Anatomy Lab Week 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Diaphragm origin
A
Xiphoid process, internal surfaces of seventh to twelfth costal cartilages and adjacent ribs, medial and lateral arcuate ligaments, L1-L3 vertebrae
2
Q
Diaphragm insertion
A
Central tendon
3
Q
Diaphragm action
A
Primary muscle of respiration
4
Q
Diaphragm Innervation and blood supply
A
Motor: phrenic nerve C3-C5, sensory: phrenic nerves and lower intercostal nerves
Superior and inferior phrenic, pericardiacophrenic, and musculophrenic arteries
5
Q
External intercostal m. Origin
A
Inferior border of first to eleventh ribs
Same for innermost intercostals
6
Q
External intercostal m. Insertion
A
Superior borders of ribs immediately below origin sites
Same for innermost intercostals
7
Q
External intercostal m. Action
A
Elevate ribs at costovertebral joints
Provide structural support to intercostal spaces
Same for innermost intercostals
8
Q
External intercostal m. Innervation and blood supply
A
Anterior rami of thoracic nerves
Posterior intercostal aa., collateral branches of posterior intercostal aa., anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic artery, musculophrenic a.
Same for innermost intercostals
9
Q
Internal intercostal m. Location
A
Superficial to subcostal muscles, anterior rami of thoracic nerves, and intercostal vessels
Deep to external intercostal
Lateral to superior costotransverse ligaments
10
Q
Internal intercostal m. Function
A
Structural support for intercostal spaces
11
Q
Transverse thoracis m. Origin
A
Posteriolateral aspects of the body and xiphoid process of sternum
12
Q
Transverse thoracis m. insertion
A
Internal surfaces of second to sixth costal cartilages and costal ends of adjacent ribs
13
Q
Transverse thoracis m. Action
A
Depresses ribs and their costal cartilages
14
Q
Transverse thoracis m. Innervation and blood supply
A
Anterior rami of thoracic nerves
Anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic a.
15
Q
Intercostal nn.
A
T2-T3- send some fibers to medial cord
T4-T6- skin and muscles of thorax
T7-T11- skin and muscles of thorax and abdomen
T12- abdominal skin and musculature
16
Q
Vagus n. Origin
A
Medulla oblongata of brain stem
17
Q
Vagus n. Course
A
Laterally from brain stem to jugular foramen , emerges posterior to internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery. Goes to root of neck and on either side of trachea and esophagus
18
Q
Vagus n. Supplies
A
Sensory, motor, Parasympathetic
19
Q
Left recurrent laryngeal n. Origin
A
Vagus nerve
20
Q
Left recurrent laryngeal n. Course
A
Crosses under, then posterior to subclavian artery (right) or aortic arch (left), ascending lateral to trachea, ending in larynx
21
Q
Left recurrent laryngeal n. Branches
A
Tracheal, esophageal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal
22
Q
Left recurrent laryngeal n.
A
Sensory, motor, parasympathetic
23
Q
Phrenic n. Origin
A
Anterior rami of third-fifth cervical nerves
24
Q
Phrenic n. Course
A
Inferiorly in neck, anteriorly to anterior scalene through thoracic aperture, lateral to fibrous pericardium , terminating on diaphragm
25
Phrenic n. Branches
Pericardial and phrenicoadbominal branches
26
Phrenic n. Supply
Motor to diaphragm
Sensory to diaphragm, pleura, pericardium, inferior vena cava and peritoneum
27
Ascending aorta location
Sits in fibrous pericardium
Sits between right atrium and superior vena cava on right hand side and left atrium and pulmonary trunk on left hand side
28
Ascending aorta function
Thick muscular wall and high elastin due to high pressure
Gives off to right and left coronary arteries that provide arterial supply to heart
29
Aortic arch
Transmits oxygenated blood from ascending aorta to descending aorta, eventually distributed to thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, and lower limb regions
Three branches: brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
30
Descending aorta (thoracic)
Continues with aortic arch
Descends in posterior mediastinum between T4-T12 vertebrae
Supplies thoracic viscera, thoracic wall and respiratory diaphragm
31
Internal thoracic a. Origin
Subclavian a.
32
Internal thoracic a. Course
Descends in thorax
33
Internal thoracic a. Branches
Anterior intercostal, thymic, musculophrenic, preicardiacophrenic and superior epigastric aa.
34
Internal thoracic a. Supplied structures
Structures of the thoracic and abdominal walls, thymus, sternum and skin
35
Anterior intercostal aa.
Six pairs
Originate from internal thoracic a.
Anastomoses with posterior intercostal aa.
Supplies intercostal and pectoral muscles, breasts, and skin
36
Musculophrenic a. Origin
Internal thoracic a
37
Musculophrenic a. Course
Inferolateral behind seventh to ninth costal cartilages
38
Musculophrenic a. Branches
Lower anterior intercostal aa.
39
Musculophrenic a. Supplied structures
Intercostal muscles, diaphragm, pericardium and abdominal muscles
40
Superior epigastric a. Origin
Internal thoracic a.
41
Superior epigastric a. Course
Descends within rectus sheath
42
Superior epigastric a. Supplied structures
Anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
43
Left coronary artery origin
Proximal portion of ascending aorta
44
Left coronary a. Course
Within coronary sulcus
45
Left coronary a. Branches
Circumflex and anterior interventricular aa.
46
Left coronary a. Supplied structures
Left atrium, most of left ventricle, part of right ventricle, anterior two thirds of interventricular septum , atrioventricular bundle, and sinuatrial node
47
Anterior interventricular a.
Left coronary artery
Descends within coronary sulcus
48
Anterior interventricular a. Branches
Diagonal, anterior septal, right and left atrial and ventricular branches
49
Anterior ventricular a. Supplied structures
Anterior portions of right and left ventricle, anterior two thirds of interventricular septum
50
Circumflex branch of left coronary a. Origin
Left coronary a.
51
Circumflex branch of left coronary a. Course
Within coronary sulcus from anterior to posterior heart
52
Circumflex branch of left coronary a. Branches
Atrial, left marginal, posterior left ventricular branches
53
Circumflex branch of left coronary a. Supplied structures
Left atrium and ventricle
54
Pericardiacophrenic a. Origin
Internal thoracic a.
55
Pericardiacophrenic a. Course
Inferiorly through middle mediastinum
56
Pericardiacophrenic a. Supplied structures
Pericardium, respiratory diaphragm , and mediastinal part of parietal pleura
57
Pulmonary trunk
Begins anterior and to the right of ascending aorta. Travels posterior, inferior to aortic arch and ends at T5 vertebra where it divides into left and right pulmonary arteries
Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
58
Right coronary a.origin
Proximal portion of ascending aorta
59
Right coronary a. Course
Runs in coronary sulcus from anterior aspect of heart to posterior interventricular sulcus
60
Right coronary a. Branches
Conus, atrial and ventricular branches
61
Right coronary a. Supplied structures
Right atrium, most of right ventricle, some of left ventricle, posterior surface of interventricular septum, sinuatrial node, and atrioventricular node
62
Posterior interventricular a. Origin
Right coronary a.
63
Posterior interventricular a. Course
Inferiorly within posterior within interventricular sulcus towards the apex
64
Posterior interventricular a. Supplied structures
Posterior one third of interventricular septum and adjacent portion of right and left ventricles
65
Right marginal branch of right coronary a. Origin
Right coronary a.
66
Right marginal branch of right coronary a. Course
Inferiorly along right cardiac border of right ventricle
67
Right marginal branch of right coronary a. Supplied structures
Contributes to supply of right ventricle
68
Anterior cardiac vv. Origin
Along Right ventricle
69
Anterior cardiac vv. Course
Around right coronary a., draining into right atrium
70
Anterior cardiac vv. Drainage
Anterior aspect of right ventricle
71
Anterior intercostal veins
Drain the anterior intercostal spaces into the musculophrenic and internal thoracic veins
Anastomoses with posterior intercostal veins
72
Coronary sinus origin
Posterior interventricular region
73
Coronary sinus course
Along inferior surface of heart in region of coronary sulcus and runs through myocardium to drain into right atrium
74
Coronary sinus drainage
External aspect of myocardium of heart
75
Great cardiac v, origin
Anterior interventricular sulcus
76
Great cardiac v. Course
Superiorly within anterior interventricular sulcus and then with the coronary sulcus to the coronary sinus
77
Great cardiac v. Drainage
Left ventricle
78
Inferior vena cava origin
Unjointed of the right and left common iliac veins
79
Inferior vena cava course
Superiorly along right side of anterior lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae.
Asses through caval opening of diaphragm at T8, drains into right atrium of heart
80
Inferior vena cava drainage
Structure of lower limb, pelvis, perineum and abdomen
81
Internal thoracic v. Origin
Continuum of musculophrenic and superior epigastric veins
82
Internal thoracic v. Course
Superiorly to corresponding brachiocephalic vein
83
Internal thoracic v. Drainage
Intercostal space, sternum and skin
84
Middle cardiac v.origin
Cardiac apex
85
Middle cardiac v. Course
Superiorly within posterior interventricular sulcus
86
Middle cardiac v. Drainage
Inferior surface of the heart
87
Pulmonary vv.
Three lobular veins on right side, two on the left side
Form four pulmonary veins that drain into left atrium of heart (right and left superior and inferior pulmonary veins)
88
Small cardiac v. Origin
Along right atrium
89
Small cardiac v. Course
Within posterior portion of coronary sulcus
90
Small cardiac v. Drainage
Right atrium and ventricle
91
Superior vena cava
Descends vertically and opens into the right atrium at the level of the right third costal cartilage
Venous return of deoxygenated blood from regions of the body above the diaphragm
Formed by union of brachiocephalic veins (head, neck, upper limb)
Receives azygos vein (posterior thoracic wall)
92
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Muscular potion forms majority, membrane portion is upper and thinner
Ensures division of right and left ventricles, structural support from heart and contains nerve fibers
93
Aortic (semilunar) valve
Fibrous aortic ring plus three semilunar leaflets (right, left, noncoronary)
Endocardium
Permitted unidirectional flow of oxygenated blood from left ventricle to aorta
Close in diastole when ventricles filling with blood, open in systole where blood is rushed to aorta
94
Apex of heart
Lowest superficial part
Directed downward, forward, and to the left
95
Base of heart
Posterior part of heart formed by both atria, mostly the left
Directed backward, to the right
Separated from vertebral column by esophagus and aorta
96
Coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus
Groove on surface of heart that separated atria from ventricles
97
Left atrium
Thicker muscular walls than right side
Does not contain crista terminalis
Does contain pectinate muscles
Receives oxygenated blood from from lungs via pulmonary vein during ventricular systole .
98
Left auricle
Distinct ouch in exterior of heart and overlaps pulmonary trunk
Narrower with smaller muscles than right side
Remnant of fetal left atrium
99
Left ventricle
Covered by irregular columnar projections called trabeculae carneae
Contracts during ventricular systole , forcing oxygenated blood through aortic valve and into aorta
100
Opening for inferior vena cava
Lowest part of the atrium, near the atrial septum
Opening Directed upward and backward , guarded by rudimentary valve
101
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Separates ventricles of heart on the diaphragmatic surface of heart near right margin
102
Right atrium
Posterior wall smooth, anterior wall rough with pectinate muscles
Receives deoxygenated blood via superior vena cava and coronary sinus
During atrial diastole , gets filled with deoxygenated blood. During atrial systole, blood is rushed to right ventricle
103
Right auricle
Sits over base of ascending aorta and contains pectinate muscle
104
Right ventricle
Forms majority of anterior surface of the heart
Inlet contains tricuspid valve
Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium during atrial systole (ventricular diastole)
Moves blood through pulmonary trunk to pulmonary artery during ventricular systole
105
Diaphragmatic surface
Forms roughly straight plane or slight concavity that projects go left and slightly inferiorly to apex of heart
106
Left pulmonary surface of heart
Left side of heart
107
Right pulmonary surface of heart
Right side of heart
108
Sternocostal surface of heart
Anterior surface
109
Interatrial septum
Thin wall of tissue, separated right and left atria of heart
110
Left atrioventricular (biscupid, mitral) valve
Between left atrium and left ventricle
Two leaflets
Open during ventricular systole, close during diastole
111
Opening for pulmonary vv.
Open into the upper part of the posterior surface of the left atrium, two on either side of its middle line; they are not provided with valves. The two left veins frequently end by common opening
112
Valve of foramen ovale
Small flap of tissue that came from septum primum at birth
Closes and opens in response to pressure gradients between left and right atria for some patients
113
Aortic sinuses
Sinuses of Valsalva
Widenings between wall of aorta and each of the three cusps of the aortic valve
Provide spaces behind open aortic leaflets so that the leaflets don’t occlude the coronary artery orifices
Left, right and posterior
114
Chordae tendineae
Fibrocollagenous bands that connect free margins of atrioventricular valve leaflets to apical one third of papillary muscles
Prevent leaflets from prolapsing when blood is being ejected from ventricle
115
Papillary mm.
Pillar like muscles seen within cavity of the ventricles
Attach to cusps of atrioventricular valves via Chordae tendineae
116
Trabeculae carneae
Rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from inner surface of the right and left ventricles.
Different from pectinate muscles which are in the atria
117
Crista terminalis
C shaped ridge located in endocardial aspect of right atrium of heart
Posterolateral wall of right atrium from orifice of superior vena cava to orifice of inferior vena cava
118
Fossa ovalis
Depression in right atrium of heart at interatrial septum. Remnant of this fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development
119
Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
Supported by and attached to chordae tendeneae which attaches to papillary muscles
Opens during atrial systole and closes during diastole
120
Pectinate surface
Found on anterior surface of right and left atrium walls and auricles
Parallel bars that run in anterolateral direction
Can stretch to increase surface area and thus atrial volume
121
Conus arteriosus (infundibulum)
Smooth walled outflow tract of right ventricle
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Structural support for pulmonary valve
122
Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)
Contains right branch of atrioventricular bundle
Extends from lower potion of interventricular septum to base of anterior papillary muscle
Contracts during ventricular systole , coordination contraction of anterior papillary muscle, aids in coordinated ventricular contraction
123
Apex of lung
Lies above the first rib. Anterior border corresponds to the pleural reflection, creates cardiac notch in left lung
124
Bronchial aa.
Supply bronchi and lower tracheae, distributed also to adjacent lymph nodes and pulmonary vessels
Arise from thoracic descending aorta, drained by pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood, do not partake in gas exchange
125
Cardiac notch
Concavity in the inferomedial left lung that forms to accommodate the heart
126
Horizontal (transverse) fissure
Separated right upper lobe from the right middle lobe
127
Oblique (major) fissure
Divide the lung on both sides into upper and lower lobes
Upper lobe on right further divided by horizontal fissure
128
Lingula
The lip or tongue like projection of the upper lobe of the left lung that is analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung (absent in left due to position of heart)
129
Superior lobar bronchi
Arises as a branch from the main bronchus. Enters lung anterolaterally
Accompanied by superior lobar artery to lung
130
Middle lobar bronchus
Arises from bronchus intermedius , continuation of right main bronchus
Passes anterolateral to enter middle lobe of right lung
Accompanied by middle lobar artery
131
Inferior lobar bronchus
Arises from main bronchus. Continues inferiorly
132
Superior lobe
Right and leg lung upper most lobe
Larger on left lung
133
Middle lobe
Only present in right lung under superior lobe
134
Inferior lobe
Left and right lung, bottom most portions
135
Main (primary) bronchus
Larger for right lung
Right main bronchus has three secondary lobar bronchi
Left main bronchus has two secondary lobar bronchi
136
Pulmonary aa.
Carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
137
Pleura
Surrounds right and left lungs
Supplied by internal thoracic, intercostal, and bronchial aa.
Venous drainage to azygos system, pulmonary and bronchiol veins
Innervate by pulmonary plexus, anterior rami of thoracic nerves, branches of phrenic nerve
138
Pleural cavities
Fluid filled space that surround the lung. Found in thorax, separating lungs from surrounding structures
Bounded by double layered serous membrane called pleura
139
Costodiaphragmatic recess (pleural recesses)
Describes the sharp gutter at the junction of costal and diaphragmatic pleurae in each pleural cavity
Act as potential spaces.
Assists lung expansion during deep inspiration
140
Costomediastinal recess
Assists lung expansion during deep inspiration
Smaller than Costodiaphragmatic recess
Potential space at the border of the mediastinal pleura and costal pleura
141
Cervical pleura (pleural capsule)
Covers superior aspect of lung, apex.
Ascends from internal surface of the first rib to tip of apex of lung, then courses inferiorly down lateral aspect of tracheae continuous with mediastinal pleura
142
Costal pleura
Covers internal aspect of sternum, ribs, vertebral bodies, and innermost intercostal muscles and costal cartilages
Continues inferiorly along rib cage when it is continuous with diaphragmatic pleura
143
Diaphragmatic pleura
Molded into a dome shape, lines majority of superior aspect of respiratory diaphragm
144
Mediastinal pleura
Sits on lateral aspect of mediastinum
145
Visceral pleura
Visceral pleura surrounds the lung
Supplied by bronchial aa.
Venous drainage to bronchial vv.
Innervation by pulmonary plexus
Inner visceral layer, outer parietal layer
146
Anterior mediastinum
Area in the front part of the chest between the lungs
Located of thymus
147
Burification of tracheae
Point at which the tracheae divides into, and if continuous with the two main principal bronchi
148
Ligamentum arteriosum
Embryological remnant that connects aortic arch to pulmonary trunk at its point of Burification
In fetal life, called ductus arteriosus, shunts blood away from undeveloped lungs to systemic circulation
Vestigial piece in adults
149
Middle mediastinum
Contains heart and its great vessel roots, tracheae, and main bronchi
Contains aorta, pulmonary trunk, Pericardiacophrenic aa
Contains superior vena cava, pulmonary vein, pericardiacophrenic veins
Area between the lungs
150
Posterior mediastinum
Irregular triangular shape running parallel within the vertebral column. Bounded in front by pericardium above and by posterior surface of diaphragm below
Contains thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, lymphatic trunks, posterior mediastinal lymph nodes, azygos and hemiazygos veins, esophagus, and esophageal nerve plexus
151
Oblique pericardial sinus
Cul-de-sac along posterior left atrial wall and bounded by the pericardial reflections of the left and right pulmonary veins and superiorly by the transverse sinus / LA roof
152
Transverse pericardial sinus
Transverse communication between left and right parts of the pericardial space proper behind the two outflow arteries of the heart
153
Fibrous pericardium
Ensures stability by attaching to surrounding sternum, vertebral column and diaphragm , provides a physical limit to prevent excessive dilation or overfilling in certain types of heart failure
154
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Inner layer of pericardium
Attached to internal lining of fibrous pericardium
Aids in production of serous fluid secreted into pericardial sac thus permitting friction free movement of the heart within the thoracic cavity
155
Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)
Innermost layer that adheres to cardiac tissue as the epicardium
Innervate by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers from the vagus nerve, insensitive to pain
Like parietal layer, aids in production of serous fluid secreted into pericardial sac
156
Superior mediastinum
Space bound anteriorly by Manubrium of sternum and posteriorly by bodies of T1-T4 vertebrae.
Contains thymus, trachea, esophagus
Aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, arch of the azygos, thoracic duct
157
Costal cartilages
Form anterior continuations of the ribs, upper seven join sternum directly
Eight , ninth and tenth articulate with inferior border of cartilage above
Eleventh and twelfth have free ends that cover the tips of the ribs
158
Costal groove
Groove on inner surface of inferior border of the body of the rib
159
False ribs
Ribs 8-10
Vertebrochondral ribs
160
Floating ribs
11-12
Vertebral ribs
161
Head of rib
Medial continuation of neck
Articulate with the adjacent thoracic vertebra
162
True ribs
Ribs 1-7
Vertebrosternal ribs
163
Tubercle of rib
Small prominence on external surface of ribs laters, to the neck of the rib
Articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra
164
Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)
Allows connection of the anatomic structures of the thorax and neck.
Lies in an oblique transverse plane
165
Jugular (suprasternal) notch
Large indentation found along superior border of Manubrium of the sternum
Between right and left clavicular notches
Attachment site for inter clavicular ligament
166
Sternal angle
Inclined junction between anterior surfaces of the Manubrium and body of sternum
167
Xiphoid process
Thin triangular lower part of sternum
Located at T10
Formed seventh Sternocostal joint with T7 left and right ribs
