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General College Anatomy Lecture > Anatomy Lecture Deck 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture Deck 3 Flashcards

1
Q

regions where nerve plexuses are found

A

cervical, lumbar, sacral

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2
Q

most blank nerves are all isolated

A

thoracic

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3
Q

the cervical plexus goes through blank and blank and part of blank

A

c1-c4, c5

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4
Q

cervical plexus is not the only blank that goes through the cervical blank

A

plexus, vertebrae

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5
Q

plexus that innervates certain muscles of neck and torso

A

cervical plexus

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6
Q

nerve of cervical plexus that goes to the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

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7
Q

the phrenic nerve goes through blank blank and blank

A

c3, c4, c5

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8
Q

other plexus that comes off the cervical vertebrae

A

brachial plexus

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9
Q

brachial plexus goes through these vertebrae

A

c4-c8 and t1

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10
Q

innervates the chest, upper back, and arm

A

brachial plexus

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11
Q

structure of brachial plexus that goes to anterior muscles of arms and skin of forearm

A

musculocutaneous

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12
Q

structure of brachial plexus that goes to muscles of forearm, hands, and skin of hands

A

ulnar nerve

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13
Q

brachial plexus structure that is the same function as the ulnar nerve

A

medial nerve

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14
Q

structure of the brachial plexus that goes to posterior muscles of arms and skin of forearms and hands

A

radial nerve

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15
Q

last thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves make up this plexus

A

lumbosacral plexus

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16
Q

lumbosacral plexus may be split into blank and blank plexuses

A

lumbar, sacral

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17
Q

innnervate the lower limb regions

A

lumbosacral plexus

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18
Q

lumbosacral plexus structure that goes to adductors of leg

A

obturator nerve

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19
Q

lumbosacral plexus structure that sends motor impulses to leg and thigh and receives sensory from skin of leg and thigh

A

femoral nerve

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20
Q

lumbosacral plexus structure that goes to muscles and skin in thighs, legs, and feet

A

sciatic nerve

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21
Q

rapid automatic involuntary motor response to stimuli

A

reflex

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22
Q

reflexes help preserve blank

A

homeostasis

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23
Q

reflexes occur at blank or blank

A

spinal cord, brain stem

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24
Q

reflexes do not require blank processing

A

cerebral

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25
Q

reflexes can be blank by cerebral control

A

modified

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26
Q

four classifications of reflexes

A

by development, site of processing, nature of motor response, complexity of circuit

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27
Q

classification of reflex that is genetic or learned

A

by development

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28
Q

this means built in

A

genetically

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29
Q

means acquired through repetition and/or experience

A

learned

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30
Q

birds have a genetic reflex to be afraid of blank

A

snakes

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31
Q

classification of reflexes that are spinal or cranial

A

site of processing

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32
Q

classification of reflexes that are somatic or visceral

A

nature of motor response

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33
Q

influences the skeletal muscle system

A

somatic

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34
Q

influences the involuntary systems such as smooth muscle and glands

A

visceral

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35
Q

the production of adrenaline reflex

A

visceral

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36
Q

classification of reflex that may be monosynaptic or polysynaptic

A

complexity of neural circuit

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37
Q

1 synapse

A

monosynaptic

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38
Q

two or more synapses

A

polysynaptic

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39
Q

boxing reflexes are blank

A

polysynaptic

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40
Q

first step of a reflex arc, the blank is stimulated by a detectable environmental blank

A

receptor, stimulus

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41
Q

second step of reflex arc, the blank stimulates a blank neuron that sends a signal to the blank for processing

A

Receptor, sensory, CNS

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42
Q

in step three of the reflex arc, the blank from sensory neuron to another neuron

A

transmission

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43
Q

in the fourth and fifth steps of a reflex arc, a blank is stimulated and sends a signal to a blank

A

motor neuron, effector

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44
Q

a reflex stimulated by the stretching of a muscle

A

stretch reflex

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45
Q

blank are receptors that detect stretching

A

muscle spindle fibers

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46
Q

the effector is the blank of the muscle in a stretch reflex

A

contraction

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47
Q

the blank reflex is a stretch reflex

A

patellar

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48
Q

the function of the patellar reflex is to prevent muscles from being blank and prevent one from falling blank

A

overstretched, forward

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49
Q

a patellar reflex falls into what classifications

A

innate, somatic, monosynaptic, spinal

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50
Q

regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

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51
Q

unconscious coordination of the brain

A

cerebellum

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52
Q

region of brain that controls rhythms and sleep patterns

A

pons

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53
Q

region of the brain that regulates cardio function, respiratory function, digestive function

A

medulla oblongata

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54
Q

the brain has blank similar to spinal cord

A

meninges

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55
Q

outer most layer of the brain and forms the internal blank of the skull

A

dura mater, periosteum

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56
Q

there is no blank in the meninges of the brain

A

epidura

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57
Q

partitions of the dura mater in the brain

A

falx cerebelli, falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli

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58
Q

dura mater partition that separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres

A

falx cerebelli

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59
Q

dura mater partition that separates right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

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60
Q

dura mater partition that separates lobes of cerebrum from cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

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61
Q

has a blank and blank mater like spinal cord

A

pia, arachnoid

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62
Q

ventricles of the brain are spaces filled with blank

A

csf

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63
Q

there are two blank ventricles of the brain

A

lateral

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64
Q

2 lateral ventricles of brain are connected to the third ventricle by blank

A

interventricular foramen

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65
Q

the blank ventricle of the brain is connected to the fourth ventricle by the blank

A

third, central canal

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66
Q

the blank ventricle connected to central canal of the blank

A

fourth, spinal cord

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67
Q

three functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

cushions, transport nutrients, transport wastes, supports brain

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68
Q

csf comes from blank

A

the brain

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69
Q

csf is formed in blank in the brain

A

choroid plexus

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70
Q

lobes located in the ventricles of the brain that consist of ependymal cells and permeable capillaries

A

choroid plexus

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71
Q

csf is taken from the blank by blank cells and pooled in the ventricles

A

blood, ependymal

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72
Q

csf moves throughout the entire blank

A

central nervous system

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73
Q

csf moves through blank in the fourth ventricles to blank space

A

apertures, subarachnoid space

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74
Q

csf is around the blank

A

subarachnoid space

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75
Q

csf is reabsorbed in the blank

A

sagittal sinus

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76
Q

large venous tube within the dura mater

A

sagittal sinus

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77
Q

sagittal sinus extends along the midline of the blank

A

cerebral hemispheres

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78
Q

arachnoid extends into sagittal sinus through blank

A

arachnoid granulation

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79
Q

in the sagittal sinus, csf goes back to blank

A

the blood

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80
Q

three functions of cerebrum

A

interpret sensory impulses, voluntary muscle movements, memory, reasoning process, intelligence, personality

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81
Q

cerebrum has two blank

A

hemispheres

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82
Q

two hemispheres of cerebrum are connected by blank

A

corpus callosum

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83
Q

two hemispheres of brain are separated by blank

A

longitudinal fissure

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84
Q

two hemispheres possess ridges (blank) and grooves (blank)

A

gyri, sulci

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85
Q

hemispheres of cerebrum receives blank and generates blank information to the blank side of the body

A

sensory, motor, opposite

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86
Q

hemispheres of cerebrum communicate by the blank

A

corpus callosum

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87
Q

cell somas of the cerebrum are located at outer regions of cerebral blank

A

lobes

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88
Q

cell somas of cerebrum are centralized in masses called blank

A

basal nuclei

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89
Q

cell somas are blank matter

A

gray

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90
Q

myelinated axons are blank matter

A

white

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91
Q

three types of cerebral white matter

A

commissural fibers, association fibers, projection fibers

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92
Q

cerebral white matter that connect corresponding gray areas on different hemispheres

A

commissural fibers

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93
Q

cerebral white matter that connect different parts of same hemisphere

A

association fibers

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94
Q

cerebral white matter that connect cerebrum to lower brain areas

A

projection fibers

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95
Q

these are named after the bone they are found under

A

cerebral lobes

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96
Q

four lobes of cerebrum

A

parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital

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97
Q

one cerebral lobe is blank

A

deep

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98
Q

the deep cerebral lobe

A

insula

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99
Q

cerebral lobes are separated by special blank

A

sulci

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100
Q

three sulci of cerebrum

A

central, lateral, parieto-occipital

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101
Q

cerebral sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

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102
Q

cerebral sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the temporal and is the most obvious

A

lateral sulcus

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103
Q

cerebral sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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104
Q

region of the cerebrum that deals with conscious motor control of skeletal muscle

A

primary motor cortex

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105
Q

primary motor cortex is blank to central sulcus in the frontal lobe

A

anterior

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106
Q

speech, eye movements, and learned motor skills are driven by this cerebral region

A

primary motor cortex

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107
Q

primary motor cortex is in the blank lobe

A

frontal

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108
Q

this cerebral region is posterior to central sulcus and is in the parietal lobe

A

primary sensory cortex

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109
Q

primary sensory cortex deals with somatic blank information of touch, pain, pressure

A

sensory

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110
Q

this cerebral allows you to monitor the environment consciously

A

primary sensory cortex

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111
Q

this means tiny person

A

homunculus

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112
Q

four sensory cortexes

A

visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory

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113
Q

sensory cortex in occipital lobe

A

visual

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114
Q

auditory cortex is in the blank lobe

A

temporal

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115
Q

one associated with most large motor or sensory cortexes

A

association areas

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116
Q

four association areas

A

somatic sensory, somatic motor, visual, auditory

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117
Q

association area that you can train in your brain

A

somatic motor

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118
Q

high order integrative regions

A

cerebral regions

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119
Q

cerebral region that is for abstract intellectual function like predictions and problem solving

A

prefrontal cortex

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120
Q

prefrontal cortex controls blank context and blank

A

emotional, motivation

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121
Q

timing is another thing done by the blank

A

prefrontal cortex

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122
Q

a removal of the prefrontal cortex of the brain

A

prefrontal lobotomy

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123
Q

people who have blank or blank have trouble with emotional context

A

ausberger’s, autism

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124
Q

cerebral region that regulates breathing and vocalization

A

broca’s speech center

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125
Q

broca’s speech center works with the blank

A

general interpretive area

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126
Q

cerebral region that is for interpretation of both written and verbal language and detects sentence structure and word linkage

A

general interpretive area

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127
Q

damage to either of the cerebral regions results in some sort of blank

A

aphasia

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128
Q

higher order integrative regions may be different between blank

A

hemispheres

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129
Q

hemisphere that speech, writing, and general interpretive area

A

categorical

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130
Q

hemisphere that is for identification of familiar objects, touch, spatial analysis, and emotional relevance

A

representational

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131
Q

blank people tend to have their categorical hemisphere on the blank and vice versa

A

right-handed, left

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132
Q

masses of gray matter deep in cerebral hemisphere

A

basal nuclei

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133
Q

basal nuclei act as a blank station for motor impulses starting in cerebral cortex and passing to blank and blank

A

relay, brain stem, spinal cord

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134
Q

two basal nuclei

A

claustrum, lentiform nucleus

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135
Q

basal nuclei that focuses visual attention

A

claustrum

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136
Q

basal nuclei that processes unconscious visual info

A

claustrum

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137
Q

basal nuclei that controls and adjusts muscle tone

A

lentiform nucleus

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138
Q

two more basal nuclei

A

caudate nucleus, amygdaloid nucleus

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139
Q

basal nuclei that has a massive head and slender tail

A

caudate nucleus

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140
Q

the caudate nucleus maintains blank and blank of movement

A

pattern, rhythm

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141
Q

basal nuclei that is at the tip of the caudate tail

A

amygdaloid nucleus

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142
Q

amygdaloid nucleus is part of the blank system

A

limbic

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143
Q

four parts of the diencephalon

A

epithalamus, posterior pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus

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144
Q

called the pineal gland and produces melatonin

A

epithalamus

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145
Q

diencephalon part that is central to the cerebrum

A

thalamus

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146
Q

two major blanks of the thalamus

A

bodies

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147
Q

thalamus is part of the blank system

A

limbic

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148
Q

all blank has to go through the thalamus

A

information

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149
Q

thalamus connects blank and blank

A

basal nuclei, cerebral cortex

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150
Q

the thalamus sends blank information to proper location within cerebrum

A

sensory

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151
Q

the hypothalamus is located blank

A

below thalamus

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152
Q

the hypothalamus is above and connected to the posterior blank

A

pituitary gland

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153
Q

hypothalamus does blank control of skeletal muscle

A

subconscious

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154
Q

hypothalamus blank autonomic nervous system

A

coordinates

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155
Q

hypothalamus is the connection between the blank and blank systems

A

endocrine, nervous

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156
Q

the hypothalamus directly produces blank

A

hormones

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157
Q

the hypothalamus produces blank drives

A

behavioral

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158
Q

hypothalamus regulates blank

A

body temperature

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159
Q

hypothalamus controls sleep patterns like blank

A

circadian rhythms

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160
Q

part of the brain that is called the midbrain and connects the brain stem and spinal cord with higher areas

A

mesencephalon

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161
Q

mesencephalon act as blank centers

A

relay

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162
Q

mesencephalon contain blank that connects third and fourth ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

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163
Q

parts of the mesencephalon (4)

A

cerebral peduncles, red nucleus, substantia nigra, corpora quadrigemina

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164
Q

part of mesencephalon that contains only blank fibers and no nuclei

A

connecting, cerebral peduncles

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165
Q

part of mesencephalon that is highly vascularized and connects the cerebrum to the cerebellum

A

red nucleus

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166
Q

two things that the red nucleus controls

A

posture, reflexes

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167
Q

part of mesencephalon that controls and integrates the motor output of the basal nuclei

A

substantia nigra

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168
Q

substantia nigra produces blank

A

dopamine

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169
Q

deterioration of the substantia nigra may lead to blank

A

parkinson’s disease

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170
Q

loss of control of voluntary motor function

A

parkinson’s disease

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171
Q

olfactory cortex is located in the blank lobe

A

temporal

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172
Q

gustatory cortex is located in the blank lobe

A

insula and frontal

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173
Q

part of the mesencephalon that has the superior and inferior colliculi

A

corpora quadrigemina

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174
Q

receives visual input from thalamus in corpora quadrigemina

A

superior colliculi

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175
Q

receives auditory input from medulla in the corpora quadrigemina

A

inferior colliculi

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176
Q

rounded bulge on the underside of the brain stem

A

pons

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177
Q

pons separates blank from blank

A

midbrain, medulla

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178
Q

the pons is made of masses of blank matter and blank fibers

A

gray, nerve

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179
Q

pons blank impulses to and from blank and blank

A

relays, medulla, cerebrum

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180
Q

pons regulates blank

A

depth of breathing

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181
Q

this has two hemispheres and is below the cerebrum

A

cerebellum

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182
Q

two hemispheres of cerebellum are separated by blank and connected by blank

A

falx cerebelli, vermis

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183
Q

the cerebellum is mainly blank matter and is controlled by the blank

A

white, arbor vitae

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184
Q

cerebellum integrates blank information about the blank of body parts

A

sensory, position

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185
Q

cerebellum coordinates blank activities

A

muscle

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186
Q

cerebellum fine tunes blank and blank movements

A

voluntary, involuntary

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187
Q

this is a point of connection for several cranial nerves and goes from the foramen magnum to the pons

A

medulla oblongata

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188
Q

oval swellings of medulla oblongata

A

olivary nucleus

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189
Q

two reflex centers of the medulla oblongata

A

cardiovascular center, respiratory rhythmicity center

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190
Q

reflex center of medulla that adjusts blood flow and heart rate

A

cardiovascular center

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191
Q

reflex center for basic pace of respiratory movements in medulla

A

respiratory rhythmicity center

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192
Q

network of nerve fibers associated with islands of gray matter

A

reticular formation

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193
Q

reticular formation blank areas with fibers in all major tracts

A

interconnects

194
Q

reticular formation regulates these motor activities

A

sleep, wakefullness

195
Q

inc activity means

A

wakefulnesss

196
Q

dec activity means

A

sleep

197
Q

nuclei and tracts along the border of cerebrum and diencephalon

A

limbic system

198
Q

three parts of cerebrum are part of the limbic system

A

limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdaloid body

199
Q

deep to all other lobes and is part of limbic system

A

limbic lobe

200
Q

nucleus within limbic lobe

A

hippocampus

201
Q

the limbic system establishes blank states and related blank drives

A

emotional, behavioral

202
Q

limbic system links intellectual functions of blank to unconscious functions of blank brain

A

cortex, lower

203
Q

the limbic system facilitates blank storage

A

memory

204
Q

there are 12 blank nerves

A

cranial

205
Q

all cranial nerves originate from the blank except the first pair

A

brain stem

206
Q

cranial nerve for smell and passes through the blank

A

olfactory, cribriform plate

207
Q

cranial nerve for vision and passes through the optic blank

A

vision, foramina

208
Q

cranial nerve that moves the majority of eye muscles

A

oculomotor

209
Q

cranial nerve that is the smallest pair and controls superior oblique muscles of eye only

A

trochlear

210
Q

cranial nerve that is the largest and has three branches that controls face, pallet, eye, teeth

A

trigeminal

211
Q

cranial nerve that controls the lateral rectus eye muscles only and comes from pons

A

abducens

212
Q

cranial nerve that comes from pons and has taste receptors on tongue and has muscles for facial expression

A

facial

213
Q

cranial nerve that comes from the auditory nerve from the medulla and has two parts that is sensitive to position of head and is interpreted as hearing

A

vestibulocochlear

214
Q

cranial nerve that helps swallowing

A

glossopharyngeal

215
Q

cranial nerve that is from medulla to chest and abdomen and is for speech and swallowing and controls the heart, lungs, esophagus (viscerals)

A

vagus

216
Q

cranial nerve with two branches that controls musculature of throat

A

accessory

217
Q

cranial nerve that also controls tongue and neck musculature and near chin

A

hypoglossal

218
Q

the connective tissue layer that surrounds individual muscle fascicles is the blank

A

perimysium

219
Q

what is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

the storage of calcium ions

220
Q

Wallerian degeneration forms a blank where an axon grows

A

hollow tube

221
Q

True or false, muscle fibers or glands may occur postsynaptic

A

TRUE

222
Q

inserting a needle between L1 and L2 instead of L3 and L4 would impale blank

A

conus medularis

223
Q

a bundle of axon in cns is

A

tract

224
Q

t or f the h band shrinks during contraction

A

TRUE

225
Q

t or f the filum terminale is the inferior most region of spinal cord

A

FALSE

226
Q

two types of sensory/motor pathways

A

ascending, descending

227
Q

sensory/motor pathway that conducts sensory impulses

A

ascending

228
Q

sensory/motor pathway that conducts motor impulses

A

descending

229
Q

sensory and motor pathways blank in complexity

A

vary

230
Q

three sensory pathways

A

first order neuron, second order, third order

231
Q

sensory patthway that sends info to CNS

A

first order neuron

232
Q

sensory pathway that receives impulses from first; spinal cord or brain stem

A

second order

233
Q

sensory pathway that carries signal from thalamus to cerebral cortex

A

third order

234
Q

how many somatic motor mathways

A

2

235
Q

how many autonomic motor pathways

A

three

236
Q

somatic motor pathway that is in the CNS

A

upper motor neuron

237
Q

somatic motor pathway that is from the CNS to effector

A

lower motor neurons

238
Q

autonomic motor pathway that is in CNS

A

upper motor neuron

239
Q

autonomic motor pathway that is from CNS to peripheral ganglion

A

preganglionic neuron

240
Q

autonomic motor pathway that is from ganglion to effector

A

postganglionic neuron

241
Q

ascending pathway where the sides cross in medulla

A

posterior column pathway

242
Q

posterior column pathway is for sensory impulses from blank, muscles, tendons, and blank

A

skin, joints

243
Q

posterior column pathway perceives things like fine blank, pressure, and body blank

A

touch, positino

244
Q

ascending pathway where sides cross in the spinal cord

A

spinothalamic pathway

245
Q

two tracts of the spinothalamic pathway

A

lateral, anterior

246
Q

tract of the spinothalamic pathway that is for sensation of pain and temperature

A

lateral

247
Q

spinothalamic pathway tract that is for sensation of crude touch and pressure

A

anterior tract

248
Q

ascending pathways go from blank nerves to blank

A

spinal, cerebral cortex

249
Q

ascending pathway that is for proprioception for fine coordination

A

spinocerebellar

250
Q

two tracts of the spinocerebellar pathway

A

anterior, posterior

251
Q

tract of spinocerebellar pathway where sides cross in spinal cord

A

anterior

252
Q

tract of spinocerebellar pathway that does not cross over

A

posterior tract

253
Q

in the spinocerebellar pathway there is no synapse in the blank

A

thalamus

254
Q

the spinocerebellar pathway never makes it to the blank and is for blank processing

A

cortex, subconscious

255
Q

descending pathway that has the corticobubular tract, lateral corticospinal tract, and anterior corticospinal tract

A

corticospinal

256
Q

tract of corticospinal pathway that has motor cranial nerves

A

corticobubular tract

257
Q

tract of corticospinal pathway that has motor spinal nerves and crosses over in medulla

A

lateral corticospinal tract

258
Q

corticospinal pathway tract that has motor spinal nerves and does not cross over

A

anterior corticospinal tracts

259
Q

descending pathway that stimulate and inhibit same lower motor neurons as corticospinal

A

medial pathway

260
Q

descending pathway that is for muscle tone and precise movements of distal upper limb

A

lateral pathway

261
Q

lateral pathway stimulates and inhibits same lower motor neurons as blank

A

corticospinal

262
Q

tract of the lateral pathway that starts in the red nucleus and crosses over

A

rubrospinal tracts

263
Q

rubrospinal tracts extend to blank region of the spinal cord

A

cervical

264
Q

three descending pathways

A

medial, lateral, corticospinal

265
Q

three tracts of medial pathway

A

tectospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal

266
Q

three tracts of corticospinal pathway

A

corticobulbar, anterior corticospinal, lateral corticospinal

267
Q

lateral pathway tract

A

rubrospinal

268
Q

this nervous system funcitons continuously and independently

A

autonomic nervous system

269
Q

in the autonomic nervous system there is no blank effort needed

A

conscious

270
Q

the autonomic nervous system controls blank activities

A

visceral

271
Q

the autonomic nervous system has pathways with usually blank neuron(s)

A

two

272
Q

the somatic nervous system usually has blank peripheral motor axon(s)

A

one

273
Q

autonomic nervous system may result in additional blank and results in an additional blank

A

ganglia, synapse

274
Q

the somatic nervous system has no peripheral blank or blank

A

synapsing, ganglia

275
Q

two neurons of autonomic nerve fibers

A

preganglionic, postganglionic

276
Q

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

277
Q

division of autonomic nervous system for stressful situations

A

sympathetic

278
Q

division of the ANS that restores body to restful state

A

parasympathetic

279
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic may blank

A

work together

280
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic often work blank

A

antagonistically

281
Q

certain blank may only be innervated by one of the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions

A

organs

282
Q

the sympathetic ganglia is made of the blank of blank neurons

A

soma, postganglionic

283
Q

two types of sympathetic ganglia

A

chain, collateral

284
Q

sympathetic chain has blank on each side

A

one

285
Q

fusion causes individual blank in the sympathetic chain

A

variability

286
Q

there are no cervical blank neurons

A

sympathetic

287
Q

there are cervical sympathetic blank

A

ganglia

288
Q

the chain ganglion is innervated by presynaptic fibers from nerves blank to blank

A

T1 to L2

289
Q

in chain preganglionic fibers, there is no cervical blank input

A

nerve

290
Q

go to office hours if i don’t get it

A

okay

291
Q

preganglionic fibers leave the blank nerve and enter the chain via the blank

A

spinal, white ramus

292
Q

there are blank paths that a chain preganglionic impulse can take

A

three

293
Q

chain postganglionic fibers exit via the blank

A

gray ramus

294
Q

presynaptic fibers go straight through chain ganglion without blank

A

synapsing

295
Q

three major collateral ganglia

A

celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

296
Q

collateral ganglia deal for the most part with blank processes

A

digestive

297
Q

presynaptic fibers go through both the chain and collateral ganglia in this

A

adrenal medullae

298
Q

adrenal medullae stimulate the production of the hormones blank and blank

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

299
Q

there are no blank fibers in the adrenal medullae

A

postganglionic

300
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine make up blank

A

adrenaline

301
Q

two effects of sympathetic division

A

increases alertness, energy, euphoria, increased muscle tone

302
Q

the central nervous system stimulates blank neurons

A

preganglionic

303
Q

preganglionic neurons always release blank

A

ach

304
Q

preganglionic neurons are known as blank synapse

A

cholinergic

305
Q

preganglionic neurons stimulate blank neurons

A

postganglionic

306
Q

postganglionic neurons release blank

A

adrenaline

307
Q

adrenergic receptor that responds to both epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

alpha

308
Q

adrenergic receptor alpha targest blank muscle

A

smooth

309
Q

adrenergic receptor that only responds to epinephrine

A

beta

310
Q

cholinergic receptors respond to blank

A

ach

311
Q

in sympathetic nervous system, preganglionic fibers are blank and postganglionic fibers are blank

A

short, long

312
Q

synapsing occurs in sympathetic chain or blank ganglia

A

collateral

313
Q

preganglionic fiber releases blank

A

ach

314
Q

postganglionic fibers release blank

A

norepinephrine

315
Q

sympathetic division prepares body for blank

A

emergencies

316
Q

sympathetic division effects are blank and persistent

A

widespread

317
Q

division that originates from neurons in midbrain, pons, medulla, and sacral region of the spinal cord

A

parasympathetic

318
Q

parasympathetic division exit the CNS via blank nerves and blank nerves

A

cranial, sacral

319
Q

preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system go to the blank and blank glands

A

eyes, facial

320
Q

preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system also includes cranial nerve blank

A

X - vagus

321
Q

postganglionic fibers are blank and are close to or within target blank

A

short, organs

322
Q

postganglionic fiber effects are much more blank

A

localized

323
Q

two functions of parasympathetic division

A

constrict pupils, sexual arousal, stimulate defecation, secrete hormones

324
Q

all neurons release blank in parasympathetic activation

A

ach

325
Q

parasympathetic activation has blank effects

A

short lived

326
Q

most organs receive blank from both divisions

A

innervation

327
Q

sympathetic reaches the cranial area via blank

A

chain ganglia

328
Q

parasympathetic reaches the cranial area via blank

A

cranial ganglia

329
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic mingle at blank such as these two examples

A

plexuses, cardiac plexus, esophageal plexus

330
Q

simple functional units of the ANS and provide an autonomic motor response

A

visceral reflex

331
Q

visceral reflexes are common for blank

A

digestive system

332
Q

two types of visceral reflexes

A

long, short

333
Q

type of visceral reflex that goes to the CNS for processing

A

long reflexes

334
Q

visceral reflex that are processed in the autonomic ganglion

A

short reflexes

335
Q

many control centers in the blank for control of autonomic activity

A

medulla

336
Q

blank regulates body temperature in the ANS

A

hypothalamus

337
Q

when a person is stressed, blank system and blank cortex control the ANS

A

limbic, cerebral

338
Q

neurons in the spinal cord of the sympathetic division

A

T1-L2

339
Q

on the sympathetic side there are blank ganglion, blank ganglion, and blank

A

chain, collateral, medulla

340
Q

there are blank paths for a preganglionic fiber of sympathetic division

A

four

341
Q

postganglionic fibers are blank in the sympathetic division

A

long

342
Q

parasympathetic division is between these nerves

A

cervicles and sacrals

343
Q

postganglionic fiber is blank in parasympathetic division

A

short

344
Q

preganglionic fibers are blank in the parasympathetic division

A

long

345
Q

sympathetic division postganglionic fibers are blank

A

adrenergic

346
Q

the preganglionic fibers in both sympathetic and parasympathetic release blank

A

ach

347
Q

a specialized cell that sends sensations to CNS

A

sensory receptor

348
Q

two sensory receptors

A

tonic, Phasic

349
Q

sensory receptor that is always sending signals to CNS

A

tonic

350
Q

sensory receptor that becomes active only with changes in the conditions they monitor

A

Phasic

351
Q

five types of receptors

A

chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors

352
Q

area monitored by a single receptor cell

A

receptive field

353
Q

each receptor responds to a specific stimulus which is called blank

A

receptor specificity

354
Q

a photoreceptor will not respond to a blank stimulus

A

chemical

355
Q

the sensory information arriving at the CNS

A

sensation

356
Q

conscious awareness of sensation

A

perception

357
Q

blank interprets impulses

A

brain

358
Q

perception is the feeling that occurs when blank impulses are interpreted

A

sensory

359
Q

occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to blank stimulation

A

continuous

360
Q

sensory adaptation results in a reduction of blank

A

sensitivity

361
Q

when sensory receptors decrease their level of activity

A

peripheral adaptation

362
Q

two receptors of peripheral adaptation

A

fast adapting, slow adapting

363
Q

sensory adaptation where sensory neurons are still active and CNS causes reduced perception

A

central adaptation

364
Q

sensory information from receptors is blank

A

incomplete

365
Q

humans do not have blank for every blank

A

receptor, stimulus

366
Q

receptors have limited blank

A

ranges

367
Q

stimulation of a sensory receptor requires a blank event that is interpreted

A

neural

368
Q

these senses do not have specialized receptor cells or sensory organs

A

general senses

369
Q

can have specialized receptor cells separate from the sensory neuron

A

special senses

370
Q

special senses are structurally blank

A

more complex

371
Q

special senses are usually in special blank

A

organs

372
Q

three groups of general senses

A

exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors

373
Q

general sense group that relays info about external environment

A

exteroceptors

374
Q

general sense group that depict body position in space

A

proprioception

375
Q

these receptors sense tissue damage

A

nociceptors

376
Q

nociceptors perceive blank

A

pain

377
Q

nociceptors are blank nerve endings with large receptive field

A

free

378
Q

nociceptors are found everywhere except blank

A

brain

379
Q

nociceptors provide a blank function

A

protective

380
Q

nociceptors do not blank well

A

adapt

381
Q

three types of pain

A

fast, slow, referred

382
Q

prickling pain that is quick and induces a reflex and usually ends when stimulus ends

A

fast pain

383
Q

type of pain that is burning and begins later, persists longer, and is achy

A

slow pain

384
Q

type of pain that is visceral pain that feels like it is coming from a more superficial region

A

referred pain

385
Q

example of a referred pain

A

brain freeze

386
Q

referred pain is due to blank structures being innervated by the same blank nerves as the damaged viscera

A

superficial, spinal

387
Q

pain in left arm before heart attack is blank pain

A

referred

388
Q

receptors that involve heat and cold

A

thermoreceptors

389
Q

thermoreceptors are free nerve endings in blank

A

skin

390
Q

thermoreceptors are blank to adapt

A

quick

391
Q

hot and cold is detected by blank but pain is detected by blank

A

thermoreceptors, nociceptors

392
Q

six types of of tactile receptors in these two categories

A

unencapsulated, encapsulated

393
Q

three types of unencapsulated tactile receptors

A

free nerve endings, root hair, tactile disc

394
Q

unencapsulated tactile receptor that is in the papillary of dermis and is for general touch

A

free nerve endings

395
Q

unencapsulated tactile receptor that monitors distoritions and movement across body surface

A

root hair

396
Q

unencapsulated tactile receptor that is an expanded nerve terminal that synapses with Merkel cell and is sensitive to fine touch

A

tactile disc

397
Q

three encapsulated tactile receptors

A

tactile corpuscles, lamellated corpuscle, ruffini corpuscle

398
Q

encapsulated tactile receptor that is found where tactile sensitivities are very well developed

A

tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles

399
Q

encapsulated tactile receptor that responds to deep pressure

A

lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

400
Q

encapsulated tactile receptor that is in dermis and detects pressure with little adaptation

A

ruffini corpuscle

401
Q

stretch receptors that monitor changes in pressure and detect stretching of tissue walls

A

baroreceptors

402
Q

baroreceptors regulate blank activities

A

autonomic

403
Q

two autonomic activities regulated by baroreceptors

A

digestive tract, bladder, carotid sinus, lung, colon

404
Q

receptors that monitor position of joints, tension in tendons, state of muscle contraction

A

proprioceptors

405
Q

proprioceptors have blank adaptation to stimulus

A

no

406
Q

two types of proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles, golgi tendon organ

407
Q

muscle spindle proprioceptors monitor blank of muscle

A

length

408
Q

golgi tendon organ proprioceptors monitors blank in a tendon during contraction

A

tension

409
Q

respond to substances dissolved in surrounding fluids

A

chemoreceptors

410
Q

chemoreceptors monitor chemical composition of body blank

A

fluids

411
Q

chemoreceptors are found inside the CNS and the blank

A

medulla

412
Q

chemoreceptors are found in these two bodies

A

aortic, carotid

413
Q

sense of smell

A

olfaction

414
Q

olfactory organ is located within the blank cavity on either side of nasal septum

A

nasal

415
Q

olfactory organ covers the blank of the ethmoid

A

cribriform plate

416
Q

olfactory organ made up of olfactory blank

A

epithelium

417
Q

three things in the olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptors, supporting cells, basal cells

418
Q

olfactory cells are covered in secretions from blank

A

olfactory glands

419
Q

olfactory receptors are highly modified blank neurons

A

bipolar

420
Q

olfactory receptors have blank that extend into mucus secreted by olfactory glands

A

cilia

421
Q

odorous particles dissolve into mucus and cause blank

A

depolarization

422
Q

olfactory nerve does not go through blank

A

thalamus

423
Q

smells can trigger blank

A

strong emotion

424
Q

smells are interpreted in blank and blank lobes

A

temporal, frontal

425
Q

there are blank primary smells

A

fifty

426
Q

olfactory cells adapt blank

A

quickly

427
Q

olfactory cells can blank but blank with age

A

reproduce, decrease

428
Q

combinations of 50 primary smells allow us to distinguish blank of smells

A

thousands

429
Q

taste sense

A

gustation

430
Q

chemoreceptors in structures called blank in taste

A

taste buds

431
Q

taste buds on superior surface of tongue in blank

A

papillae

432
Q

epithelial projections where taste buds lie

A

papillae

433
Q

three types of papillae

A

filiform, fungiform, circumvallate

434
Q

there are about blank gustatory cells per taste bud

A

40

435
Q

these replace receptors every 10 to 12 days

A

basal

436
Q

gustatory cells extend blank called a taste hair into a taste pore

A

microvilli

437
Q

gustatory pathway uses cranial nerves blank blank and blank

A

VII, IX, X

438
Q

gustatory pathway has blank fibers that synapse with blank in medulla

A

afferent, nucleus solitarius

439
Q

gustatory pathway goes to blank and blank

A

thalamus, cerebral cortex

440
Q

primary tastes

A

sour, sweet, salt, bitter, water, umami

441
Q

external structure supported elastic cartilage of external ear

A

auricle

442
Q

canal to middle ear

A

external acoustic meatus

443
Q

external ear ends at blank

A

tympanic membrane

444
Q

these make wax in the external acoustic meatus

A

ceruminous glands

445
Q

there are also blank in the external acoustic meatus

A

hairs

446
Q

two functions of external ear

A

protect middle/inner ear, limit microorganism growth, funnel vibrations, deny access to foreign objects

447
Q

middle ear consists of the blank which is an air filled space between external and inner ear

A

tympanic cavity

448
Q

part of middle ear that can be induced by chewing or yawning

A

auditory tube

449
Q

auditory tube allows for blank to get in and cause ear infection

A

microbes

450
Q

most ear infections occur in the blank

A

middle ear

451
Q

bones in the middle ear that transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to inner ear

A

ossicles

452
Q

three ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

453
Q

middle ear muscle that inserts on the malleus

A

tensor tympani

454
Q

middle ear muscle that inserts on the stapes

A

stapedius

455
Q

part of ear that is a series of tubes and cavities

A

inner ear

456
Q

two sections of the inner ear

A

vestibule (balance), cochlea (hearing)

457
Q

inner ear layer that contains endolymph fluid

A

membranous labyrinth

458
Q

inner ear layer that is the dense bone layer of the temporal and contains perilymph fluid

A

bony (osseous) labyrinth

459
Q

structure that converts vibrations to sound

A

cochlea

460
Q

cochlea contacts the stapes at the blank

A

oval window

461
Q

three ducts of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani

462
Q

scala vestibuli is divided by the blank

A

vestibular membrane

463
Q

scala media is divided by the blank

A

basilar membrane

464
Q

organ of corti is found on the blank

A

basilar membrane

465
Q

three parts of the organ of corti

A

hair cells, cranial nerve 8, tectorial membrane

466
Q

mechanoreceptors with stereocilia in the organ of corti

A

hair cells

467
Q

cochlear branch contacts hair cells in the organ of corti

A

cranial nerve 8

468
Q

positioned right above hair cell stereocilia in the organ of corti

A

tectorial membrane

469
Q

when the oval window vibrates, the blank moves

A

perilymph

470
Q

the cochlear branch of blank carries auditory sensations

A

cranial nerve 8

471
Q

auditory sensations go to the blank, then travels to through the blank, then is processed in the blank

A

medulla, thalamus, auditory cortex of temporal lobe

472
Q

high sounds are detected by blank parts of cochlea

A

large

473
Q

low sounds are detected by blank parts of cochlea

A

small

474
Q

three parts of the vestibule

A

semicircular canals, utricle, saccule

475
Q

the semicircular canals surround the semicircular blank

A

ducts

476
Q

semicircular canals have a blank at base

A

ampulla

477
Q

each ampulla has a blank which attaches to a cupula

A

cristae

478
Q

a blank is in the utricle/saccule

A

maculae

479
Q

the blank has hair cells

A

cupula

480
Q

when head is rotated, fluid moves through blank and fluid moves the blank so the hair cells stereocilia blanks, then blank occurs

A

canals, cupula, bends, depolarization

481
Q

the maculae consists of these two things

A

hair cells, otoliths

482
Q

small calcium carbonate crystals that is in a gel like substance

A

otolith

General College Anatomy Lecture (6 decks)

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