist

219
Q

muscle action that stabilizes elements associated with agonist

A

fixator

220
Q

example of fixator action muscles

A

deltoid stabilizes glenohumeral joint

221
Q

a system that modifies movements and change magnitude of force, speed, direction, distance of limb movement

A

lever

222
Q

stiff arms or arm that can move at a certain point

A

lever

223
Q

four components of a lever system

A

lever, effort, fulcrum, resistance

224
Q

part of lever system that is the skeletal element

A

lever

225
Q

part of lever system that is the applied force

A

effort

226
Q

part of the lever system that is the joint

A

fulcrum

227
Q

part of lever system that is the body part or object moved

A

resistance

228
Q

effort = blank

A

applied force

229
Q

layer of dermis that consists of mostly dense connective tissue, and binds to tendons and ligaments

A

reticular

230
Q

fascia that consists of dense connective tissue, and binds to tendons and ligaments

A

deep

231
Q

exocrine gland with a single duct, does not wind, no branching and is lobed shaped

A

simple alveolar

232
Q

the nutrient artery supplies blood to the blank

A

diaphysis

233
Q

smooth muscle cells possess multiple nuclei t or f

A

f

234
Q

of the three types of cartilage, hyaline cartilage has the lowest chondroitin sulfate concentration t or f

A

f

235
Q

the patella is a short bone t or f

A

f

236
Q

bursae are pads of cartilage that subdivide the synovial cavity t or f

A

f

237
Q

type of lever that is a see-saw with resistance opposite of effort with a central fulcrum

A

first class

238
Q

example of first class lever

A

neck extension

239
Q

the effort in neck extension

A

neckextensors

240
Q

fulcrum of neck extension

A

atlanto-occipital joint

241
Q

resistance in neck extension

A

skull

242
Q

type of lever that is a wheel barrow and the effort is opposite of fulcrum to move the resistance

A

second class

243
Q

example of second class lever

A

plantar flexion

244
Q

effort of plantar flexion

A

calf

245
Q

fulcrum of plantar flexion

A

MP joint

246
Q

resistance of plantar flexion

A

weight of body

247
Q

type of lever that is a hockey wrist shot where the effort is in between fulcrum and resistance

A

third class

248
Q

example of a third class lever

A

elbow flexion

249
Q

effort of elbow flexion

A

biceps brachii

250
Q

fulcrum of elbow flexion

A

elbow joint

251
Q

resistance of elbow flexion

A

weight distal to joint

252
Q

skeletal muscle fiber that has high energy requirements, are anaerobic, have large diamater, and densely packed myofibrils

A

fast fibers

253
Q

fast fibers have blank mitochondria

A

few

254
Q

fast fibers have rapid, powerful brief blank

A

contractions

255
Q

skeletal muscle fibers with more myoglobin, aerobic, and smaller diameter

A

slow fibers

256
Q

slow fibers take blank to contract

A

longer

257
Q

slow muscles are blank in color

A

red

258
Q

fast fibers are blank in color

A

white

259
Q

skeletal muscle fibers that are slow and fast and have greater resistance to fatigue

A

intermediate fibers

260
Q

blank can change one muscle type to another

A

exercise

261
Q

this muscle type is attached to hair follicles in skin

A

smooth

262
Q

three smooth muscle characteristics

A

in walls of organs and blood vessels, nonstriated, involuntary, elastic, spindle shaped, slow contractions

263
Q

two things that stimulate smooth muscles

A

nervous system, hormones, ions, stretching

264
Q

many gap junctions, sheets of spindle-shaped cells, and contract together in this type of smooth muscle

A

single unit

265
Q

example of single unit smooth muscle

A

blood vessels, digestive tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract

266
Q

type of smooth muscle that has no or few gap junctions, separate fibers, only contract when stimulated by motor nerve

A

multi unit

267
Q

example of multi unit smooth muscle

A

large blood vessels, uterus, iris of ey

268
Q

muscle type that is striated, involuntary and autorhythmic

A

cardiac muscle

269
Q

cardiac muscle is made of a network of fibers with blank at ends and is found only in blank

A

intercalated disks, heart

270
Q

coordinate all body systems and this is accomplished by the transmission of signals

A

nervous system

271
Q

the nervous system is a blank signaling system

A

electrochemical

272
Q

communication system that is a slower scale and uses chemicals in the blood stream called blank

A

endocrine system, hormones

273
Q

two communication systems of the body

A

nervous, endocrine

274
Q

nervous system is made up of many blank, each composed of several tissues

A

organs

275
Q

three things that make up nervous system

A

neurons, neuroglia, blood vessels, connective tissue

276
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system

A

central, peripheral

277
Q

the brain and spinal cord make up the blank nervous system

A

central

278
Q

cranial and spinal nerves make up the blank nervous system

A

peripheral

279
Q

the central nervous system is covered by blank

A

meninges

280
Q

central nervous system is bathed in blank fluid

A

cerebrospinal

281
Q

nervous system that is the integration center

A

central

282
Q

nervous system that has both sensory and motor fibers

A

peripheral

283
Q

the PNS connects the CNS to blank and blank

A

glands, muscles

284
Q

this nervous system brings information to and from the CNS

A

PNS

285
Q

two divisions of the PNS

A

afferent, efferent

286
Q

the sensory division of the PNS

A

afferent

287
Q

the motor division of the PNS

A

efferent

288
Q

two divisions of the efferent division

A

somatic, autonomic

289
Q

conscious control division of the efferent division

A

somatic

290
Q

unconscious division of the efferent division

A

autonomic

291
Q

order of a general function of the nervous system

A

receptors, sensory, integrative, motor, effector

292
Q

receptor of nervous system does what

A

detects stimuli

293
Q

sensory is felt by blank

A

afferent PNS

294
Q

integrative part of nervous system

A

CNS

295
Q

motor part of nervous system is the blank

A

efferent PNS

296
Q

the effector of the nervous system

A

muscle/gland

297
Q

structural and functional units of nervous system, excitable and amitotic

A

neurons

298
Q

nervous tissue cell that are accessory cells and act like connective tissue

A

neuroglial

299
Q

three major structures of neurons

A

soma, dendrites, axon

300
Q

cell body of a neuron

A

soma

301
Q

soma is blank

A

mononucleate

302
Q

four parts of soma

A

nissl bodies, axon hillock, perikaryon, neurofibrils

303
Q

part of soma with ribosome clusters and give a gray color

A

nissl bodies

304
Q

part of soma that connects soma to axon

A

axon hillock

305
Q

region around the nucleus in soma

A

perikaryon

306
Q

cytoskeleton that extend into dendrites/axon and gives shape in soma

A

neurofibrils

307
Q

part of neuron that respond to neurtransmitters

A

dendrites

308
Q

dendrites are short, branched, and blank

A

unmyelinated

309
Q

dendrites are specialized for blank with other neurons

A

contact

310
Q

axon is only blank

A

1 cell

311
Q

axon conducts nerve impulses blank soma

A

away from

312
Q

axon can give off blank

A

collaterals

313
Q

axon are wrapped in blank

A

myelin sheath

314
Q

glial cells wrapped around the axon

A

myelin sheath

315
Q

axons end in blank

A

synaptic terminals

316
Q

axons produce blank

A

neurotrasmitters

317
Q

movement of cellular materials (not signals) through the axon

A

axonal transport

318
Q

axonal transport that is away from soma; and transports neurotransmitters, organelles, nutrients

A

anterograde

319
Q

axonal transport toward soma, degraded materials to be recycled & extracellular substances

A

retrograde

320
Q

cytoplasm of an axon

A

axoplasma

321
Q

axoplasma consists of few blank

A

organelles

322
Q

plasma membrane of an axon

A

axolemma

323
Q

axolemma has these three things

A

collaterals, telodendra, synaptic terminal

324
Q

side branches of axolemma

A

collaterals

325
Q

neuron shape that is small and axons can not be distinguished from dendrites

A

anaxonic

326
Q

anaxonic neurons are found mostly in the blank

A

CNS

327
Q

neuron shape that is several small dendrites converged onto one and the dendrite/axon are separated by soma

A

bipolar

328
Q

bipolar neuron cells are blank

A

unmyelinated

329
Q

neuron shape that is several small dendrites converged onto one large one and the dendrite/axon are continuous

A

unipolar

330
Q

unipolar neurons are usually blank

A

myelinated

331
Q

majority of unipolar neurons are sensory neurons in the blank

A

PNS

332
Q

shape of neuron that is many dendrites extend from soma and a long axon

A

multipolar

333
Q

multipolar neurons are blank

A

myelinated

334
Q

the majority of motor neurons in the PNS are blank

A

multipolar

335
Q

multipolar neurons are also in the blank of CNS

A

spinal interneurons

336
Q

neurons that have sensory function

A

afferent

337
Q

cell body is usually outside the CNS in blank neurons

A

afferent

338
Q

afferent neurons have receptor ends on blank or are associated with receptor cells in blank organs

A

dendrites, sense

339
Q

three types of receptors in afferent neurons

A

exteroreceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors

340
Q

touch, temp, pressure, light chemicals are detected by blank receptors

A

exteroceptors

341
Q

receptor that monitor muscle and skeleton position

A

proprioceptors

342
Q

receptors that monitor internal systems

A

interoceptors

343
Q

neurons only in the CNS and are the most abundant neurons

A

interneurons

344
Q

two classifications of interneurons

A

excitatory, inhibitory

345
Q

interneurons blank two or more neurons

A

link

346
Q

neurons that have motor function and the cell body is usually inside the CNS

A

efferent

347
Q

efferent neurons that control skeletal muscles

A

somatic

348
Q

efferent neurons that control smooth muscles and glands

A

autonomic

349
Q

cells that are called satellite or schwann cells in the PNS

A

neuroglial cells

350
Q

cells that are called astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia in the CNS

A

neuroglial cells

351
Q

largest and most common neuroglial cell that is star shaped

A

astrocytes

352
Q

three functions of astrocytes

A

structure, repair, metabolism, regulate ions, guide neurons to targets, form blood brain barrier

353
Q

these are like astrocytes but smaller

A

oligodendrocytes

354
Q

oligodendrocytes form blank in the central nervous system

A

myelin

355
Q

smallest and least common neuroglial cell

A

microglia

356
Q

microglia are derived from blank cells

A

myeloid

357
Q

microglia are the blank cells of the nervous system

A

white blood

358
Q

main function of microglia

A

phagocytosis

359
Q

columnar/cuboidal and have microvilli on luminal surface are are a neuroglial

A

ependymal

360
Q

ependymal cells are joined by blank junctions

A

gap

361
Q

main function of ependymal cells is to help produce blank

A

cerebrospinal fluid

362
Q

associated with soma and assist with exchange of nutrients and is a neuroglial cell

A

satellite

363
Q

satellite cells blank neuron from extraneous stimuli

A

Isolates

364
Q

neuroglial cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells

365
Q

schwann cells encloses blank of longer peripheral nerves

A

axons

366
Q

main function of schwann cells is to blank large PNS axons

A

myelinate

367
Q

blank axons appear gray and many axons associate with a single schwann cell

A

unmyelinated

368
Q

unmyelinated cells are found in the blank and are not blank cells

A

CNS, glial

369
Q

axons that appear white

A

myelinated

370
Q

in the central nervous system, blank myelinate part of several axons

A

oligodendrocytes

371
Q

in the PNS, blank cells myelinated part of one axon

A

schwann

372
Q

plasma membrane of schwann cell wrapped around axon

A

myelin

373
Q

part of schwann cell that contains cytoplasm

A

neurilemma

374
Q

gaps in myelin sheath

A

nodes of ranvier

375
Q

myelination process starts when you are blank and then stop around age blank

A

young, 3

376
Q

myelin functions to blank axons and increase blank

A

isolate, rate of action potential

377
Q

the peripheral nervous system can blank a fraction of the axons

A

regenerate

378
Q

the regeneration of Schwann cells in PNS

A

Wallerian process

379
Q

if the injury separates axon from cell body, the blank portion of the axon will blank along with with myelin sheath

A

distal, deteriorate

380
Q

during the regeneration of nerve fibers, blank clean up, some blank cells remain, and a thin blank membrane and later of blank tissue around schwann cells

A

macrophages, schwann, basement, connective

381
Q

new axon grows blank to blank millimeters per day when regenerating nerve fibers

A

4-Mar

382
Q

repair in central nervous system is more blank

A

limited

383
Q

oligodendrocytes do not blank and repair the central nervous sytem

A

proliferate

384
Q

blank produce scar tissue and chemicals blocking regrowth in central nervous system

A

astrocytes

385
Q

ability to respond to stimuli

A

irritability

386
Q

ability to transmit an impulse

A

excitability

387
Q

an electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrane

A

action potential

388
Q

action potential moving down an axon

A

nerve impulse

389
Q

impulse travels faster when the axon is blank and has a blank diamater

A

myelinated, larger

390
Q

this functions as a control/transmission point and a site of communication

A

synapse

391
Q

synapse is a site communication between any two cells with a blank

A

gap

392
Q

two types of synapses

A

electrical, chemical

393
Q

example of electrical synapse

A

intercalated discs of cardiac muscle

394
Q

example of a chemical synapse

A

neuro-muscular junction

395
Q

in chemical synapses, blank house neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicle

396
Q

chemical synapses only exist in the blank

A

presynaptic cell

397
Q

chemical synapses release neurotransmitters into the blank

A

synaptic cleft

398
Q

receptors on blank membranes register the neurotransmitter in chemical synapses

A

post-synaptic

399
Q

chemical synapses proliferates the blank from one cell to the next

A

action potential

400
Q

in step 1 at a chemical synapse the action potential reaches the blank of the presynaptic neuron

A

synaptic knob

401
Q

receive impulses from afferent fibers and the impulses are carried away on efferent fibers in these

A

neuronal pools

402
Q

blank fibers can branch many times before entering a pool

A

afferent

403
Q

one neuron to another in series in this pool

A

serial processing

404
Q

pool when impulse leaves a pool, it may spread into several output fibers and allows impulse to be amplified

A

divergence

405
Q

neuronal pool where a single nerve in pool may receive impulses from 2 or more incoming fibers

A

convergence

406
Q

if an impulse leads to the same nerve, they are said to blank

A

converge

407
Q

convergence allows summation of impulses from blank

A

different sources

408
Q

processing information from several neurons at once

A

parallel processing

409
Q

positive feedback continues activity of circuit in this pool

A

reverberation

410
Q

one neuron may receive either blank and blank stimuli from multiple neurons

A

excitatory, inhibitory

411
Q

the net effect of all input to a cell is called the blank

A

net charge

412
Q

if the charge is positive enough to a nerve then it will result in a blank

A

active potential

413
Q

the point where an action potential can be produced is known as blank

A

threshold

414
Q

inhibitory stimuli bring signals blank threshold

A

away from

415
Q

excitatory stimuli bring signals blank threshold

A

to

416
Q

in step 2 at a chemical synapse the blank is release

A

neurotransmitter

417
Q

in step 3 at a chemical synapse the blank binds to receptors and blanks the postsynaptic membrane

A

ach, depolarizes

418
Q

in step 4 at a chemical synapse blank is removed by blank

A

ach, ache

419
Q

if a neuron is excited but still below threshold, it said to be in blank

A

facilitation

420
Q

cns structure that is a collection of neuron cell bodies

A

nuclei

421
Q

cns structure that is the collection of neuron cell bodies working together

A

center

422
Q

cns structure that are bundles of axons

A

tracts

423
Q

pns structure that is a collection of neuron cell bodies

A

ganglia

424
Q

pns structure that is a bundle of axons

A

nerves

425
Q

spinal cord is a slender nerve blank

A

column

426
Q

size of spinal cord

A

45 cm long

427
Q

spinal cord has blank matter

A

gray and white

428
Q

hold down the center of spinal cord with continuous brain ventricles and both contain csf

A

central canal

429
Q

two grooves of spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus

430
Q

two swollen regions of the spinal cord

A

cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement

431
Q

inferior most tip of the spinal cord; cone shaped

A

conus medullaris

432
Q

means horse’s tail; bundle of nerves inferior to spinal cord

A

cauda equina

433
Q

inferior most spinal nerve

A

filum terminale

434
Q

this consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses

A

gray matter

435
Q

projections of gray matter are called blank

A

horns

436
Q

cell bodies are organized into blank like blank and blank

A

nuclei, sensory, motor

437
Q

three interior horns

A

posterior, anterior, lateral

438
Q

five white tracts/columns

A

posterior, anterior, lateral, ascending tract, descending tract

439
Q

white matter tract that is sensory

A

ascending

440
Q

white matter tract that is motor

A

descending tract

441
Q

membranes covering the central nervous system

A

meninges

442
Q

meninges are similar in both blank and blank

A

brain, spinal cord

443
Q

meninges are split into layers called blank which means mother

A

mater

444
Q

vertebrae consist of vertebral blank

A

arches

445
Q

space between meninges and vertebra and contains blood vessels and adipose

A

epidural space

446
Q

meninges connect to blank covering of spinal nerves

A

connective tissue

447
Q

the tough mother meninge that is very durable

A

dura mater

448
Q

dura mater is blank to epidural space

A

deep

449
Q

dura mater is superficial to blank

A

subdural space

450
Q

spidery mother meninge

A

arachnoid mater

451
Q

arachnoid mater is superficial to blank

A

subarachnoid space

452
Q

connective tissue looks like a spider web in this mater

A

arachnoid

453
Q

delicate mother that is a light layer adhering to the spinal cord

A

pia mater

454
Q

pia mater forms part of blank

A

filum terminale

455
Q

the subarachnoid space is with blank

A

csf

456
Q

parts of spinal meninges

A

vertebra, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid layer, subarachnoid space, pia mater, neural tissue

457
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

458
Q

how many cervical spinal nerve pairs

A

8

459
Q

how many thoracic spinal nerves pairs

A

12

460
Q

how many lumbar spinal nerves pairs

A

5

461
Q

how many sacral spinal nerves pairs

A

5

462
Q

how many coccygeal spinal nerves pairs

A

1

463
Q

two nerve componenets

A

dorsal root, ventral root

464
Q

axons of dorsal root are called blank

A

dorsal root ganglion

465
Q

dorsal roots are usually blank

A

sensory

466
Q

ventral root has no blank and is usually blank

A

ganglion, motor

467
Q

roots merge to form blank

A

nerves

468
Q

spinal nerves are usually blank and blank

A

sensory and motor

469
Q

all roots go through the blank

A

intervertebral foramina

470
Q

surrounds the entire nerve and is a connective tissue

A

epineurium

471
Q

ct that surrounds bundles of 10-100 axons (fascicle)

A

perineurium

472
Q

ct that surrounds each individual axon of each neuron

A

endoneurium

473
Q

offshoots of a nerve once it exits the vertebra

A

rami

474
Q

three types of rami

A

dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, ramus communicantes

475
Q

a splitting in the ramus separating sensory and motor fibers

A

rami communicantes

476
Q

two splits of the rami communicantes

A

white, gray

477
Q

sensory innervation by specific spinal nerves

A

dermatomes

478
Q

spinal cord damage will result in loss of blank in dermatome

A

sensation

479
Q

the method of detection of nerve damage in humans

A

dermatomes

480
Q

these braid off ventral rami

A

nerve plexuses

General College Anatomy Lecture (6 decks)

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