Anatomy Lecture Deck 4 Flashcards
when head orientation changes, gravity pulls on blank which moves blank which deforms hair cell blank and blank occurs
statoconia, otolith, stereocilia, depolarization
eyelids are also known as blank
palpebrae
eyelids functions are to
protect/lubricate
two parts of eyelids
tarsal glands, conjunctiva
oily secretions keep lids from sticking together in eyelid
tarsal gland
thin protective mucus membrane of eyelid
conjunctiva
two parts of conjunctiva
palpebral, bulbar
the conjunctiva stops at blank edge
corneal
produces tears
lacrimal apparatus
lacrimal apparatus consists of these three things
lacrimal gland, lacrimal punctum, lacrimal canaliculi
produces tears
lacrimal gland
drain tears in the lacrimal canaliculi
lacrimal punctum
three layers of eye
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, neural tunic
two parts of fibrous tunic
sclera, cornea
white of eye and is dense and irregular ct
sclera
transparent layer of eye
cornea
three parts of vascular tunic
iris, choroid, lens
smooth muscles and pigments and controls size of pupil
iris
vascularized pigmented layer
choroid
layered proteins and refracts light
lens
vascular tunic regulates amount of blank
light
vascular tunic controls shape of blank
lens
neural tunic has these cells
receptor, bipolar, ganglion, amacrine
rods and cones that detect light are blank cells
receptor
neurons that synapse with receptor cells
bipolar neurons
cells that modulate communication between bipolar and ganglion cells
amacrine
these are very light sensitive and can not see color
rods
rods require blank light than cones
less
for color vision
cones
cones give blank image
sharper
there are blank types of cones
three
three regions of the retina
mucula lutea, fovea centralis, optic disc
area of no rods
macula lutea
area of most cones within macula
fovea centralis
blind spot
optic disc
two cavities of eye
anterior, posterior
posterior cavity contains blank fluid
vitreous
anterior cavity has blank fluid
aqueous
endocrine system is blank with blank effects
slow, long term
endocrine system is interrelated with the blank system
nervous
the blank directly innervates the endocrine system
hypothalamus
hormones produced by specialized cell and carried in blood stream
ductless system
exocrine uses a blank
duct
endocrine hormones go to blank
everywhere
substance synthesized by a specific organ or tissue and secreted
hormones
blood carries hormones to other sites which is called blank
endocrine signaling
hormones secreted into extracellular spaces which is called blank
paracrine signaling
hormones act on blank
target cells
target cells have specific blank for specific hormones
receptors
four categories of hormones
steroids, peptides, amines, eicosanoids
hormones that are made of cholesterol and non polar
steroids
hormones that are polar
peptides
hormones that are derived from amino acids and are polar or non polar
amines
hormones that are mostly non polar and are paracrine signals
eicosanoids
steroids can cross blank
membranes
derived from tyrosine or tryptophan
amine hormones
some are membrane blank and others are not
soluble
most important amine hormones are made by blank and blank
thyroid, adrenal medulla
short chaiins of amino acids and are too big to cross membranes and are all pituitary hormones
peptide hormones
control of hormone secretion is an example of blank
negative feedback
in negative feedback, blank is established and it works just like a blank
homeostasis, furnace
hypothalamus sends signals to the body and the blank gland
pituitary
pituitary gland is the most important endocrine gland for blank
regulation
two lobes of pituitary gland
posterior, anterior
posterior lobe of pituitary gland does not make any blank
hormones
posterior lobe of pituitary is mostly for blank
hypothalamic axons
anterior lobe of pituitary has blank types of endocrine cells
five
two hypothalamic regulatory hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe
releasing, inhibiting
eicoanoids are mostly blank and are blank
non polar, prostaglandins
posterior pituitary hormone that causes contraction of muscles in uterine walls
oxytocin
oxytocin also causes muscles associated with milk ejection to blank as well as prostate gland
contract
oxytocin is significant in blank bonding
emotional
posterior pituitary hormone that caused kidney to decrease water excretion
antidiuretic hormon
antidiuretic hormone increased blank
blood volume
anterior pituitary hormone that causes increase in melatonin secretion
melanocyte stimulating hormone
anterior pituitary hormone that causes tested to produce sperm, follicular development in ovary and stimulate secretion of estrogen
follicle stimulating hormone
anterior pituitary hormone that promotes secretion of sex hormones and releases oocyte
luteinizing hormone
anterior pituitary hormone that increases size and rate of reproduction of body cells like muscles and bones
growth hormone
growth hormone is secreted throughout life but increases at blank
puberty
anterior pituitary hormone that controls secretion of thyroid hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
anterior pituitary hormone that targets mammary tissue to produce milk
prolactin
anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids
adrenocorticotropic hormone
two lobes and isthmus connecting this gland
thyroid
thyroid is inferior to blank
larynx
thyroid has blank cells
follicular
follicular cells remove blank from blood
iodine
follicular cells secrete blank
T3 and T4
thyroid has blank cells as well
parafollicular
parafollicular cells make blank
calcitonin
thyroxine is made by follicular cells and is blank
T4
T3 is a thyroid hormone called
triiodothyronine
thyroxine is for blank
growth
triiodothyronine is same as T4 but is blank times more potent
five
parafollicular cell that is for decreasing calcium
calcitonin
parathyroid glands are on the blank surface of thyroid
posterior
parathyroid gland makes blank hormone which increased blood calcium
parathyroid hormone
parathyroid glands have blank cells which produce parathyroid hormone
chief cells
melatonin helps with blank
circadian rhythms
pineal gland makes blank
melatonin
thisis in the epithalamus and produces pineacytes
pineal gland
this prepares body for pregnancy
progesterone
the corpus luteum produces these two things
estrogens, progesterone
follicles produce these two things
estrogen, inhibin
post ovulation part of female gonads
corpus luteum
pre ovulation part of female gonads
follicles
these have follicles and the corpus luteum
female gonads
these cells secrete inhibin which stimulates sperm creation
nurse cells
male gonads have these two cells
interstitial, nurse
these secrete androgens like testosterone in male gonads
instersitial cells
pancreas cells that make somatostatin which inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
delta
pancreas cells that make insulin
beta
pancreas cells that make glucagon
alpha
three cells of pancreas
alpha, beta, delta
pancreas has blank which are for endocrine function
islets of langerhans
this is posterior to the stomach and is attached to a duodenum by a duct and is exocrine and endocrine
pancreas
this is in the heart and suppresses aldosterone and decreases blood volume and blood pressure
atrial natriuretic peptide
this increases absorption of digested calcium
calcitrol
this is for erythrocyte production
erythropoietin
this starts cascade to increase blood pressure
renin
kidney has these three things in it
renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol
adrenal medulla makes these
epinephrine, norepinephrine
this adrenal gland is separate from adrenal cortex and has chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS
adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex gland that produces androgens and is for secondary sex characteristics
reticularis
adrenal cortex gland that produces cortisol and is for glycogen formation
fasciculata
adrenal cortex gland that produces aldosterone and is for sodium retention
glomerulosa
adrenal cortex is made up of these three adrenal glands
glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
thymus is most active in blank
childhood
thymus produces blank
thymosin
gland in the thoracic cavity that is posterior to the sternum and enhances lymphocyte production and competence
thymus
gland in the thoracic cavity that is posterior to the sternum and enhances lymphocyte production and competence
thymus
thymus produces blank
thymosin
thymus is most active in blank
childhood
adrenal cortex is made up of these three adrenal glands
glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
adrenal cortex gland that produces aldosterone and is for sodium retention
glomerulosa
adrenal cortex gland that produces cortisol and is for glycogen formation
fasciculata
adrenal cortex gland that produces androgens and is for secondary sex characteristics
reticularis
this adrenal gland is separate from adrenal cortex and has chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS
adrenal medulla
adrenal medulla makes these
epinephrine, norepinephrine
kidney has these three things in it
renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol
this starts cascade to increase blood pressure
renin
this is for erythrocyte production
erythropoietin
this increases absorption of digested calcium
calcitrol
this is in the heart and suppresses aldosterone and decreases blood volume and blood pressure
atrial natriuretic peptide
this is posterior to the stomach and is attached to a duodenum by a duct and is exocrine and endocrine
pancreas
pancreas has blank which are for endocrine function
islets of langerhans
three cells of pancreas
alpha, beta, delta
pancreas cells that make glucagon
alpha
pancreas cells that make insulin
beta
pancreas cells that make somatostatin which inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
delta
these secrete androgens like testosterone in male gonads
instersitial cells
male gonads have these two cells
interstitial, nurse
these cells secrete inhibin which stimulates sperm creation
nurse cells
these have follicles and the corpus luteum
female gonads
pre ovulation part of female gonads
follicles
post ovulation part of female gonads
corpus luteum
follicles produce these two things
estrogen, inhibin
the corpus luteum produces these two things
estrogens, progesterone
this prepares body for pregnancy
progesterone
thisis in the epithalamus and produces pineacytes
pineal gland
pineal gland makes blank
melatonin
melatonin helps with blank
circadian rhythms
there are blank liters of blood in the human body
5
blood is a blank tissue
connective
formed elements of blood
cells
plasma is the blank of blood
matrix
two functions of blood
transport nutrients and oxygen, maintain stable cellular environment, transport metabolic wastes, transport specialized cells that defend tissues
plasma is blank percent of blood volume
55
two functions of blood plasma
transport nutrients and gases and vitamins, regulate fluid and electrolytes, maintain pH
blood plasma is blank percent water, blank percent protein and blank percent solutes
92, 7, 1
blood plasma differs from blank fluid
interstitial
blood plasma has a greater blank concentration than interstitial fluid
O2
blood plasma has a reduced blank concentration than interstitial fluid
CO2
there is more dissolved blank in blood plasma than interstitial fluid
proteins
waste solutes in blood (two)
urea, ammonia
three types of solutes in blood
waste, electrolytes, organic nutrients
majority of proteins are blank
albumin
albumin is the blank protein
smallest
albumin maintains blank pressure of blood
osmotic
albumin controls blank
blood volume
albumin transports blank materials in blood
fatty
there are 35 percent of blank in plasma proteins
globulins
two types of globulins
immunoglobulins, transport globulins
these plasma proteins make up four percent of plasma
fibrinogen
these plasma proteins are antibodies
immunoglobulins
these proteins bind to compounds and prevent filtering by kidneys
transport globulins
these plasma proteins are for blood clotting and without these, plasma is known as serum
fibrinogen
forty percent of blood and the amount of these are known as hematocrit
erythrocytes
erythrocytes are 99.9 percent of all blank
formed elements (blood cells)
erythrocytes structure are blank
biconcave disks
most organelles are blank in erythrocytes
absent
erythrocytes also do not have
nuclei
stacks of erythrocytes travelling through capillaries are called blank
rouleaux
there are blank hemoglobin molecules per cell of erythrocyte
280 million
hemoglobins make up blank percent of red blood cell proteins
95
there is one blank group per polypeptide of hemoglobin
heme
there is one blank per heme group of hemoglobin
iron
each iron may carry one blank molecule in hemoglobin
oxygen
bright red form of hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
the reverse of oxyhemoglobin and is a deep red color
deoxyhemoglobin
when CO2 binds to hemoglobin it is called blank
carbaminohemoglobin
carbaminohemoglobin accounts for blank percent of blood CO2
23
white blood cells are called blank
leukocytes
two functions of leukocytes
defend against pathogens, remove toxins and wastes, do not function in the circulatory system
leukocytes move into tissues from blood vessels which is called blank
diapedesis
diapedesis is the squeezing out of the blank
blood vessels
two types of leukocytes
granulocytes, agranulocytes
these are granulocytes that make up 60 percent of white blood cells
neutrophils
neutrophils have a blank nucleus and are very blank
lobed, mobile
neutrophils are blank and are the first defense against blank
phagocytic, microorganisms
these are granulocytes and make up 2 to 4 percent of white blood cells
eosinophils
eosinophils have a blank nucleus
bi lobed
eosinophils have blank granules
red
two functions of eosinophils
attracted to injuries, phagocytize, increase during allergic reactions
granulocytes that make up 1 percent of white blood cells
basophils
basophils have a blank shaped nucleus
s
basophils have blank granules
blue
basophils release blank and blank
histamine, anticoagulants
histamine attracts blank
white blood cells
these are agranulocytes and make up 2 to 8 percent of white blood cells
monocytes
monocytes are the blank cells in blood
biggest
two functions of monocytes
phagocytize, attract fibroblasts, first to start eating bacteria when injured
these are agranulocytes that make up 20 to 30 percent of white blood cells
lymphocytes
lymphocytes mature in blank organs
lymph
lymphocytes are the blank white blood cell
smallest
lymphocytes are non blank
phagocytic
lymphocytes are involved in blank
specific immunity
lymphocytes produce blank and destroy blank
antibodies, abnormal tissue
three types of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, nk cells
lymphocyte that attacks foreign cells directly
t cells
lymphocytes that differentiate into plasmocytes that produce antibodies
b cells
lymphocytes that are for immune surveillance and destruction of abnormal cells
natural killer cells
example of abnormal cells
cancer cells
another name for platelets
thrombocytes
stopping the flow of blood (clotting)
hemostasis
blood clotting involves the formation of a temporary blank
patch
a scab pulls skin blank
together
scab fibers are broken down by surrounding blank
skin tissue
all blood cells are derived from a blank stem cell
pluripotent
all cells except blank are derived from the resulting blank tissue
lymphocytes, myeloid tissue
formation of blood cells
hemopoiesis
in adults, all new blood cells are produced in the blank
bone marrow
when you are in uterus, what makes new blood cells?
epithelial tissue
When you are born, these make blood cells.
liver, spleen
the formation of red blood cells
erythropoiesis
red blood cells have no blank or blank
nucleus, mitochondria
red blood cells last for about blank days
120
we replace about blank percent of red blood cells per day
1
there are blank red blood cells replaced per second
3 million
the formation of white blood cells
leukopoiesis
granulocytes complete their development in the blank
red marrow
monocytes do not complete development until they blank
exit circulatory system
lymphocytes mature in the blank
lymph nodes
lymphocytes can last for blank
several years
red blood cell blank has surface blank
plasmalemma, antigens
red blood antigens are usually blank
glycoproteins
antigens are blank determined
genetically
blank blank and blank are used to determine blood type
A, B, Rh
can receive any blood and produces neither antibody blood type
AB
type blank can receive blood from A and O but produces B antibodies
A
type blank can receive blood from B and O but produces A antibodies
B
type blank can receive O blood because they produce A and B antibodies
O
we produce blank for all the blank you don’t have
antibodies, antigens
the Rh is named after the blank
rhesus macaque
if you have the Rh antigen you are blank
Rh+
If you have no Rh antigen you are blank
Rh-
Rh is sometimes called the blank antigen
D
Rh- people will only produce antibodies when exposed to the Rh blank
antigen
An Rh blank mother may reject a second Rh blank baby
- , +
two circuits of heart
pulmonary, systemic
circuit of heart to lungs and back and oxygenates blood
pulmonary
circuit of heart that is to body and back and delivers oxygen to tissues
systemic
the heart is inside the blank
pericardial cavity
heart is inside blank
mediastinum
the heart is blank tipped toward the inferior and left
apex
double serous membrane with fibrous coat that is made of several layers
pericardium
two layers of pericardium
parietal pericardium, epicardium
this is between layers of pericardium and contains serous fluid
pericardial cavity
outer layer of pericardium that is the outer layer and has a fibrous and areolar layer
parietal pericardium
this is known as the visceral pericardium and functions as a protective outer layer
epicardium
middle layer of the heart that is responsible for contractions and made of cardiac muscle
myocardium
this is the inner layer of the heart and lines and protects chambers and valves and is continuous with endothelium of heart blood vessels
endocardium
cells of heart are all connected by blank
intercalated discs
these are superior to the ventricles and receive blood from blank
atria, veins
atria have blank which are flaps where blood pools
auricles
these are inferior chambers of heart that force blood out to arteries
ventricles
left ventricles are blank than right
thicker/stronger
left ventricle is blank
round
right ventricle goes to the blank
lungs
we have two ventricles because humans have a blank
high metabolism
two atrioventricular valves
bicuspid, tricuspid
tricuspid valve is aka right blank valve
av
tricuspid valve on the blank
right
tricuspid valve opens when blank force is greater and closes when blank force is greater
atrial, ventricular
bicuspid valve is on the blank
left
these hold valves in place and attach to cusps on ventricle side
chordae tendonae
small bundles of muscles that attach to the chordae tendonae
papillary muscles
when valves close, papillary muscles blank
contract and tighten cords
scaffolding on interior walls of ventricles
trabeculae carneae
valves between ventricle and artery
semilunar
valve on the right at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk and opens when right blank contracts
pulmonary, ventricle
valve on the left at entrance to aorta and opens when left blank contracts
aortic, ventricle
right atrium receives blood from blank and blank plus the coronary sinus
superior and inferior vena cava
path of blood
right atrium, right av valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, to lungs, left atrium, left av valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, to tissues
funnel leading from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
conus arteriosus
receives blood from pulmonary veins
left atrium
supplies the heart tissues with blood and blockage can result in a heart tissue dying
coronary circulation
these branch directly off of the aorta as it emerges
coronary arteries
left coronary artery has these two branches
circumflex, anterior interventricular artery
right coronary artery has these two branches
posterior interventricular artery, marginal artery
these drain the myocardium
cardiac veins
three cardiac veins
great, middle, small
this empties into the right atrium
coronary sinus
contractile phase of heart where chamber empties
systole
relaxation phase of heart and chambers fill
diastole
lub is when the blank valves close
av
dup is when the blank valves close
semilunar
heart beat is enabled by these two things
nodal cells, conducting fibers
specialized muscle cells that conduct action potentials in the heart
nodal cells
distributes stimulus to myocardium in heart
conducting fibers
action potentials move down the heart causing it to contract blank
unevenly
blank contract before blank
atria, ventricles
conduction in the heart is a blank step process
5
the pacemaker of the heart that spontaneously depolarizes
sinoatrial node
sa node is located at the blank of the right atrium
back wall
where four chambers meet
atrioventricular node
signal is transmitted through av node by
interventricular pathways
this transmits down interventricular septum
av bundle
these branch off the av bundle and moves further down the septum
bundle branches
these reflect up external wall of ventricle and extend into papillary muscles
purkinje fibers
three parts of ekg
p wave, qrs, t wave
depolarization of atria in ekg
p wave
depolarization of ventricle in ekg
qrs
repolarization of ventricle in ekg
t wave
cardiac output is blank liters per minute
5
spontaneous contractions of heart
autorhymicity
these chemicals increase rate and force of heart contraction
norepinephrine, epinephrine
two parts of neural control in medulla
cardioacceleratory centers, cardioinhibitory centers
these centers in medulla release norepinephrine and increase heart rate
cardioacceleratory center
center in medulla that releases ach and decreases heart rate
cardioinhibitory center
this structure specifically delivers tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity
nasolacrimal duct
hormone primarily produced by the nurse cells of the male gonads
inhibin
postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system may originate at the blank
collateral ganglia
postganglionic fibers do not always synapse at the blank
adrenal gland
in the ans, the preganglionic fibers are always blank
efferent
the neurons in the retina that form the optic nerve
ganglion cells
baroreceptors are not blank
proprioceptors
the otolitic membrane is in the blank
saccule
insulin is produced by blank cells and blanks sugar levels
beta, decrease
damage to the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in the decreased ability to convert blank into blank
lipids, glucose
the posterior pituitary gland releases blank
ADH
this hormone decreases the concentration of calcium ions in body fluids
calcitonin
true or false, the choroid plexus reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid
FALSE
beta receptors in the ans respond to epinephrine only and target respiratory muscles
TRUE
fungiform is a type of gustatory receptor cell
FALSE
all pituitary hormones are peptide hormones
TRUE
carry blood away from heart
artery
these are exchange vessels
capillaries
these return blood to heart
veins
blank does not distinguish arteries from veins
oxygen
smooth surface for blood flow and simple squamous epithelium
endothelium
this provides elasticity to withstand blood pressure changes
connective tissue
smooth muscle causes blank and blank in blood vessels
vasoconstriction, vasodilation
innermost layer of blood vessel and is endothelium on top of connective tissue membrane
tunica intima
middle layer of blood vessel that is the bulk of the wall and has smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
tunica media
outer thin layer of connective tissue that is elastic and collagenous fibers
adventitia (tunica externa)
tunica externa attaches artery to blank
surrounding tissues
tunica externa have blank which are blood vessels of blood vessels because they are so thick
vasa vasorum
arteries are blank and blank
strong, elastic
arteries are subdivided into blank
arterioles
artery walls are blank than veins
thicker
artery lumen appears blank than veins
smaller
artery blank can not contract but veins can
endothelium
blank arteries and have a large diameter and in areas of high pressure
elastic
elastic arteries have a blank which has less smooth muscle and a high percentage of elastic tissue
media
two examples of elastic arteries
pulmonary trunk, aorta, carotid, subclavian, common iliacs
type of artery that is a large to small diameter and carry blood to skeletal muscles and organs
muscular
microscopic continuations of arteries
arterioles
arterioles have a blank diameter and adventitia is blank
small, thin
arterioles have no external blank membrane
elastic
arterioles have no blank
vasa vasorum
capillaries consist of only blank
intima
capillaries have variable blank
permeability
two materials exchanged in capillaries
nutrients, dissolved gases, wastes
capillary permeability is maximized by a blank wall and low blank
thin, blood pressure
permeability in a capillary is thanks to blank across endothelial cells
diffusion
diffusion in capillaries can also be through blank between endothelium
gaps
diffusion through blank also provide for permeability in capillaries
pores
this type of permeability in capillaries that is active transport
vesicular transport with pinocytes
continuous capillaries have many tight blank, blank, and blank
junctions, desmosomes, pinocytes
continuous capillaries allow movement by blank diffusion or blank transport
passive, active
locations of continuous capillaries
central nervous system, skeletal muscles, lungs
capillaries with a Swiss cheese appearance because they have pores
fenestrated
two locations of fenestrated capillaries
kidneys, intestines, endocrine glands, choroid plexus
capillaries that are specialized for max exchange and have large intercellular gaps and pores
sinusoid capillaries
in sinusoid capillaries there is a discontinuous blank membrane which allows cells to blank
basement, enter/exit
a network of interconnected capillaries
capillary beds
capillary beds are derived from blank
arterioles
part of capillary beds that manages blood flow to bed
precapillary sphincters
part of capillary beds that are a direct connection through the bed and leads to a thoroughfare channel
metarterioles
part of capillary bed that has collateral arteries
anastomoses
collateral arteries are two arteries blank
fused
in collateral arteries there are twice as much blank that supplies the arteries
blood
collateral arteries are found in areas with high blank demands
O2
part of anastomoses that has a direct connection between arteriole and venule
arteriovenous anastomosis
blood flow may be hindered by posture in blank
arteriovenous anastomosis
smallest veins that collect blood from capillaries
venules
venules can lack a blank
media
venules have a minimal amount of blank sometimes
smooth muscles
these are veins that are 2-9 mm in diameter and have thin media
medium sized veins
medium sized veins have few smooth blank
muscle fibers
great veins, superior/inferior vena cava, and their tributaries are considered blank
large sized veins
large sized veins have a blank media
thin
large sized veins have a blank blood pressure
low
these are flap like structures projecting inward
venous valves
venous valves are folds of blank and are found in blank
media, extremities
veins have a low blank
blood pressure
valves prevent blank flow of blood
back
blank helps pump which helps movement of movement of blood through veins
skeletal muscles
expansion of the thoracic cavity makes up this pump and is for movement of blood through veins
thoracoabdominal pump
blood distribution of the body is blank
uneven
oxygenated blood in the arteries make up blank of blood
3-Jan
deoxygenated venous blood makes up blank of blood
3-Feb
veins blank during blood loss
contract
the uneven blood flow creates a blank
blood reservoir
deoxygenated blood goes to lungs from right ventricle which is called the blank circuit
pulmonary
blood is oxygenated in blank capillaries of lungs
alveolar
in pulmonary circuit, blood is brought to blank then to blank
left atrium, left ventricle
veins are blank in pulmonary circuit
oxygenated
arteries are blank in pulmonary circuit
deoxygenated
oxygenated blood goes ffrom left ventricle to body in this circuit
systemic
this is a network of vessels that aid in circulation of body fluids and is closely associated with the cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
lymphatic system produces, maintains, and distributes blank
lymphocytes
lymphatic system maintains normal blank and blank fluid volume
blood, interstitial
lymphatic system is an alternate route for the transport of blank
materials
transport fluid of lymphatic vessels
lymph
four sizes of lymphatic vessels
small lymphatic capillaries, medium lymphatic vessels, large lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts
lymphatic blank are the end of the line for lymphatic system
ducts
lymphatic vessels are absent in blank and blank
cns, avascular tissue
lymph is a fluid blank
connective tissue
lymph only occurs in the blank vessels
lymphatic
lymph is derived from these three things
interstitial fluid, lymphocytes, macrophages
lymph originates from blank
plasma
water and dissolved materials leak out of capillaries due to blank and blank
diffusion, filtration
blank liters per day enters interstitial spaces
27
interstitial fluid lacks blank and has low blank
proteins, oxygen
interstitial fluid moves into the lymphatic capillaries and is now known as blank
lymph
blank percent of interstitial fluid is absorbed
90
blank from tissues will go into lymph
residue
lymphatic capillaries are blank ended tubes
closed
lymphatic capillaries are in blank
interstitial spaces
lymphatic capillaries have a blank diameter, blank walls, flat and blank than blood vessels
larger, thinner, irregular
lymphatic vessels are blank and permeable
fenestrated
these are formed by the merging of lymph capillaries and are similar to veins and merge to form trunks, and travel with arteries of same size
medium lymphatic vessels
four parts of medium lymphatic vessels
interna, media, adventitia, valves
these are named for the region they drain like lumbar, intestinal, broncomediastinal, subclavian, jugular
lymphatic trunks
lymphatic trunks drain into blank
ducts
there are blank lymphatic ducts
two
two lymphatic ducts
thoracic, right lymphatic
lymphatic ducts deliver lymph to blank circulation at blank
venous, subclavians
at lymphatic ducts, lymph is reintroduced to blank
bloodstream
lymph becomes a part of blank and is circulated after lymphatic ducts
plasma
lymphatic duct that drains lower body, left arm, head and neck
thoracic
thoracic duct route arises from blank
cisterna chyli
thoracic duct goes through the blank and ascends in front of the blank column
diaphragm, vertebral
thoracic duct empties into blank
left subclavian vein
lymphatic duct that drains right side of head and neck and right arm
right lymphatic duct
lymphatic ducts unevenly blank fluid from body
drain
this lymphatic duct does the majority of draining
thoracic
thoracic duct is much longer and drains the entire blank half of the body
inferior
blank lymphatic duct drains into blank vein
right, subclavian
blank occur at bulges in lymphatic vessels
valves
valves prevent blank
backflow
pressure is lower in blank than in veins
lymphatics
lymph is moved using similar methods to blank
veins
if drainage does not occur of lymph it is called blank
lymphedema
primary cells of the lymphoid system and have an immune response to foreign antigens
lymphocytes
lymphocytes originate in the blank
bloodstream
lymphocytes move to blank and go into blank
peripheral tissues, lymph
lymphocytes return to the blank after going into lymph
bloodstream
blank cells mature in the thymus
t
these lymphocytes originate and develop in the bone marrow
b cells
lymphocytes are stimulated by an blank to produce blank
antigen, antibodies
lymphocytes can become activated upon exposure to the same blank at a later date
antigen
lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow but develop in the thymus
t cells
