Anatomy Lecture Deck 3 Flashcards
regions where nerve plexuses are found
cervical, lumbar, sacral
most blank nerves are all isolated
thoracic
the cervical plexus goes through blank and blank and part of blank
c1-c4, c5
cervical plexus is not the only blank that goes through the cervical blank
plexus, vertebrae
plexus that innervates certain muscles of neck and torso
cervical plexus
nerve of cervical plexus that goes to the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
the phrenic nerve goes through blank blank and blank
c3, c4, c5
other plexus that comes off the cervical vertebrae
brachial plexus
brachial plexus goes through these vertebrae
c4-c8 and t1
innervates the chest, upper back, and arm
brachial plexus
structure of brachial plexus that goes to anterior muscles of arms and skin of forearm
musculocutaneous
structure of brachial plexus that goes to muscles of forearm, hands, and skin of hands
ulnar nerve
brachial plexus structure that is the same function as the ulnar nerve
medial nerve
structure of the brachial plexus that goes to posterior muscles of arms and skin of forearms and hands
radial nerve
last thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves make up this plexus
lumbosacral plexus
lumbosacral plexus may be split into blank and blank plexuses
lumbar, sacral
innnervate the lower limb regions
lumbosacral plexus
lumbosacral plexus structure that goes to adductors of leg
obturator nerve
lumbosacral plexus structure that sends motor impulses to leg and thigh and receives sensory from skin of leg and thigh
femoral nerve
lumbosacral plexus structure that goes to muscles and skin in thighs, legs, and feet
sciatic nerve
rapid automatic involuntary motor response to stimuli
reflex
reflexes help preserve blank
homeostasis
reflexes occur at blank or blank
spinal cord, brain stem
reflexes do not require blank processing
cerebral
reflexes can be blank by cerebral control
modified
four classifications of reflexes
by development, site of processing, nature of motor response, complexity of circuit
classification of reflex that is genetic or learned
by development
this means built in
genetically
means acquired through repetition and/or experience
learned
birds have a genetic reflex to be afraid of blank
snakes
classification of reflexes that are spinal or cranial
site of processing
classification of reflexes that are somatic or visceral
nature of motor response
influences the skeletal muscle system
somatic
influences the involuntary systems such as smooth muscle and glands
visceral
the production of adrenaline reflex
visceral
classification of reflex that may be monosynaptic or polysynaptic
complexity of neural circuit
1 synapse
monosynaptic
two or more synapses
polysynaptic
boxing reflexes are blank
polysynaptic
first step of a reflex arc, the blank is stimulated by a detectable environmental blank
receptor, stimulus
second step of reflex arc, the blank stimulates a blank neuron that sends a signal to the blank for processing
Receptor, sensory, CNS
in step three of the reflex arc, the blank from sensory neuron to another neuron
transmission
in the fourth and fifth steps of a reflex arc, a blank is stimulated and sends a signal to a blank
motor neuron, effector
a reflex stimulated by the stretching of a muscle
stretch reflex
blank are receptors that detect stretching
muscle spindle fibers
the effector is the blank of the muscle in a stretch reflex
contraction
the blank reflex is a stretch reflex
patellar
the function of the patellar reflex is to prevent muscles from being blank and prevent one from falling blank
overstretched, forward
a patellar reflex falls into what classifications
innate, somatic, monosynaptic, spinal
regions of the brain
cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
unconscious coordination of the brain
cerebellum
region of brain that controls rhythms and sleep patterns
pons
region of the brain that regulates cardio function, respiratory function, digestive function
medulla oblongata
the brain has blank similar to spinal cord
meninges
outer most layer of the brain and forms the internal blank of the skull
dura mater, periosteum
there is no blank in the meninges of the brain
epidura
partitions of the dura mater in the brain
falx cerebelli, falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli
dura mater partition that separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres
falx cerebelli
dura mater partition that separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebri
dura mater partition that separates lobes of cerebrum from cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
has a blank and blank mater like spinal cord
pia, arachnoid
ventricles of the brain are spaces filled with blank
csf
there are two blank ventricles of the brain
lateral
2 lateral ventricles of brain are connected to the third ventricle by blank
interventricular foramen
the blank ventricle of the brain is connected to the fourth ventricle by the blank
third, central canal
the blank ventricle connected to central canal of the blank
fourth, spinal cord
three functions of cerebrospinal fluid
cushions, transport nutrients, transport wastes, supports brain
csf comes from blank
the brain
csf is formed in blank in the brain
choroid plexus
lobes located in the ventricles of the brain that consist of ependymal cells and permeable capillaries
choroid plexus
csf is taken from the blank by blank cells and pooled in the ventricles
blood, ependymal
csf moves throughout the entire blank
central nervous system
csf moves through blank in the fourth ventricles to blank space
apertures, subarachnoid space
csf is around the blank
subarachnoid space
csf is reabsorbed in the blank
sagittal sinus
large venous tube within the dura mater
sagittal sinus
sagittal sinus extends along the midline of the blank
cerebral hemispheres
arachnoid extends into sagittal sinus through blank
arachnoid granulation
in the sagittal sinus, csf goes back to blank
the blood
three functions of cerebrum
interpret sensory impulses, voluntary muscle movements, memory, reasoning process, intelligence, personality
cerebrum has two blank
hemispheres
two hemispheres of cerebrum are connected by blank
corpus callosum
two hemispheres of brain are separated by blank
longitudinal fissure
two hemispheres possess ridges (blank) and grooves (blank)
gyri, sulci
hemispheres of cerebrum receives blank and generates blank information to the blank side of the body
sensory, motor, opposite
hemispheres of cerebrum communicate by the blank
corpus callosum
cell somas of the cerebrum are located at outer regions of cerebral blank
lobes
cell somas of cerebrum are centralized in masses called blank
basal nuclei
cell somas are blank matter
gray
myelinated axons are blank matter
white
three types of cerebral white matter
commissural fibers, association fibers, projection fibers
cerebral white matter that connect corresponding gray areas on different hemispheres
commissural fibers
cerebral white matter that connect different parts of same hemisphere
association fibers
cerebral white matter that connect cerebrum to lower brain areas
projection fibers
these are named after the bone they are found under
cerebral lobes
four lobes of cerebrum
parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital
one cerebral lobe is blank
deep
the deep cerebral lobe
insula
cerebral lobes are separated by special blank
sulci
three sulci of cerebrum
central, lateral, parieto-occipital
cerebral sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
central sulcus
cerebral sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the temporal and is the most obvious
lateral sulcus
cerebral sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital
parieto-occipital sulcus
region of the cerebrum that deals with conscious motor control of skeletal muscle
primary motor cortex
primary motor cortex is blank to central sulcus in the frontal lobe
anterior
speech, eye movements, and learned motor skills are driven by this cerebral region
primary motor cortex
primary motor cortex is in the blank lobe
frontal
this cerebral region is posterior to central sulcus and is in the parietal lobe
primary sensory cortex
primary sensory cortex deals with somatic blank information of touch, pain, pressure
sensory
this cerebral allows you to monitor the environment consciously
primary sensory cortex
this means tiny person
homunculus
four sensory cortexes
visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory
sensory cortex in occipital lobe
visual
auditory cortex is in the blank lobe
temporal
one associated with most large motor or sensory cortexes
association areas
four association areas
somatic sensory, somatic motor, visual, auditory
association area that you can train in your brain
somatic motor
high order integrative regions
cerebral regions
cerebral region that is for abstract intellectual function like predictions and problem solving
prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex controls blank context and blank
emotional, motivation
timing is another thing done by the blank
prefrontal cortex
a removal of the prefrontal cortex of the brain
prefrontal lobotomy
people who have blank or blank have trouble with emotional context
ausberger’s, autism
cerebral region that regulates breathing and vocalization
broca’s speech center
broca’s speech center works with the blank
general interpretive area
cerebral region that is for interpretation of both written and verbal language and detects sentence structure and word linkage
general interpretive area
damage to either of the cerebral regions results in some sort of blank
aphasia
higher order integrative regions may be different between blank
hemispheres
hemisphere that speech, writing, and general interpretive area
categorical
hemisphere that is for identification of familiar objects, touch, spatial analysis, and emotional relevance
representational
blank people tend to have their categorical hemisphere on the blank and vice versa
right-handed, left
masses of gray matter deep in cerebral hemisphere
basal nuclei
basal nuclei act as a blank station for motor impulses starting in cerebral cortex and passing to blank and blank
relay, brain stem, spinal cord
two basal nuclei
claustrum, lentiform nucleus
basal nuclei that focuses visual attention
claustrum
basal nuclei that processes unconscious visual info
claustrum
basal nuclei that controls and adjusts muscle tone
lentiform nucleus
two more basal nuclei
caudate nucleus, amygdaloid nucleus
basal nuclei that has a massive head and slender tail
caudate nucleus
the caudate nucleus maintains blank and blank of movement
pattern, rhythm
basal nuclei that is at the tip of the caudate tail
amygdaloid nucleus
amygdaloid nucleus is part of the blank system
limbic
four parts of the diencephalon
epithalamus, posterior pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus
called the pineal gland and produces melatonin
epithalamus
diencephalon part that is central to the cerebrum
thalamus
two major blanks of the thalamus
bodies
thalamus is part of the blank system
limbic
all blank has to go through the thalamus
information
thalamus connects blank and blank
basal nuclei, cerebral cortex
the thalamus sends blank information to proper location within cerebrum
sensory
the hypothalamus is located blank
below thalamus
the hypothalamus is above and connected to the posterior blank
pituitary gland
hypothalamus does blank control of skeletal muscle
subconscious
hypothalamus blank autonomic nervous system
coordinates
hypothalamus is the connection between the blank and blank systems
endocrine, nervous
the hypothalamus directly produces blank
hormones
the hypothalamus produces blank drives
behavioral
hypothalamus regulates blank
body temperature
hypothalamus controls sleep patterns like blank
circadian rhythms
part of the brain that is called the midbrain and connects the brain stem and spinal cord with higher areas
mesencephalon
mesencephalon act as blank centers
relay
mesencephalon contain blank that connects third and fourth ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
parts of the mesencephalon (4)
cerebral peduncles, red nucleus, substantia nigra, corpora quadrigemina
part of mesencephalon that contains only blank fibers and no nuclei
connecting, cerebral peduncles
part of mesencephalon that is highly vascularized and connects the cerebrum to the cerebellum
red nucleus
two things that the red nucleus controls
posture, reflexes
part of mesencephalon that controls and integrates the motor output of the basal nuclei
substantia nigra
substantia nigra produces blank
dopamine
deterioration of the substantia nigra may lead to blank
parkinson’s disease
loss of control of voluntary motor function
parkinson’s disease
olfactory cortex is located in the blank lobe
temporal
gustatory cortex is located in the blank lobe
insula and frontal
part of the mesencephalon that has the superior and inferior colliculi
corpora quadrigemina
receives visual input from thalamus in corpora quadrigemina
superior colliculi
receives auditory input from medulla in the corpora quadrigemina
inferior colliculi
rounded bulge on the underside of the brain stem
pons
pons separates blank from blank
midbrain, medulla
the pons is made of masses of blank matter and blank fibers
gray, nerve
pons blank impulses to and from blank and blank
relays, medulla, cerebrum
pons regulates blank
depth of breathing
this has two hemispheres and is below the cerebrum
cerebellum
two hemispheres of cerebellum are separated by blank and connected by blank
falx cerebelli, vermis
the cerebellum is mainly blank matter and is controlled by the blank
white, arbor vitae
cerebellum integrates blank information about the blank of body parts
sensory, position
cerebellum coordinates blank activities
muscle
cerebellum fine tunes blank and blank movements
voluntary, involuntary
this is a point of connection for several cranial nerves and goes from the foramen magnum to the pons
medulla oblongata
oval swellings of medulla oblongata
olivary nucleus
two reflex centers of the medulla oblongata
cardiovascular center, respiratory rhythmicity center
reflex center of medulla that adjusts blood flow and heart rate
cardiovascular center
reflex center for basic pace of respiratory movements in medulla
respiratory rhythmicity center
network of nerve fibers associated with islands of gray matter
reticular formation
reticular formation blank areas with fibers in all major tracts
interconnects
reticular formation regulates these motor activities
sleep, wakefullness
inc activity means
wakefulnesss
dec activity means
sleep
nuclei and tracts along the border of cerebrum and diencephalon
limbic system
three parts of cerebrum are part of the limbic system
limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdaloid body
deep to all other lobes and is part of limbic system
limbic lobe
nucleus within limbic lobe
hippocampus
the limbic system establishes blank states and related blank drives
emotional, behavioral
limbic system links intellectual functions of blank to unconscious functions of blank brain
cortex, lower
the limbic system facilitates blank storage
memory
there are 12 blank nerves
cranial
all cranial nerves originate from the blank except the first pair
brain stem
cranial nerve for smell and passes through the blank
olfactory, cribriform plate
cranial nerve for vision and passes through the optic blank
vision, foramina
cranial nerve that moves the majority of eye muscles
oculomotor
cranial nerve that is the smallest pair and controls superior oblique muscles of eye only
trochlear
cranial nerve that is the largest and has three branches that controls face, pallet, eye, teeth
trigeminal
cranial nerve that controls the lateral rectus eye muscles only and comes from pons
abducens
cranial nerve that comes from pons and has taste receptors on tongue and has muscles for facial expression
facial
cranial nerve that comes from the auditory nerve from the medulla and has two parts that is sensitive to position of head and is interpreted as hearing
vestibulocochlear
cranial nerve that helps swallowing
glossopharyngeal
cranial nerve that is from medulla to chest and abdomen and is for speech and swallowing and controls the heart, lungs, esophagus (viscerals)
vagus
cranial nerve with two branches that controls musculature of throat
accessory
cranial nerve that also controls tongue and neck musculature and near chin
hypoglossal
the connective tissue layer that surrounds individual muscle fascicles is the blank
perimysium
what is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
the storage of calcium ions
Wallerian degeneration forms a blank where an axon grows
hollow tube
True or false, muscle fibers or glands may occur postsynaptic
TRUE
inserting a needle between L1 and L2 instead of L3 and L4 would impale blank
conus medularis
a bundle of axon in cns is
tract
t or f the h band shrinks during contraction
TRUE
t or f the filum terminale is the inferior most region of spinal cord
FALSE
two types of sensory/motor pathways
ascending, descending
sensory/motor pathway that conducts sensory impulses
ascending
sensory/motor pathway that conducts motor impulses
descending
sensory and motor pathways blank in complexity
vary
three sensory pathways
first order neuron, second order, third order
sensory patthway that sends info to CNS
first order neuron
sensory pathway that receives impulses from first; spinal cord or brain stem
second order
sensory pathway that carries signal from thalamus to cerebral cortex
third order
how many somatic motor mathways
2
how many autonomic motor pathways
three
somatic motor pathway that is in the CNS
upper motor neuron
somatic motor pathway that is from the CNS to effector
lower motor neurons
autonomic motor pathway that is in CNS
upper motor neuron
autonomic motor pathway that is from CNS to peripheral ganglion
preganglionic neuron
autonomic motor pathway that is from ganglion to effector
postganglionic neuron
ascending pathway where the sides cross in medulla
posterior column pathway
posterior column pathway is for sensory impulses from blank, muscles, tendons, and blank
skin, joints
posterior column pathway perceives things like fine blank, pressure, and body blank
touch, positino
ascending pathway where sides cross in the spinal cord
spinothalamic pathway
two tracts of the spinothalamic pathway
lateral, anterior
tract of the spinothalamic pathway that is for sensation of pain and temperature
lateral
spinothalamic pathway tract that is for sensation of crude touch and pressure
anterior tract
ascending pathways go from blank nerves to blank
spinal, cerebral cortex
ascending pathway that is for proprioception for fine coordination
spinocerebellar
two tracts of the spinocerebellar pathway
anterior, posterior
tract of spinocerebellar pathway where sides cross in spinal cord
anterior
tract of spinocerebellar pathway that does not cross over
posterior tract
in the spinocerebellar pathway there is no synapse in the blank
thalamus
the spinocerebellar pathway never makes it to the blank and is for blank processing
cortex, subconscious
descending pathway that has the corticobubular tract, lateral corticospinal tract, and anterior corticospinal tract
corticospinal
tract of corticospinal pathway that has motor cranial nerves
corticobubular tract
tract of corticospinal pathway that has motor spinal nerves and crosses over in medulla
lateral corticospinal tract
corticospinal pathway tract that has motor spinal nerves and does not cross over
anterior corticospinal tracts
descending pathway that stimulate and inhibit same lower motor neurons as corticospinal
medial pathway
descending pathway that is for muscle tone and precise movements of distal upper limb
lateral pathway
lateral pathway stimulates and inhibits same lower motor neurons as blank
corticospinal
tract of the lateral pathway that starts in the red nucleus and crosses over
rubrospinal tracts
rubrospinal tracts extend to blank region of the spinal cord
cervical
three descending pathways
medial, lateral, corticospinal
three tracts of medial pathway
tectospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal
three tracts of corticospinal pathway
corticobulbar, anterior corticospinal, lateral corticospinal
lateral pathway tract
rubrospinal
this nervous system funcitons continuously and independently
autonomic nervous system
in the autonomic nervous system there is no blank effort needed
conscious
the autonomic nervous system controls blank activities
visceral
the autonomic nervous system has pathways with usually blank neuron(s)
two
the somatic nervous system usually has blank peripheral motor axon(s)
one
autonomic nervous system may result in additional blank and results in an additional blank
ganglia, synapse
the somatic nervous system has no peripheral blank or blank
synapsing, ganglia
two neurons of autonomic nerve fibers
preganglionic, postganglionic
two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic, parasympathetic
division of autonomic nervous system for stressful situations
sympathetic
division of the ANS that restores body to restful state
parasympathetic
sympathetic and parasympathetic may blank
work together
sympathetic and parasympathetic often work blank
antagonistically
certain blank may only be innervated by one of the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions
organs
the sympathetic ganglia is made of the blank of blank neurons
soma, postganglionic
two types of sympathetic ganglia
chain, collateral
sympathetic chain has blank on each side
one
fusion causes individual blank in the sympathetic chain
variability
there are no cervical blank neurons
sympathetic
there are cervical sympathetic blank
ganglia
the chain ganglion is innervated by presynaptic fibers from nerves blank to blank
T1 to L2
in chain preganglionic fibers, there is no cervical blank input
nerve
go to office hours if i don’t get it
okay
preganglionic fibers leave the blank nerve and enter the chain via the blank
spinal, white ramus
there are blank paths that a chain preganglionic impulse can take
three
chain postganglionic fibers exit via the blank
gray ramus
presynaptic fibers go straight through chain ganglion without blank
synapsing
three major collateral ganglia
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
collateral ganglia deal for the most part with blank processes
digestive
presynaptic fibers go through both the chain and collateral ganglia in this
adrenal medullae
adrenal medullae stimulate the production of the hormones blank and blank
epinephrine, norepinephrine
there are no blank fibers in the adrenal medullae
postganglionic
epinephrine and norepinephrine make up blank
adrenaline
two effects of sympathetic division
increases alertness, energy, euphoria, increased muscle tone
the central nervous system stimulates blank neurons
preganglionic
preganglionic neurons always release blank
ach
preganglionic neurons are known as blank synapse
cholinergic
preganglionic neurons stimulate blank neurons
postganglionic
postganglionic neurons release blank
adrenaline
adrenergic receptor that responds to both epinephrine and norepinephrine
alpha
adrenergic receptor alpha targest blank muscle
smooth
adrenergic receptor that only responds to epinephrine
beta
cholinergic receptors respond to blank
ach
in sympathetic nervous system, preganglionic fibers are blank and postganglionic fibers are blank
short, long
synapsing occurs in sympathetic chain or blank ganglia
collateral
preganglionic fiber releases blank
ach
postganglionic fibers release blank
norepinephrine
sympathetic division prepares body for blank
emergencies
sympathetic division effects are blank and persistent
widespread
division that originates from neurons in midbrain, pons, medulla, and sacral region of the spinal cord
parasympathetic
parasympathetic division exit the CNS via blank nerves and blank nerves
cranial, sacral
preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system go to the blank and blank glands
eyes, facial
preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system also includes cranial nerve blank
X - vagus
postganglionic fibers are blank and are close to or within target blank
short, organs
postganglionic fiber effects are much more blank
localized
two functions of parasympathetic division
constrict pupils, sexual arousal, stimulate defecation, secrete hormones
all neurons release blank in parasympathetic activation
ach
parasympathetic activation has blank effects
short lived
most organs receive blank from both divisions
innervation
sympathetic reaches the cranial area via blank
chain ganglia
parasympathetic reaches the cranial area via blank
cranial ganglia
sympathetic and parasympathetic mingle at blank such as these two examples
plexuses, cardiac plexus, esophageal plexus
simple functional units of the ANS and provide an autonomic motor response
visceral reflex
visceral reflexes are common for blank
digestive system
two types of visceral reflexes
long, short
type of visceral reflex that goes to the CNS for processing
long reflexes
visceral reflex that are processed in the autonomic ganglion
short reflexes
many control centers in the blank for control of autonomic activity
medulla
blank regulates body temperature in the ANS
hypothalamus
when a person is stressed, blank system and blank cortex control the ANS
limbic, cerebral
neurons in the spinal cord of the sympathetic division
T1-L2
on the sympathetic side there are blank ganglion, blank ganglion, and blank
chain, collateral, medulla
there are blank paths for a preganglionic fiber of sympathetic division
four
postganglionic fibers are blank in the sympathetic division
long
parasympathetic division is between these nerves
cervicles and sacrals
postganglionic fiber is blank in parasympathetic division
short
preganglionic fibers are blank in the parasympathetic division
long
sympathetic division postganglionic fibers are blank
adrenergic
the preganglionic fibers in both sympathetic and parasympathetic release blank
ach
a specialized cell that sends sensations to CNS
sensory receptor
two sensory receptors
tonic, Phasic
sensory receptor that is always sending signals to CNS
tonic
sensory receptor that becomes active only with changes in the conditions they monitor
Phasic
five types of receptors
chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors
area monitored by a single receptor cell
receptive field
each receptor responds to a specific stimulus which is called blank
receptor specificity
a photoreceptor will not respond to a blank stimulus
chemical
the sensory information arriving at the CNS
sensation
conscious awareness of sensation
perception
blank interprets impulses
brain
perception is the feeling that occurs when blank impulses are interpreted
sensory
occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to blank stimulation
continuous
sensory adaptation results in a reduction of blank
sensitivity
when sensory receptors decrease their level of activity
peripheral adaptation
two receptors of peripheral adaptation
fast adapting, slow adapting
sensory adaptation where sensory neurons are still active and CNS causes reduced perception
central adaptation
sensory information from receptors is blank
incomplete
humans do not have blank for every blank
receptor, stimulus
receptors have limited blank
ranges
stimulation of a sensory receptor requires a blank event that is interpreted
neural
these senses do not have specialized receptor cells or sensory organs
general senses
can have specialized receptor cells separate from the sensory neuron
special senses
special senses are structurally blank
more complex
special senses are usually in special blank
organs
three groups of general senses
exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors
general sense group that relays info about external environment
exteroceptors
general sense group that depict body position in space
proprioception
these receptors sense tissue damage
nociceptors
nociceptors perceive blank
pain
nociceptors are blank nerve endings with large receptive field
free
nociceptors are found everywhere except blank
brain
nociceptors provide a blank function
protective
nociceptors do not blank well
adapt
three types of pain
fast, slow, referred
prickling pain that is quick and induces a reflex and usually ends when stimulus ends
fast pain
type of pain that is burning and begins later, persists longer, and is achy
slow pain
type of pain that is visceral pain that feels like it is coming from a more superficial region
referred pain
example of a referred pain
brain freeze
referred pain is due to blank structures being innervated by the same blank nerves as the damaged viscera
superficial, spinal
pain in left arm before heart attack is blank pain
referred
receptors that involve heat and cold
thermoreceptors
thermoreceptors are free nerve endings in blank
skin
thermoreceptors are blank to adapt
quick
hot and cold is detected by blank but pain is detected by blank
thermoreceptors, nociceptors
six types of of tactile receptors in these two categories
unencapsulated, encapsulated
three types of unencapsulated tactile receptors
free nerve endings, root hair, tactile disc
unencapsulated tactile receptor that is in the papillary of dermis and is for general touch
free nerve endings
unencapsulated tactile receptor that monitors distoritions and movement across body surface
root hair
unencapsulated tactile receptor that is an expanded nerve terminal that synapses with Merkel cell and is sensitive to fine touch
tactile disc
three encapsulated tactile receptors
tactile corpuscles, lamellated corpuscle, ruffini corpuscle
encapsulated tactile receptor that is found where tactile sensitivities are very well developed
tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles
encapsulated tactile receptor that responds to deep pressure
lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
encapsulated tactile receptor that is in dermis and detects pressure with little adaptation
ruffini corpuscle
stretch receptors that monitor changes in pressure and detect stretching of tissue walls
baroreceptors
baroreceptors regulate blank activities
autonomic
two autonomic activities regulated by baroreceptors
digestive tract, bladder, carotid sinus, lung, colon
receptors that monitor position of joints, tension in tendons, state of muscle contraction
proprioceptors
proprioceptors have blank adaptation to stimulus
no
two types of proprioceptors
muscle spindles, golgi tendon organ
muscle spindle proprioceptors monitor blank of muscle
length
golgi tendon organ proprioceptors monitors blank in a tendon during contraction
tension
respond to substances dissolved in surrounding fluids
chemoreceptors
chemoreceptors monitor chemical composition of body blank
fluids
chemoreceptors are found inside the CNS and the blank
medulla
chemoreceptors are found in these two bodies
aortic, carotid
sense of smell
olfaction
olfactory organ is located within the blank cavity on either side of nasal septum
nasal
olfactory organ covers the blank of the ethmoid
cribriform plate
olfactory organ made up of olfactory blank
epithelium
three things in the olfactory epithelium
olfactory receptors, supporting cells, basal cells
olfactory cells are covered in secretions from blank
olfactory glands
olfactory receptors are highly modified blank neurons
bipolar
olfactory receptors have blank that extend into mucus secreted by olfactory glands
cilia
odorous particles dissolve into mucus and cause blank
depolarization
olfactory nerve does not go through blank
thalamus
smells can trigger blank
strong emotion
smells are interpreted in blank and blank lobes
temporal, frontal
there are blank primary smells
fifty
olfactory cells adapt blank
quickly
olfactory cells can blank but blank with age
reproduce, decrease
combinations of 50 primary smells allow us to distinguish blank of smells
thousands
taste sense
gustation
chemoreceptors in structures called blank in taste
taste buds
taste buds on superior surface of tongue in blank
papillae
epithelial projections where taste buds lie
papillae
three types of papillae
filiform, fungiform, circumvallate
there are about blank gustatory cells per taste bud
40
these replace receptors every 10 to 12 days
basal
gustatory cells extend blank called a taste hair into a taste pore
microvilli
gustatory pathway uses cranial nerves blank blank and blank
VII, IX, X
gustatory pathway has blank fibers that synapse with blank in medulla
afferent, nucleus solitarius
gustatory pathway goes to blank and blank
thalamus, cerebral cortex
primary tastes
sour, sweet, salt, bitter, water, umami
external structure supported elastic cartilage of external ear
auricle
canal to middle ear
external acoustic meatus
external ear ends at blank
tympanic membrane
these make wax in the external acoustic meatus
ceruminous glands
there are also blank in the external acoustic meatus
hairs
two functions of external ear
protect middle/inner ear, limit microorganism growth, funnel vibrations, deny access to foreign objects
middle ear consists of the blank which is an air filled space between external and inner ear
tympanic cavity
part of middle ear that can be induced by chewing or yawning
auditory tube
auditory tube allows for blank to get in and cause ear infection
microbes
most ear infections occur in the blank
middle ear
bones in the middle ear that transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to inner ear
ossicles
three ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
middle ear muscle that inserts on the malleus
tensor tympani
middle ear muscle that inserts on the stapes
stapedius
part of ear that is a series of tubes and cavities
inner ear
two sections of the inner ear
vestibule (balance), cochlea (hearing)
inner ear layer that contains endolymph fluid
membranous labyrinth
inner ear layer that is the dense bone layer of the temporal and contains perilymph fluid
bony (osseous) labyrinth
structure that converts vibrations to sound
cochlea
cochlea contacts the stapes at the blank
oval window
three ducts of the cochlea
scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani
scala vestibuli is divided by the blank
vestibular membrane
scala media is divided by the blank
basilar membrane
organ of corti is found on the blank
basilar membrane
three parts of the organ of corti
hair cells, cranial nerve 8, tectorial membrane
mechanoreceptors with stereocilia in the organ of corti
hair cells
cochlear branch contacts hair cells in the organ of corti
cranial nerve 8
positioned right above hair cell stereocilia in the organ of corti
tectorial membrane
when the oval window vibrates, the blank moves
perilymph
the cochlear branch of blank carries auditory sensations
cranial nerve 8
auditory sensations go to the blank, then travels to through the blank, then is processed in the blank
medulla, thalamus, auditory cortex of temporal lobe
high sounds are detected by blank parts of cochlea
large
low sounds are detected by blank parts of cochlea
small
three parts of the vestibule
semicircular canals, utricle, saccule
the semicircular canals surround the semicircular blank
ducts
semicircular canals have a blank at base
ampulla
each ampulla has a blank which attaches to a cupula
cristae
a blank is in the utricle/saccule
maculae
the blank has hair cells
cupula
when head is rotated, fluid moves through blank and fluid moves the blank so the hair cells stereocilia blanks, then blank occurs
canals, cupula, bends, depolarization
the maculae consists of these two things
hair cells, otoliths
small calcium carbonate crystals that is in a gel like substance
otolith
