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General College Anatomy Lecture > Anatomy Lecture Deck 4 > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture Deck 4 Flashcards

1
Q

when head orientation changes, gravity pulls on blank which moves blank which deforms hair cell blank and blank occurs

A

statoconia, otolith, stereocilia, depolarization

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2
Q

eyelids are also known as blank

A

palpebrae

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3
Q

eyelids functions are to

A

protect/lubricate

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4
Q

two parts of eyelids

A

tarsal glands, conjunctiva

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5
Q

oily secretions keep lids from sticking together in eyelid

A

tarsal gland

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6
Q

thin protective mucus membrane of eyelid

A

conjunctiva

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7
Q

two parts of conjunctiva

A

palpebral, bulbar

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8
Q

the conjunctiva stops at blank edge

A

corneal

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9
Q

produces tears

A

lacrimal apparatus

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10
Q

lacrimal apparatus consists of these three things

A

lacrimal gland, lacrimal punctum, lacrimal canaliculi

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11
Q

produces tears

A

lacrimal gland

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12
Q

drain tears in the lacrimal canaliculi

A

lacrimal punctum

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13
Q

three layers of eye

A

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, neural tunic

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14
Q

two parts of fibrous tunic

A

sclera, cornea

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15
Q

white of eye and is dense and irregular ct

A

sclera

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16
Q

transparent layer of eye

A

cornea

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17
Q

three parts of vascular tunic

A

iris, choroid, lens

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18
Q

smooth muscles and pigments and controls size of pupil

A

iris

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19
Q

vascularized pigmented layer

A

choroid

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20
Q

layered proteins and refracts light

A

lens

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21
Q

vascular tunic regulates amount of blank

A

light

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22
Q

vascular tunic controls shape of blank

A

lens

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23
Q

neural tunic has these cells

A

receptor, bipolar, ganglion, amacrine

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24
Q

rods and cones that detect light are blank cells

A

receptor

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25
Q

neurons that synapse with receptor cells

A

bipolar neurons

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26
Q

cells that modulate communication between bipolar and ganglion cells

A

amacrine

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27
Q

these are very light sensitive and can not see color

A

rods

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28
Q

rods require blank light than cones

A

less

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29
Q

for color vision

A

cones

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30
Q

cones give blank image

A

sharper

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31
Q

there are blank types of cones

A

three

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32
Q

three regions of the retina

A

mucula lutea, fovea centralis, optic disc

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33
Q

area of no rods

A

macula lutea

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34
Q

area of most cones within macula

A

fovea centralis

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35
Q

blind spot

A

optic disc

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36
Q

two cavities of eye

A

anterior, posterior

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37
Q

posterior cavity contains blank fluid

A

vitreous

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38
Q

anterior cavity has blank fluid

A

aqueous

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39
Q

endocrine system is blank with blank effects

A

slow, long term

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40
Q

endocrine system is interrelated with the blank system

A

nervous

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41
Q

the blank directly innervates the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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42
Q

hormones produced by specialized cell and carried in blood stream

A

ductless system

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43
Q

exocrine uses a blank

A

duct

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44
Q

endocrine hormones go to blank

A

everywhere

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45
Q

substance synthesized by a specific organ or tissue and secreted

A

hormones

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46
Q

blood carries hormones to other sites which is called blank

A

endocrine signaling

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47
Q

hormones secreted into extracellular spaces which is called blank

A

paracrine signaling

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48
Q

hormones act on blank

A

target cells

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49
Q

target cells have specific blank for specific hormones

A

receptors

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50
Q

four categories of hormones

A

steroids, peptides, amines, eicosanoids

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51
Q

hormones that are made of cholesterol and non polar

A

steroids

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52
Q

hormones that are polar

A

peptides

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53
Q

hormones that are derived from amino acids and are polar or non polar

A

amines

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54
Q

hormones that are mostly non polar and are paracrine signals

A

eicosanoids

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55
Q

steroids can cross blank

A

membranes

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56
Q

derived from tyrosine or tryptophan

A

amine hormones

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57
Q

some are membrane blank and others are not

A

soluble

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58
Q

most important amine hormones are made by blank and blank

A

thyroid, adrenal medulla

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59
Q

short chaiins of amino acids and are too big to cross membranes and are all pituitary hormones

A

peptide hormones

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60
Q

control of hormone secretion is an example of blank

A

negative feedback

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61
Q

in negative feedback, blank is established and it works just like a blank

A

homeostasis, furnace

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62
Q

hypothalamus sends signals to the body and the blank gland

A

pituitary

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63
Q

pituitary gland is the most important endocrine gland for blank

A

regulation

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64
Q

two lobes of pituitary gland

A

posterior, anterior

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65
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary gland does not make any blank

A

hormones

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66
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary is mostly for blank

A

hypothalamic axons

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67
Q

anterior lobe of pituitary has blank types of endocrine cells

A

five

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68
Q

two hypothalamic regulatory hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe

A

releasing, inhibiting

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69
Q

eicoanoids are mostly blank and are blank

A

non polar, prostaglandins

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70
Q

posterior pituitary hormone that causes contraction of muscles in uterine walls

A

oxytocin

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71
Q

oxytocin also causes muscles associated with milk ejection to blank as well as prostate gland

A

contract

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72
Q

oxytocin is significant in blank bonding

A

emotional

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73
Q

posterior pituitary hormone that caused kidney to decrease water excretion

A

antidiuretic hormon

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74
Q

antidiuretic hormone increased blank

A

blood volume

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75
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that causes increase in melatonin secretion

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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76
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that causes tested to produce sperm, follicular development in ovary and stimulate secretion of estrogen

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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77
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that promotes secretion of sex hormones and releases oocyte

A

luteinizing hormone

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78
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that increases size and rate of reproduction of body cells like muscles and bones

A

growth hormone

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79
Q

growth hormone is secreted throughout life but increases at blank

A

puberty

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80
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that controls secretion of thyroid hormone

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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81
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that targets mammary tissue to produce milk

A

prolactin

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82
Q

anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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83
Q

two lobes and isthmus connecting this gland

A

thyroid

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84
Q

thyroid is inferior to blank

A

larynx

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85
Q

thyroid has blank cells

A

follicular

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86
Q

follicular cells remove blank from blood

A

iodine

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87
Q

follicular cells secrete blank

A

T3 and T4

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88
Q

thyroid has blank cells as well

A

parafollicular

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89
Q

parafollicular cells make blank

A

calcitonin

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90
Q

thyroxine is made by follicular cells and is blank

A

T4

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91
Q

T3 is a thyroid hormone called

A

triiodothyronine

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92
Q

thyroxine is for blank

A

growth

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93
Q

triiodothyronine is same as T4 but is blank times more potent

A

five

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94
Q

parafollicular cell that is for decreasing calcium

A

calcitonin

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95
Q

parathyroid glands are on the blank surface of thyroid

A

posterior

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96
Q

parathyroid gland makes blank hormone which increased blood calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

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97
Q

parathyroid glands have blank cells which produce parathyroid hormone

A

chief cells

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98
Q

melatonin helps with blank

A

circadian rhythms

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99
Q

pineal gland makes blank

A

melatonin

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100
Q

thisis in the epithalamus and produces pineacytes

A

pineal gland

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101
Q

this prepares body for pregnancy

A

progesterone

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102
Q

the corpus luteum produces these two things

A

estrogens, progesterone

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103
Q

follicles produce these two things

A

estrogen, inhibin

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104
Q

post ovulation part of female gonads

A

corpus luteum

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105
Q

pre ovulation part of female gonads

A

follicles

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106
Q

these have follicles and the corpus luteum

A

female gonads

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107
Q

these cells secrete inhibin which stimulates sperm creation

A

nurse cells

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108
Q

male gonads have these two cells

A

interstitial, nurse

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109
Q

these secrete androgens like testosterone in male gonads

A

instersitial cells

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110
Q

pancreas cells that make somatostatin which inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion

A

delta

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111
Q

pancreas cells that make insulin

A

beta

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112
Q

pancreas cells that make glucagon

A

alpha

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113
Q

three cells of pancreas

A

alpha, beta, delta

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114
Q

pancreas has blank which are for endocrine function

A

islets of langerhans

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115
Q

this is posterior to the stomach and is attached to a duodenum by a duct and is exocrine and endocrine

A

pancreas

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116
Q

this is in the heart and suppresses aldosterone and decreases blood volume and blood pressure

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

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117
Q

this increases absorption of digested calcium

A

calcitrol

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118
Q

this is for erythrocyte production

A

erythropoietin

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119
Q

this starts cascade to increase blood pressure

A

renin

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120
Q

kidney has these three things in it

A

renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol

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121
Q

adrenal medulla makes these

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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122
Q

this adrenal gland is separate from adrenal cortex and has chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS

A

adrenal medulla

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123
Q

adrenal cortex gland that produces androgens and is for secondary sex characteristics

A

reticularis

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124
Q

adrenal cortex gland that produces cortisol and is for glycogen formation

A

fasciculata

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125
Q

adrenal cortex gland that produces aldosterone and is for sodium retention

A

glomerulosa

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126
Q

adrenal cortex is made up of these three adrenal glands

A

glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

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127
Q

thymus is most active in blank

A

childhood

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128
Q

thymus produces blank

A

thymosin

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129
Q

gland in the thoracic cavity that is posterior to the sternum and enhances lymphocyte production and competence

A

thymus

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130
Q

gland in the thoracic cavity that is posterior to the sternum and enhances lymphocyte production and competence

A

thymus

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131
Q

thymus produces blank

A

thymosin

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132
Q

thymus is most active in blank

A

childhood

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133
Q

adrenal cortex is made up of these three adrenal glands

A

glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

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134
Q

adrenal cortex gland that produces aldosterone and is for sodium retention

A

glomerulosa

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135
Q

adrenal cortex gland that produces cortisol and is for glycogen formation

A

fasciculata

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136
Q

adrenal cortex gland that produces androgens and is for secondary sex characteristics

A

reticularis

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137
Q

this adrenal gland is separate from adrenal cortex and has chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS

A

adrenal medulla

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138
Q

adrenal medulla makes these

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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139
Q

kidney has these three things in it

A

renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol

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140
Q

this starts cascade to increase blood pressure

A

renin

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141
Q

this is for erythrocyte production

A

erythropoietin

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142
Q

this increases absorption of digested calcium

A

calcitrol

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143
Q

this is in the heart and suppresses aldosterone and decreases blood volume and blood pressure

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

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144
Q

this is posterior to the stomach and is attached to a duodenum by a duct and is exocrine and endocrine

A

pancreas

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145
Q

pancreas has blank which are for endocrine function

A

islets of langerhans

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146
Q

three cells of pancreas

A

alpha, beta, delta

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147
Q

pancreas cells that make glucagon

A

alpha

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148
Q

pancreas cells that make insulin

A

beta

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149
Q

pancreas cells that make somatostatin which inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion

A

delta

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150
Q

these secrete androgens like testosterone in male gonads

A

instersitial cells

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151
Q

male gonads have these two cells

A

interstitial, nurse

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152
Q

these cells secrete inhibin which stimulates sperm creation

A

nurse cells

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153
Q

these have follicles and the corpus luteum

A

female gonads

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154
Q

pre ovulation part of female gonads

A

follicles

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155
Q

post ovulation part of female gonads

A

corpus luteum

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156
Q

follicles produce these two things

A

estrogen, inhibin

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157
Q

the corpus luteum produces these two things

A

estrogens, progesterone

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158
Q

this prepares body for pregnancy

A

progesterone

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159
Q

thisis in the epithalamus and produces pineacytes

A

pineal gland

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160
Q

pineal gland makes blank

A

melatonin

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161
Q

melatonin helps with blank

A

circadian rhythms

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162
Q

there are blank liters of blood in the human body

A

5

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163
Q

blood is a blank tissue

A

connective

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164
Q

formed elements of blood

A

cells

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165
Q

plasma is the blank of blood

A

matrix

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166
Q

two functions of blood

A

transport nutrients and oxygen, maintain stable cellular environment, transport metabolic wastes, transport specialized cells that defend tissues

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167
Q

plasma is blank percent of blood volume

A

55

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168
Q

two functions of blood plasma

A

transport nutrients and gases and vitamins, regulate fluid and electrolytes, maintain pH

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169
Q

blood plasma is blank percent water, blank percent protein and blank percent solutes

A

92, 7, 1

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170
Q

blood plasma differs from blank fluid

A

interstitial

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171
Q

blood plasma has a greater blank concentration than interstitial fluid

A

O2

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172
Q

blood plasma has a reduced blank concentration than interstitial fluid

A

CO2

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173
Q

there is more dissolved blank in blood plasma than interstitial fluid

A

proteins

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174
Q

waste solutes in blood (two)

A

urea, ammonia

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175
Q

three types of solutes in blood

A

waste, electrolytes, organic nutrients

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176
Q

majority of proteins are blank

A

albumin

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177
Q

albumin is the blank protein

A

smallest

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178
Q

albumin maintains blank pressure of blood

A

osmotic

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179
Q

albumin controls blank

A

blood volume

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180
Q

albumin transports blank materials in blood

A

fatty

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181
Q

there are 35 percent of blank in plasma proteins

A

globulins

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182
Q

two types of globulins

A

immunoglobulins, transport globulins

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183
Q

these plasma proteins make up four percent of plasma

A

fibrinogen

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184
Q

these plasma proteins are antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

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185
Q

these proteins bind to compounds and prevent filtering by kidneys

A

transport globulins

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186
Q

these plasma proteins are for blood clotting and without these, plasma is known as serum

A

fibrinogen

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187
Q

forty percent of blood and the amount of these are known as hematocrit

A

erythrocytes

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188
Q

erythrocytes are 99.9 percent of all blank

A

formed elements (blood cells)

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189
Q

erythrocytes structure are blank

A

biconcave disks

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190
Q

most organelles are blank in erythrocytes

A

absent

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191
Q

erythrocytes also do not have

A

nuclei

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192
Q

stacks of erythrocytes travelling through capillaries are called blank

A

rouleaux

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193
Q

there are blank hemoglobin molecules per cell of erythrocyte

A

280 million

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194
Q

hemoglobins make up blank percent of red blood cell proteins

A

95

195
Q

there is one blank group per polypeptide of hemoglobin

A

heme

196
Q

there is one blank per heme group of hemoglobin

A

iron

197
Q

each iron may carry one blank molecule in hemoglobin

A

oxygen

198
Q

bright red form of hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin

199
Q

the reverse of oxyhemoglobin and is a deep red color

A

deoxyhemoglobin

200
Q

when CO2 binds to hemoglobin it is called blank

A

carbaminohemoglobin

201
Q

carbaminohemoglobin accounts for blank percent of blood CO2

A

23

202
Q

white blood cells are called blank

A

leukocytes

203
Q

two functions of leukocytes

A

defend against pathogens, remove toxins and wastes, do not function in the circulatory system

204
Q

leukocytes move into tissues from blood vessels which is called blank

A

diapedesis

205
Q

diapedesis is the squeezing out of the blank

A

blood vessels

206
Q

two types of leukocytes

A

granulocytes, agranulocytes

207
Q

these are granulocytes that make up 60 percent of white blood cells

A

neutrophils

208
Q

neutrophils have a blank nucleus and are very blank

A

lobed, mobile

209
Q

neutrophils are blank and are the first defense against blank

A

phagocytic, microorganisms

210
Q

these are granulocytes and make up 2 to 4 percent of white blood cells

A

eosinophils

211
Q

eosinophils have a blank nucleus

A

bi lobed

212
Q

eosinophils have blank granules

A

red

213
Q

two functions of eosinophils

A

attracted to injuries, phagocytize, increase during allergic reactions

214
Q

granulocytes that make up 1 percent of white blood cells

A

basophils

215
Q

basophils have a blank shaped nucleus

A

s

216
Q

basophils have blank granules

A

blue

217
Q

basophils release blank and blank

A

histamine, anticoagulants

218
Q

histamine attracts blank

A

white blood cells

219
Q

these are agranulocytes and make up 2 to 8 percent of white blood cells

A

monocytes

220
Q

monocytes are the blank cells in blood

A

biggest

221
Q

two functions of monocytes

A

phagocytize, attract fibroblasts, first to start eating bacteria when injured

222
Q

these are agranulocytes that make up 20 to 30 percent of white blood cells

A

lymphocytes

223
Q

lymphocytes mature in blank organs

A

lymph

224
Q

lymphocytes are the blank white blood cell

A

smallest

225
Q

lymphocytes are non blank

A

phagocytic

226
Q

lymphocytes are involved in blank

A

specific immunity

227
Q

lymphocytes produce blank and destroy blank

A

antibodies, abnormal tissue

228
Q

three types of lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, nk cells

229
Q

lymphocyte that attacks foreign cells directly

A

t cells

230
Q

lymphocytes that differentiate into plasmocytes that produce antibodies

A

b cells

231
Q

lymphocytes that are for immune surveillance and destruction of abnormal cells

A

natural killer cells

232
Q

example of abnormal cells

A

cancer cells

233
Q

another name for platelets

A

thrombocytes

234
Q

stopping the flow of blood (clotting)

A

hemostasis

235
Q

blood clotting involves the formation of a temporary blank

A

patch

236
Q

a scab pulls skin blank

A

together

237
Q

scab fibers are broken down by surrounding blank

A

skin tissue

238
Q

all blood cells are derived from a blank stem cell

A

pluripotent

239
Q

all cells except blank are derived from the resulting blank tissue

A

lymphocytes, myeloid tissue

240
Q

formation of blood cells

A

hemopoiesis

241
Q

in adults, all new blood cells are produced in the blank

A

bone marrow

242
Q

when you are in uterus, what makes new blood cells?

A

epithelial tissue

243
Q

When you are born, these make blood cells.

A

liver, spleen

244
Q

the formation of red blood cells

A

erythropoiesis

245
Q

red blood cells have no blank or blank

A

nucleus, mitochondria

246
Q

red blood cells last for about blank days

A

120

247
Q

we replace about blank percent of red blood cells per day

A

1

248
Q

there are blank red blood cells replaced per second

A

3 million

249
Q

the formation of white blood cells

A

leukopoiesis

250
Q

granulocytes complete their development in the blank

A

red marrow

251
Q

monocytes do not complete development until they blank

A

exit circulatory system

252
Q

lymphocytes mature in the blank

A

lymph nodes

253
Q

lymphocytes can last for blank

A

several years

254
Q

red blood cell blank has surface blank

A

plasmalemma, antigens

255
Q

red blood antigens are usually blank

A

glycoproteins

256
Q

antigens are blank determined

A

genetically

257
Q

blank blank and blank are used to determine blood type

A

A, B, Rh

258
Q

can receive any blood and produces neither antibody blood type

A

AB

259
Q

type blank can receive blood from A and O but produces B antibodies

A

A

260
Q

type blank can receive blood from B and O but produces A antibodies

A

B

261
Q

type blank can receive O blood because they produce A and B antibodies

A

O

262
Q

we produce blank for all the blank you don’t have

A

antibodies, antigens

263
Q

the Rh is named after the blank

A

rhesus macaque

264
Q

if you have the Rh antigen you are blank

A

Rh+

265
Q

If you have no Rh antigen you are blank

A

Rh-

266
Q

Rh is sometimes called the blank antigen

A

D

267
Q

Rh- people will only produce antibodies when exposed to the Rh blank

A

antigen

268
Q

An Rh blank mother may reject a second Rh blank baby

A
  • , +
269
Q

two circuits of heart

A

pulmonary, systemic

270
Q

circuit of heart to lungs and back and oxygenates blood

A

pulmonary

271
Q

circuit of heart that is to body and back and delivers oxygen to tissues

A

systemic

272
Q

the heart is inside the blank

A

pericardial cavity

273
Q

heart is inside blank

A

mediastinum

274
Q

the heart is blank tipped toward the inferior and left

A

apex

275
Q

double serous membrane with fibrous coat that is made of several layers

A

pericardium

276
Q

two layers of pericardium

A

parietal pericardium, epicardium

277
Q

this is between layers of pericardium and contains serous fluid

A

pericardial cavity

278
Q

outer layer of pericardium that is the outer layer and has a fibrous and areolar layer

A

parietal pericardium

279
Q

this is known as the visceral pericardium and functions as a protective outer layer

A

epicardium

280
Q

middle layer of the heart that is responsible for contractions and made of cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

281
Q

this is the inner layer of the heart and lines and protects chambers and valves and is continuous with endothelium of heart blood vessels

A

endocardium

282
Q

cells of heart are all connected by blank

A

intercalated discs

283
Q

these are superior to the ventricles and receive blood from blank

A

atria, veins

284
Q

atria have blank which are flaps where blood pools

A

auricles

285
Q

these are inferior chambers of heart that force blood out to arteries

A

ventricles

286
Q

left ventricles are blank than right

A

thicker/stronger

287
Q

left ventricle is blank

A

round

288
Q

right ventricle goes to the blank

A

lungs

289
Q

we have two ventricles because humans have a blank

A

high metabolism

290
Q

two atrioventricular valves

A

bicuspid, tricuspid

291
Q

tricuspid valve is aka right blank valve

A

av

292
Q

tricuspid valve on the blank

A

right

293
Q

tricuspid valve opens when blank force is greater and closes when blank force is greater

A

atrial, ventricular

294
Q

bicuspid valve is on the blank

A

left

295
Q

these hold valves in place and attach to cusps on ventricle side

A

chordae tendonae

296
Q

small bundles of muscles that attach to the chordae tendonae

A

papillary muscles

297
Q

when valves close, papillary muscles blank

A

contract and tighten cords

298
Q

scaffolding on interior walls of ventricles

A

trabeculae carneae

299
Q

valves between ventricle and artery

A

semilunar

300
Q

valve on the right at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk and opens when right blank contracts

A

pulmonary, ventricle

301
Q

valve on the left at entrance to aorta and opens when left blank contracts

A

aortic, ventricle

302
Q

right atrium receives blood from blank and blank plus the coronary sinus

A

superior and inferior vena cava

303
Q

path of blood

A

right atrium, right av valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, to lungs, left atrium, left av valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, to tissues

304
Q

funnel leading from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk

A

conus arteriosus

305
Q

receives blood from pulmonary veins

A

left atrium

306
Q

supplies the heart tissues with blood and blockage can result in a heart tissue dying

A

coronary circulation

307
Q

these branch directly off of the aorta as it emerges

A

coronary arteries

308
Q

left coronary artery has these two branches

A

circumflex, anterior interventricular artery

309
Q

right coronary artery has these two branches

A

posterior interventricular artery, marginal artery

310
Q

these drain the myocardium

A

cardiac veins

311
Q

three cardiac veins

A

great, middle, small

312
Q

this empties into the right atrium

A

coronary sinus

313
Q

contractile phase of heart where chamber empties

A

systole

314
Q

relaxation phase of heart and chambers fill

A

diastole

315
Q

lub is when the blank valves close

A

av

316
Q

dup is when the blank valves close

A

semilunar

317
Q

heart beat is enabled by these two things

A

nodal cells, conducting fibers

318
Q

specialized muscle cells that conduct action potentials in the heart

A

nodal cells

319
Q

distributes stimulus to myocardium in heart

A

conducting fibers

320
Q

action potentials move down the heart causing it to contract blank

A

unevenly

321
Q

blank contract before blank

A

atria, ventricles

322
Q

conduction in the heart is a blank step process

A

5

323
Q

the pacemaker of the heart that spontaneously depolarizes

A

sinoatrial node

324
Q

sa node is located at the blank of the right atrium

A

back wall

325
Q

where four chambers meet

A

atrioventricular node

326
Q

signal is transmitted through av node by

A

interventricular pathways

327
Q

this transmits down interventricular septum

A

av bundle

328
Q

these branch off the av bundle and moves further down the septum

A

bundle branches

329
Q

these reflect up external wall of ventricle and extend into papillary muscles

A

purkinje fibers

330
Q

three parts of ekg

A

p wave, qrs, t wave

331
Q

depolarization of atria in ekg

A

p wave

332
Q

depolarization of ventricle in ekg

A

qrs

333
Q

repolarization of ventricle in ekg

A

t wave

334
Q

cardiac output is blank liters per minute

A

5

335
Q

spontaneous contractions of heart

A

autorhymicity

336
Q

these chemicals increase rate and force of heart contraction

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine

337
Q

two parts of neural control in medulla

A

cardioacceleratory centers, cardioinhibitory centers

338
Q

these centers in medulla release norepinephrine and increase heart rate

A

cardioacceleratory center

339
Q

center in medulla that releases ach and decreases heart rate

A

cardioinhibitory center

340
Q

this structure specifically delivers tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity

A

nasolacrimal duct

341
Q

hormone primarily produced by the nurse cells of the male gonads

A

inhibin

342
Q

postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system may originate at the blank

A

collateral ganglia

343
Q

postganglionic fibers do not always synapse at the blank

A

adrenal gland

344
Q

in the ans, the preganglionic fibers are always blank

A

efferent

345
Q

the neurons in the retina that form the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

346
Q

baroreceptors are not blank

A

proprioceptors

347
Q

the otolitic membrane is in the blank

A

saccule

348
Q

insulin is produced by blank cells and blanks sugar levels

A

beta, decrease

349
Q

damage to the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in the decreased ability to convert blank into blank

A

lipids, glucose

350
Q

the posterior pituitary gland releases blank

A

ADH

351
Q

this hormone decreases the concentration of calcium ions in body fluids

A

calcitonin

352
Q

true or false, the choroid plexus reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid

A

FALSE

353
Q

beta receptors in the ans respond to epinephrine only and target respiratory muscles

A

TRUE

354
Q

fungiform is a type of gustatory receptor cell

A

FALSE

355
Q

all pituitary hormones are peptide hormones

A

TRUE

356
Q

carry blood away from heart

A

artery

357
Q

these are exchange vessels

A

capillaries

358
Q

these return blood to heart

A

veins

359
Q

blank does not distinguish arteries from veins

A

oxygen

360
Q

smooth surface for blood flow and simple squamous epithelium

A

endothelium

361
Q

this provides elasticity to withstand blood pressure changes

A

connective tissue

362
Q

smooth muscle causes blank and blank in blood vessels

A

vasoconstriction, vasodilation

363
Q

innermost layer of blood vessel and is endothelium on top of connective tissue membrane

A

tunica intima

364
Q

middle layer of blood vessel that is the bulk of the wall and has smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

A

tunica media

365
Q

outer thin layer of connective tissue that is elastic and collagenous fibers

A

adventitia (tunica externa)

366
Q

tunica externa attaches artery to blank

A

surrounding tissues

367
Q

tunica externa have blank which are blood vessels of blood vessels because they are so thick

A

vasa vasorum

368
Q

arteries are blank and blank

A

strong, elastic

369
Q

arteries are subdivided into blank

A

arterioles

370
Q

artery walls are blank than veins

A

thicker

371
Q

artery lumen appears blank than veins

A

smaller

372
Q

artery blank can not contract but veins can

A

endothelium

373
Q

blank arteries and have a large diameter and in areas of high pressure

A

elastic

374
Q

elastic arteries have a blank which has less smooth muscle and a high percentage of elastic tissue

A

media

375
Q

two examples of elastic arteries

A

pulmonary trunk, aorta, carotid, subclavian, common iliacs

376
Q

type of artery that is a large to small diameter and carry blood to skeletal muscles and organs

A

muscular

377
Q

microscopic continuations of arteries

A

arterioles

378
Q

arterioles have a blank diameter and adventitia is blank

A

small, thin

379
Q

arterioles have no external blank membrane

A

elastic

380
Q

arterioles have no blank

A

vasa vasorum

381
Q

capillaries consist of only blank

A

intima

382
Q

capillaries have variable blank

A

permeability

383
Q

two materials exchanged in capillaries

A

nutrients, dissolved gases, wastes

384
Q

capillary permeability is maximized by a blank wall and low blank

A

thin, blood pressure

385
Q

permeability in a capillary is thanks to blank across endothelial cells

A

diffusion

386
Q

diffusion in capillaries can also be through blank between endothelium

A

gaps

387
Q

diffusion through blank also provide for permeability in capillaries

A

pores

388
Q

this type of permeability in capillaries that is active transport

A

vesicular transport with pinocytes

389
Q

continuous capillaries have many tight blank, blank, and blank

A

junctions, desmosomes, pinocytes

390
Q

continuous capillaries allow movement by blank diffusion or blank transport

A

passive, active

391
Q

locations of continuous capillaries

A

central nervous system, skeletal muscles, lungs

392
Q

capillaries with a Swiss cheese appearance because they have pores

A

fenestrated

393
Q

two locations of fenestrated capillaries

A

kidneys, intestines, endocrine glands, choroid plexus

394
Q

capillaries that are specialized for max exchange and have large intercellular gaps and pores

A

sinusoid capillaries

395
Q

in sinusoid capillaries there is a discontinuous blank membrane which allows cells to blank

A

basement, enter/exit

396
Q

a network of interconnected capillaries

A

capillary beds

397
Q

capillary beds are derived from blank

A

arterioles

398
Q

part of capillary beds that manages blood flow to bed

A

precapillary sphincters

399
Q

part of capillary beds that are a direct connection through the bed and leads to a thoroughfare channel

A

metarterioles

400
Q

part of capillary bed that has collateral arteries

A

anastomoses

401
Q

collateral arteries are two arteries blank

A

fused

402
Q

in collateral arteries there are twice as much blank that supplies the arteries

A

blood

403
Q

collateral arteries are found in areas with high blank demands

A

O2

404
Q

part of anastomoses that has a direct connection between arteriole and venule

A

arteriovenous anastomosis

405
Q

blood flow may be hindered by posture in blank

A

arteriovenous anastomosis

406
Q

smallest veins that collect blood from capillaries

A

venules

407
Q

venules can lack a blank

A

media

408
Q

venules have a minimal amount of blank sometimes

A

smooth muscles

409
Q

these are veins that are 2-9 mm in diameter and have thin media

A

medium sized veins

410
Q

medium sized veins have few smooth blank

A

muscle fibers

411
Q

great veins, superior/inferior vena cava, and their tributaries are considered blank

A

large sized veins

412
Q

large sized veins have a blank media

A

thin

413
Q

large sized veins have a blank blood pressure

A

low

414
Q

these are flap like structures projecting inward

A

venous valves

415
Q

venous valves are folds of blank and are found in blank

A

media, extremities

416
Q

veins have a low blank

A

blood pressure

417
Q

valves prevent blank flow of blood

A

back

418
Q

blank helps pump which helps movement of movement of blood through veins

A

skeletal muscles

419
Q

expansion of the thoracic cavity makes up this pump and is for movement of blood through veins

A

thoracoabdominal pump

420
Q

blood distribution of the body is blank

A

uneven

421
Q

oxygenated blood in the arteries make up blank of blood

A

3-Jan

422
Q

deoxygenated venous blood makes up blank of blood

A

3-Feb

423
Q

veins blank during blood loss

A

contract

424
Q

the uneven blood flow creates a blank

A

blood reservoir

425
Q

deoxygenated blood goes to lungs from right ventricle which is called the blank circuit

A

pulmonary

426
Q

blood is oxygenated in blank capillaries of lungs

A

alveolar

427
Q

in pulmonary circuit, blood is brought to blank then to blank

A

left atrium, left ventricle

428
Q

veins are blank in pulmonary circuit

A

oxygenated

429
Q

arteries are blank in pulmonary circuit

A

deoxygenated

430
Q

oxygenated blood goes ffrom left ventricle to body in this circuit

A

systemic

431
Q

this is a network of vessels that aid in circulation of body fluids and is closely associated with the cardiovascular system

A

lymphatic system

432
Q

lymphatic system produces, maintains, and distributes blank

A

lymphocytes

433
Q

lymphatic system maintains normal blank and blank fluid volume

A

blood, interstitial

434
Q

lymphatic system is an alternate route for the transport of blank

A

materials

435
Q

transport fluid of lymphatic vessels

A

lymph

436
Q

four sizes of lymphatic vessels

A

small lymphatic capillaries, medium lymphatic vessels, large lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts

437
Q

lymphatic blank are the end of the line for lymphatic system

A

ducts

438
Q

lymphatic vessels are absent in blank and blank

A

cns, avascular tissue

439
Q

lymph is a fluid blank

A

connective tissue

440
Q

lymph only occurs in the blank vessels

A

lymphatic

441
Q

lymph is derived from these three things

A

interstitial fluid, lymphocytes, macrophages

442
Q

lymph originates from blank

A

plasma

443
Q

water and dissolved materials leak out of capillaries due to blank and blank

A

diffusion, filtration

444
Q

blank liters per day enters interstitial spaces

A

27

445
Q

interstitial fluid lacks blank and has low blank

A

proteins, oxygen

446
Q

interstitial fluid moves into the lymphatic capillaries and is now known as blank

A

lymph

447
Q

blank percent of interstitial fluid is absorbed

A

90

448
Q

blank from tissues will go into lymph

A

residue

449
Q

lymphatic capillaries are blank ended tubes

A

closed

450
Q

lymphatic capillaries are in blank

A

interstitial spaces

451
Q

lymphatic capillaries have a blank diameter, blank walls, flat and blank than blood vessels

A

larger, thinner, irregular

452
Q

lymphatic vessels are blank and permeable

A

fenestrated

453
Q

these are formed by the merging of lymph capillaries and are similar to veins and merge to form trunks, and travel with arteries of same size

A

medium lymphatic vessels

454
Q

four parts of medium lymphatic vessels

A

interna, media, adventitia, valves

455
Q

these are named for the region they drain like lumbar, intestinal, broncomediastinal, subclavian, jugular

A

lymphatic trunks

456
Q

lymphatic trunks drain into blank

A

ducts

457
Q

there are blank lymphatic ducts

A

two

458
Q

two lymphatic ducts

A

thoracic, right lymphatic

459
Q

lymphatic ducts deliver lymph to blank circulation at blank

A

venous, subclavians

460
Q

at lymphatic ducts, lymph is reintroduced to blank

A

bloodstream

461
Q

lymph becomes a part of blank and is circulated after lymphatic ducts

A

plasma

462
Q

lymphatic duct that drains lower body, left arm, head and neck

A

thoracic

463
Q

thoracic duct route arises from blank

A

cisterna chyli

464
Q

thoracic duct goes through the blank and ascends in front of the blank column

A

diaphragm, vertebral

465
Q

thoracic duct empties into blank

A

left subclavian vein

466
Q

lymphatic duct that drains right side of head and neck and right arm

A

right lymphatic duct

467
Q

lymphatic ducts unevenly blank fluid from body

A

drain

468
Q

this lymphatic duct does the majority of draining

A

thoracic

469
Q

thoracic duct is much longer and drains the entire blank half of the body

A

inferior

470
Q

blank lymphatic duct drains into blank vein

A

right, subclavian

471
Q

blank occur at bulges in lymphatic vessels

A

valves

472
Q

valves prevent blank

A

backflow

473
Q

pressure is lower in blank than in veins

A

lymphatics

474
Q

lymph is moved using similar methods to blank

A

veins

475
Q

if drainage does not occur of lymph it is called blank

A

lymphedema

476
Q

primary cells of the lymphoid system and have an immune response to foreign antigens

A

lymphocytes

477
Q

lymphocytes originate in the blank

A

bloodstream

478
Q

lymphocytes move to blank and go into blank

A

peripheral tissues, lymph

479
Q

lymphocytes return to the blank after going into lymph

A

bloodstream

480
Q

blank cells mature in the thymus

A

t

481
Q

these lymphocytes originate and develop in the bone marrow

A

b cells

482
Q

lymphocytes are stimulated by an blank to produce blank

A

antigen, antibodies

483
Q

lymphocytes can become activated upon exposure to the same blank at a later date

A

antigen

484
Q

lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow but develop in the thymus

A

t cells

General College Anatomy Lecture (6 decks)

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