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Gross Anatomy > Anatomy lecture 1: Intro to Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy lecture 1: Intro to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides body into R and L halves. Midsagittal: equal halves. Parasagittal= unequal.

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2
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides body into anterior/posterior.

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3
Q

Transverse (axial) Plane

A

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior/inferior. Sometimes called cross sections.

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4
Q

Functions of Skin (4)

A

1) Protection: against abrasion, serves as an immune response, and prevents dehydration
2) Temperature Regulation: Vasodilation, vasoconstriction, fat storage, or activation of sweat glands
3) Sensation
- Mechanoreceptors=touch
- Nociceptors=Pain
- Thermorecptors=Temp
4) Exocrine Secretions: sweat & Sebum

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5
Q

Skin Layers

A

1) Epidermis: outer protective layer consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (non-vascular).
2) Dermis: Dense connective/fibrous layer that gives skin thickness and support (vascular).

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6
Q

Fascia

A

CT sheet (may contain variable amnts. of fat) interconnects structures, provides conduit for vessles and nerves and provides sheath around structures to lessen friction.

Superficial: attached to and lies beneath dermis as a cushion.
Deep: Attached to deep surface of superficial fascia and ensheathes muscles.

(for Ref. epidermis -> dermis -> fat layer -> superficial fascia -> deep reticular fibers of skin -> deep Fascia -> Muscle)

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7
Q

Bone Shapes & Examples

A

1) Long- humerus/femur
2) Short-carpals
3) Flat (parietal/skull)
4) Irregular (vertebrae)
5) Sesamoid (patella)

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8
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articulate surface covers with articular (hyaline) cartilage

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9
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of a bone

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10
Q

Epicondyle

A

prominent ridge or eminence superior to condyle

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11
Q

Facet

A

Flat, smooth, articular surface usually covered with hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

Fissure

A

Very narrow, slit like opening in bone

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13
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval hole in bone for passage of another structure

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14
Q

Fossa

A

Cup like depression in bone usually for articulation with another bone

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15
Q

Groove

A

Furrow in the bone

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16
Q

Line

A

Fine linear ridge of bone (less prominent than crest)

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17
Q

Malleolus

A

Rounded eminence

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18
Q

Meatus

A

Passageway or canal in bone

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19
Q

Process

A

Bony prominence that may be sharp or blunt

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20
Q

Ramus

A

Thin part of bone that joins a thicker process of same bone.

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21
Q

Spine

A

Sharp process projecting from a bone

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22
Q

Trochanter

A

large, blunt process for muscle, tendon, or ligament attachment

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23
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, elevated process

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24
Q

Tuberosity

A

large, rounded eminence that may be course or rough

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25
Q

Joint types (3)

A

Fibrous, Cartilagenous, synovial

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26
Q

Fibrous (synarthroses) Joint

A

Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue (i.e. flat bones of skull)

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27
Q

Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses)

A

Bones joined by cartilage or by cartilage and fibrous tissues (i.e. growth plates)

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28
Q

Synovial (Diarthroses)

A

*most common, bones joined by cavity filled with synovial fluid & surrounded by capsule.

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29
Q

Types of synovial joints (6)

A

hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, plane, ball & socket

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30
Q

Hinge Joint (ginglymus)

A

synovial joint that moves on ONE axis for flexion and extension

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31
Q

Pivot Joint (torchlit)

A

synovial joint that moves on ONE axis for rotation

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32
Q

Saddle Joint

A

synovial joint that moves on TWO axis for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

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33
Q

Plane Joint (gliding)

A

synovial joint for gliding movements

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34
Q

Condyloid Joint (ellipsoid)

A

synovial joint that moves on TWO axis flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

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35
Q

Ball and Socket Joint (spheroid)

A

multi-axial joints for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, mediolateral rotation and circumduction

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36
Q

Muscle Types (3)

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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37
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

striated fibers attached to bone to move skeleton

38
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Striated fibers that make up walls of heart and proximal portions of veins.
involuntary, striated discs.

39
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

nonstriated, line various organ systems

40
Q

Origin

A

Skeletal muscle attachment: fixed/proximal attachment

41
Q

Insertion

A

muscles *movable/distal attachment (NOT always the most mobile but rule of thumb)

42
Q

Ligament

A

Connects bone to bone

43
Q

Bursa

A

lubricated cushions located at points of friction between bone and surrounding soft tissue

44
Q

Blood vessel types (4)

A

Arteries, veins, venules, portal venous system

45
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart (oxygenated *except pulmonary)

46
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back to heart (de-oxygenated *except pulmonary)

47
Q

Venules

A

Very small veins that collect blood from capillary beds

48
Q

Portal Venous systems

A

Transport blood between 2 capillary beds (I.e. Hepatic portal system)

49
Q

Blood Flow Circulation

A

Superior & Inferior Vena Cava -> R atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> R ventricle -> Pulmonary valve -> Pulmonary artery -> lungs -> L atrium -> Bicuspid/mitral valve -> L Ventricle -> aortic valve -> Aorta -> body

50
Q

Lymph

A

Watery fluid resembles plasma but contains fewer proteins and may contain fat, together with cells (lymphocytes and a few RBCs)

51
Q

Lymphocytes

A

cellular components of lymph (T and B cells

52
Q

Lymph Vessels

A

network of vessels and capillaries that transport lymph

53
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

collections of lymphoid tissue, including lymph nodes, aggreagtes of lymphoid tissue along respiratory and GI , tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow

54
Q

Lymphatic Drainage

A

75-80% lymph collects in THORACIC DUCT for delivery back to venous system

R LYMPHATIC DUCT- drains RUQ of body

Lymph nodes strategically placed to filter lymph as it moves toward venous system.

55
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal chord

56
Q

PNS

A

somatic, autonomic, enteric nerves in periphery

57
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve Cells

information comes across synapses and enter axons

synapses occur on dendrited or soma (cell body)

58
Q

Types of neurons (3)

A
  1. Motor (somatic [skeletal] or visceral [smooth/cardiac]) **Efferent
  2. Sensory: convert *Afferent impulses from peripheral receptors to CNS (Somatic [paint, temp, touch, pressure, proprioception] or visceral [pain/nauseau])
  3. Interneurons: convey impulses between sensory and motor neurons in CNS *99% of all neruons
59
Q

Glial Cells

A

support neruons in CNS and PNS

60
Q

Types of Glial cells (5)

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, schwan cells

61
Q

Astrocytes

A

glial cell that is most numerous. physical and metabolic support for CNS neurons, can become reactive during CNS injury. Release growth factors and other bioactive molecules and contribute to formation od BBB.

62
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form and maintain myelin in CNS

63
Q

Microglia

A

smallest and rare. phagocytic cells that participate in inlammatory responses. remodel and remove synapses and response to injury.

64
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

line ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord. Contain CSF

65
Q

Schwann Cells

A

glial cells of PNS: surround all axons and provide trophic suppors, facilitate regrowth of PNS axons and clean away cellular debris.

66
Q

Peripheral Nerve Structure

A

consist of fibers with axons (efferent and afferent) separated by schwaan cells or myelinated by a multilayered wrapping of continuous schwann cell membrane (myelin sheath)

  • Endoneurium: thin sleeve surrounds axons and schwaan cells
  • Perineurium: dense layer encirbles a bundle of nerve fibers (fascile)
  • Epineruium: outer thick seath that encirclbes bundles of fascles *can be see grossly
67
Q

Meninges

A

1) Dura Matter: thick, outtermost, rich in sensory nerve fibers
2) Arachnoid Matter: finer, web like avascular membrane (beneath dura)

~subarachnoid space with CSF~

3) Pia: delicate membrane of CT that intimatels envelopes brain and spinal cord

68
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

olfactory

69
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

Optic

70
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

oculomotor

71
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

trochlear (extra occular muscles)

72
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

trigeminal (sensory face)

73
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

Abducens (extra occular muscles)

74
Q

Cranial Nere VII

A

Facial (muscles)

75
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear (auditory)

76
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal (taste, sensory, motor)

77
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Vagus (motor, sensory)

78
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

Accessory (sternoclydemastoid, Trapezius)

79
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal (tongue)

80
Q

Spinal cord

A

31 pairs of nerves, form 2 branches (rami)

81
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

branch of nerves dorsal to back, conveys motor and sensory information to and from skin and intrinsic back muscles

82
Q

Anterior Ramus

A

branch of nerves larger than dorsal ramus, laterally and ventrally innervates all remaining skin and skeletal muscles of neck, limbs, and trunk

83
Q

Cervical spinal nerves

A

8

84
Q

thoracic spinal nerves

A

12

85
Q

lumbar spinal nerves

A

5

86
Q

sacral spinal nerves

A

5

87
Q

coccyx spinal nerves

A

1

88
Q

PNS

A

Somatic NS: sensory and motor fibers to skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

Autonomic: sensory and motor fibers to all smooth muscle and glands

Enteric: plexuses and ganglia of GI tract that regulate bowel secretion, absorption, and motility

89
Q

Dermatome

A

unilateral area of skin innervated by somatic sensory fibers from a single spinal cord level is

90
Q

ANS divisons

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

91
Q

sympathetic

A

thoraculoumbar division

Preganglionic neurons exit T1-L2 spinal cord in anterior root -> spinal nerve -> via white ramus communicans at sympathetic chain (runs form base of skull to coccyx)

-adrenergic (acetylcholine or norepinephrine) = fight or flight response

92
Q

parasympathetic

A

craniosacral division

Preganglionic neurons from CN III, VII, IX, X and sacral at S2-S4

cholinergic neurones, acetylcholine is primary NTMS

rest and digest

Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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