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Fall 2022 > Anatomy Lab Week 4 > Flashcards

Anatomy Lab Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Diaphragm origin

A

Xiphoid process, internal surfaces of seventh to twelfth costal cartilages and adjacent ribs, medial and lateral arcuate ligaments, L1-L3 vertebrae

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2
Q

Diaphragm insertion

A

Central tendon

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3
Q

Diaphragm action

A

Primary muscle of respiration

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4
Q

Diaphragm Innervation and blood supply

A

Motor: phrenic nerve C3-C5, sensory: phrenic nerves and lower intercostal nerves
Superior and inferior phrenic, pericardiacophrenic, and musculophrenic arteries

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5
Q

External intercostal m. Origin

A

Inferior border of first to eleventh ribs
Same for innermost intercostals

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6
Q

External intercostal m. Insertion

A

Superior borders of ribs immediately below origin sites

Same for innermost intercostals

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7
Q

External intercostal m. Action

A

Elevate ribs at costovertebral joints
Provide structural support to intercostal spaces

Same for innermost intercostals

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8
Q

External intercostal m. Innervation and blood supply

A

Anterior rami of thoracic nerves
Posterior intercostal aa., collateral branches of posterior intercostal aa., anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic artery, musculophrenic a.

Same for innermost intercostals

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9
Q

Internal intercostal m. Location

A

Superficial to subcostal muscles, anterior rami of thoracic nerves, and intercostal vessels
Deep to external intercostal
Lateral to superior costotransverse ligaments

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10
Q

Internal intercostal m. Function

A

Structural support for intercostal spaces

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11
Q

Transverse thoracis m. Origin

A

Posteriolateral aspects of the body and xiphoid process of sternum

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12
Q

Transverse thoracis m. insertion

A

Internal surfaces of second to sixth costal cartilages and costal ends of adjacent ribs

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13
Q

Transverse thoracis m. Action

A

Depresses ribs and their costal cartilages

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14
Q

Transverse thoracis m. Innervation and blood supply

A

Anterior rami of thoracic nerves
Anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic a.

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15
Q

Intercostal nn.

A

T2-T3- send some fibers to medial cord
T4-T6- skin and muscles of thorax
T7-T11- skin and muscles of thorax and abdomen
T12- abdominal skin and musculature

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16
Q

Vagus n. Origin

A

Medulla oblongata of brain stem

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17
Q

Vagus n. Course

A

Laterally from brain stem to jugular foramen , emerges posterior to internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery. Goes to root of neck and on either side of trachea and esophagus

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18
Q

Vagus n. Supplies

A

Sensory, motor, Parasympathetic

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19
Q

Left recurrent laryngeal n. Origin

A

Vagus nerve

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20
Q

Left recurrent laryngeal n. Course

A

Crosses under, then posterior to subclavian artery (right) or aortic arch (left), ascending lateral to trachea, ending in larynx

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21
Q

Left recurrent laryngeal n. Branches

A

Tracheal, esophageal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal

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22
Q

Left recurrent laryngeal n.

A

Sensory, motor, parasympathetic

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23
Q

Phrenic n. Origin

A

Anterior rami of third-fifth cervical nerves

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24
Q

Phrenic n. Course

A

Inferiorly in neck, anteriorly to anterior scalene through thoracic aperture, lateral to fibrous pericardium , terminating on diaphragm

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25
Q

Phrenic n. Branches

A

Pericardial and phrenicoadbominal branches

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26
Q

Phrenic n. Supply

A

Motor to diaphragm
Sensory to diaphragm, pleura, pericardium, inferior vena cava and peritoneum

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27
Q

Ascending aorta location

A

Sits in fibrous pericardium
Sits between right atrium and superior vena cava on right hand side and left atrium and pulmonary trunk on left hand side

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28
Q

Ascending aorta function

A

Thick muscular wall and high elastin due to high pressure
Gives off to right and left coronary arteries that provide arterial supply to heart

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29
Q

Aortic arch

A

Transmits oxygenated blood from ascending aorta to descending aorta, eventually distributed to thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, and lower limb regions
Three branches: brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

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30
Q

Descending aorta (thoracic)

A

Continues with aortic arch
Descends in posterior mediastinum between T4-T12 vertebrae
Supplies thoracic viscera, thoracic wall and respiratory diaphragm

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31
Q

Internal thoracic a. Origin

A

Subclavian a.

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32
Q

Internal thoracic a. Course

A

Descends in thorax

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33
Q

Internal thoracic a. Branches

A

Anterior intercostal, thymic, musculophrenic, preicardiacophrenic and superior epigastric aa.

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34
Q

Internal thoracic a. Supplied structures

A

Structures of the thoracic and abdominal walls, thymus, sternum and skin

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35
Q

Anterior intercostal aa.

A

Six pairs
Originate from internal thoracic a.
Anastomoses with posterior intercostal aa.
Supplies intercostal and pectoral muscles, breasts, and skin

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36
Q

Musculophrenic a. Origin

A

Internal thoracic a

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37
Q

Musculophrenic a. Course

A

Inferolateral behind seventh to ninth costal cartilages

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38
Q

Musculophrenic a. Branches

A

Lower anterior intercostal aa.

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39
Q

Musculophrenic a. Supplied structures

A

Intercostal muscles, diaphragm, pericardium and abdominal muscles

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40
Q

Superior epigastric a. Origin

A

Internal thoracic a.

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41
Q

Superior epigastric a. Course

A

Descends within rectus sheath

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42
Q

Superior epigastric a. Supplied structures

A

Anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

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43
Q

Left coronary artery origin

A

Proximal portion of ascending aorta

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44
Q

Left coronary a. Course

A

Within coronary sulcus

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45
Q

Left coronary a. Branches

A

Circumflex and anterior interventricular aa.

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46
Q

Left coronary a. Supplied structures

A

Left atrium, most of left ventricle, part of right ventricle, anterior two thirds of interventricular septum , atrioventricular bundle, and sinuatrial node

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47
Q

Anterior interventricular a.

A

Left coronary artery
Descends within coronary sulcus

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48
Q

Anterior interventricular a. Branches

A

Diagonal, anterior septal, right and left atrial and ventricular branches

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49
Q

Anterior ventricular a. Supplied structures

A

Anterior portions of right and left ventricle, anterior two thirds of interventricular septum

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50
Q

Circumflex branch of left coronary a. Origin

A

Left coronary a.

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51
Q

Circumflex branch of left coronary a. Course

A

Within coronary sulcus from anterior to posterior heart

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52
Q

Circumflex branch of left coronary a. Branches

A

Atrial, left marginal, posterior left ventricular branches

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53
Q

Circumflex branch of left coronary a. Supplied structures

A

Left atrium and ventricle

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54
Q

Pericardiacophrenic a. Origin

A

Internal thoracic a.

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55
Q

Pericardiacophrenic a. Course

A

Inferiorly through middle mediastinum

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56
Q

Pericardiacophrenic a. Supplied structures

A

Pericardium, respiratory diaphragm , and mediastinal part of parietal pleura

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57
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Begins anterior and to the right of ascending aorta. Travels posterior, inferior to aortic arch and ends at T5 vertebra where it divides into left and right pulmonary arteries
Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

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58
Q

Right coronary a.origin

A

Proximal portion of ascending aorta

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59
Q

Right coronary a. Course

A

Runs in coronary sulcus from anterior aspect of heart to posterior interventricular sulcus

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60
Q

Right coronary a. Branches

A

Conus, atrial and ventricular branches

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61
Q

Right coronary a. Supplied structures

A

Right atrium, most of right ventricle, some of left ventricle, posterior surface of interventricular septum, sinuatrial node, and atrioventricular node

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62
Q

Posterior interventricular a. Origin

A

Right coronary a.

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63
Q

Posterior interventricular a. Course

A

Inferiorly within posterior within interventricular sulcus towards the apex

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64
Q

Posterior interventricular a. Supplied structures

A

Posterior one third of interventricular septum and adjacent portion of right and left ventricles

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65
Q

Right marginal branch of right coronary a. Origin

A

Right coronary a.

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66
Q

Right marginal branch of right coronary a. Course

A

Inferiorly along right cardiac border of right ventricle

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67
Q

Right marginal branch of right coronary a. Supplied structures

A

Contributes to supply of right ventricle

68
Q

Anterior cardiac vv. Origin

A

Along Right ventricle

69
Q

Anterior cardiac vv. Course

A

Around right coronary a., draining into right atrium

70
Q

Anterior cardiac vv. Drainage

A

Anterior aspect of right ventricle

71
Q

Anterior intercostal veins

A

Drain the anterior intercostal spaces into the musculophrenic and internal thoracic veins
Anastomoses with posterior intercostal veins

72
Q

Coronary sinus origin

A

Posterior interventricular region

73
Q

Coronary sinus course

A

Along inferior surface of heart in region of coronary sulcus and runs through myocardium to drain into right atrium

74
Q

Coronary sinus drainage

A

External aspect of myocardium of heart

75
Q

Great cardiac v, origin

A

Anterior interventricular sulcus

76
Q

Great cardiac v. Course

A

Superiorly within anterior interventricular sulcus and then with the coronary sulcus to the coronary sinus

77
Q

Great cardiac v. Drainage

A

Left ventricle

78
Q

Inferior vena cava origin

A

Unjointed of the right and left common iliac veins

79
Q

Inferior vena cava course

A

Superiorly along right side of anterior lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae.
Asses through caval opening of diaphragm at T8, drains into right atrium of heart

80
Q

Inferior vena cava drainage

A

Structure of lower limb, pelvis, perineum and abdomen

81
Q

Internal thoracic v. Origin

A

Continuum of musculophrenic and superior epigastric veins

82
Q

Internal thoracic v. Course

A

Superiorly to corresponding brachiocephalic vein

83
Q

Internal thoracic v. Drainage

A

Intercostal space, sternum and skin

84
Q

Middle cardiac v.origin

A

Cardiac apex

85
Q

Middle cardiac v. Course

A

Superiorly within posterior interventricular sulcus

86
Q

Middle cardiac v. Drainage

A

Inferior surface of the heart

87
Q

Pulmonary vv.

A

Three lobular veins on right side, two on the left side
Form four pulmonary veins that drain into left atrium of heart (right and left superior and inferior pulmonary veins)

88
Q

Small cardiac v. Origin

A

Along right atrium

89
Q

Small cardiac v. Course

A

Within posterior portion of coronary sulcus

90
Q

Small cardiac v. Drainage

A

Right atrium and ventricle

91
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Descends vertically and opens into the right atrium at the level of the right third costal cartilage
Venous return of deoxygenated blood from regions of the body above the diaphragm
Formed by union of brachiocephalic veins (head, neck, upper limb)
Receives azygos vein (posterior thoracic wall)

92
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus

A

Muscular potion forms majority, membrane portion is upper and thinner
Ensures division of right and left ventricles, structural support from heart and contains nerve fibers

93
Q

Aortic (semilunar) valve

A

Fibrous aortic ring plus three semilunar leaflets (right, left, noncoronary)
Endocardium
Permitted unidirectional flow of oxygenated blood from left ventricle to aorta
Close in diastole when ventricles filling with blood, open in systole where blood is rushed to aorta

94
Q

Apex of heart

A

Lowest superficial part
Directed downward, forward, and to the left

95
Q

Base of heart

A

Posterior part of heart formed by both atria, mostly the left
Directed backward, to the right
Separated from vertebral column by esophagus and aorta

96
Q

Coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus

A

Groove on surface of heart that separated atria from ventricles

97
Q

Left atrium

A

Thicker muscular walls than right side
Does not contain crista terminalis
Does contain pectinate muscles
Receives oxygenated blood from from lungs via pulmonary vein during ventricular systole .

98
Q

Left auricle

A

Distinct ouch in exterior of heart and overlaps pulmonary trunk
Narrower with smaller muscles than right side
Remnant of fetal left atrium

99
Q

Left ventricle

A

Covered by irregular columnar projections called trabeculae carneae
Contracts during ventricular systole , forcing oxygenated blood through aortic valve and into aorta

100
Q

Opening for inferior vena cava

A

Lowest part of the atrium, near the atrial septum
Opening Directed upward and backward , guarded by rudimentary valve

101
Q

Posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Separates ventricles of heart on the diaphragmatic surface of heart near right margin

102
Q

Right atrium

A

Posterior wall smooth, anterior wall rough with pectinate muscles
Receives deoxygenated blood via superior vena cava and coronary sinus
During atrial diastole , gets filled with deoxygenated blood. During atrial systole, blood is rushed to right ventricle

103
Q

Right auricle

A

Sits over base of ascending aorta and contains pectinate muscle

104
Q

Right ventricle

A

Forms majority of anterior surface of the heart
Inlet contains tricuspid valve
Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium during atrial systole (ventricular diastole)
Moves blood through pulmonary trunk to pulmonary artery during ventricular systole

105
Q

Diaphragmatic surface

A

Forms roughly straight plane or slight concavity that projects go left and slightly inferiorly to apex of heart

106
Q

Left pulmonary surface of heart

A

Left side of heart

107
Q

Right pulmonary surface of heart

A

Right side of heart

108
Q

Sternocostal surface of heart

A

Anterior surface

109
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Thin wall of tissue, separated right and left atria of heart

110
Q

Left atrioventricular (biscupid, mitral) valve

A

Between left atrium and left ventricle
Two leaflets
Open during ventricular systole, close during diastole

111
Q

Opening for pulmonary vv.

A

Open into the upper part of the posterior surface of the left atrium, two on either side of its middle line; they are not provided with valves. The two left veins frequently end by common opening

112
Q

Valve of foramen ovale

A

Small flap of tissue that came from septum primum at birth
Closes and opens in response to pressure gradients between left and right atria for some patients

113
Q

Aortic sinuses

A

Sinuses of Valsalva
Widenings between wall of aorta and each of the three cusps of the aortic valve
Provide spaces behind open aortic leaflets so that the leaflets don’t occlude the coronary artery orifices
Left, right and posterior

114
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Fibrocollagenous bands that connect free margins of atrioventricular valve leaflets to apical one third of papillary muscles
Prevent leaflets from prolapsing when blood is being ejected from ventricle

115
Q

Papillary mm.

A

Pillar like muscles seen within cavity of the ventricles
Attach to cusps of atrioventricular valves via Chordae tendineae

116
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from inner surface of the right and left ventricles.
Different from pectinate muscles which are in the atria

117
Q

Crista terminalis

A

C shaped ridge located in endocardial aspect of right atrium of heart
Posterolateral wall of right atrium from orifice of superior vena cava to orifice of inferior vena cava

118
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Depression in right atrium of heart at interatrial septum. Remnant of this fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development

119
Q

Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

A

Supported by and attached to chordae tendeneae which attaches to papillary muscles
Opens during atrial systole and closes during diastole

120
Q

Pectinate surface

A

Found on anterior surface of right and left atrium walls and auricles
Parallel bars that run in anterolateral direction
Can stretch to increase surface area and thus atrial volume

121
Q

Conus arteriosus (infundibulum)

A

Smooth walled outflow tract of right ventricle
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Structural support for pulmonary valve

122
Q

Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)

A

Contains right branch of atrioventricular bundle
Extends from lower potion of interventricular septum to base of anterior papillary muscle
Contracts during ventricular systole , coordination contraction of anterior papillary muscle, aids in coordinated ventricular contraction

123
Q

Apex of lung

A

Lies above the first rib. Anterior border corresponds to the pleural reflection, creates cardiac notch in left lung

124
Q

Bronchial aa.

A

Supply bronchi and lower tracheae, distributed also to adjacent lymph nodes and pulmonary vessels
Arise from thoracic descending aorta, drained by pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood, do not partake in gas exchange

125
Q

Cardiac notch

A

Concavity in the inferomedial left lung that forms to accommodate the heart

126
Q

Horizontal (transverse) fissure

A

Separated right upper lobe from the right middle lobe

127
Q

Oblique (major) fissure

A

Divide the lung on both sides into upper and lower lobes
Upper lobe on right further divided by horizontal fissure

128
Q

Lingula

A

The lip or tongue like projection of the upper lobe of the left lung that is analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung (absent in left due to position of heart)

129
Q

Superior lobar bronchi

A

Arises as a branch from the main bronchus. Enters lung anterolaterally
Accompanied by superior lobar artery to lung

130
Q

Middle lobar bronchus

A

Arises from bronchus intermedius , continuation of right main bronchus
Passes anterolateral to enter middle lobe of right lung
Accompanied by middle lobar artery

131
Q

Inferior lobar bronchus

A

Arises from main bronchus. Continues inferiorly

132
Q

Superior lobe

A

Right and leg lung upper most lobe
Larger on left lung

133
Q

Middle lobe

A

Only present in right lung under superior lobe

134
Q

Inferior lobe

A

Left and right lung, bottom most portions

135
Q

Main (primary) bronchus

A

Larger for right lung
Right main bronchus has three secondary lobar bronchi
Left main bronchus has two secondary lobar bronchi

136
Q

Pulmonary aa.

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

137
Q

Pleura

A

Surrounds right and left lungs
Supplied by internal thoracic, intercostal, and bronchial aa.
Venous drainage to azygos system, pulmonary and bronchiol veins
Innervate by pulmonary plexus, anterior rami of thoracic nerves, branches of phrenic nerve

138
Q

Pleural cavities

A

Fluid filled space that surround the lung. Found in thorax, separating lungs from surrounding structures
Bounded by double layered serous membrane called pleura

139
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recess (pleural recesses)

A

Describes the sharp gutter at the junction of costal and diaphragmatic pleurae in each pleural cavity
Act as potential spaces.
Assists lung expansion during deep inspiration

140
Q

Costomediastinal recess

A

Assists lung expansion during deep inspiration
Smaller than Costodiaphragmatic recess
Potential space at the border of the mediastinal pleura and costal pleura

141
Q

Cervical pleura (pleural capsule)

A

Covers superior aspect of lung, apex.
Ascends from internal surface of the first rib to tip of apex of lung, then courses inferiorly down lateral aspect of tracheae continuous with mediastinal pleura

142
Q

Costal pleura

A

Covers internal aspect of sternum, ribs, vertebral bodies, and innermost intercostal muscles and costal cartilages
Continues inferiorly along rib cage when it is continuous with diaphragmatic pleura

143
Q

Diaphragmatic pleura

A

Molded into a dome shape, lines majority of superior aspect of respiratory diaphragm

144
Q

Mediastinal pleura

A

Sits on lateral aspect of mediastinum

145
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Visceral pleura surrounds the lung
Supplied by bronchial aa.
Venous drainage to bronchial vv.
Innervation by pulmonary plexus
Inner visceral layer, outer parietal layer

146
Q

Anterior mediastinum

A

Area in the front part of the chest between the lungs
Located of thymus

147
Q

Burification of tracheae

A

Point at which the tracheae divides into, and if continuous with the two main principal bronchi

148
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

Embryological remnant that connects aortic arch to pulmonary trunk at its point of Burification
In fetal life, called ductus arteriosus, shunts blood away from undeveloped lungs to systemic circulation
Vestigial piece in adults

149
Q

Middle mediastinum

A

Contains heart and its great vessel roots, tracheae, and main bronchi
Contains aorta, pulmonary trunk, Pericardiacophrenic aa
Contains superior vena cava, pulmonary vein, pericardiacophrenic veins
Area between the lungs

150
Q

Posterior mediastinum

A

Irregular triangular shape running parallel within the vertebral column. Bounded in front by pericardium above and by posterior surface of diaphragm below
Contains thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, lymphatic trunks, posterior mediastinal lymph nodes, azygos and hemiazygos veins, esophagus, and esophageal nerve plexus

151
Q

Oblique pericardial sinus

A

Cul-de-sac along posterior left atrial wall and bounded by the pericardial reflections of the left and right pulmonary veins and superiorly by the transverse sinus / LA roof

152
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus

A

Transverse communication between left and right parts of the pericardial space proper behind the two outflow arteries of the heart

153
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Ensures stability by attaching to surrounding sternum, vertebral column and diaphragm , provides a physical limit to prevent excessive dilation or overfilling in certain types of heart failure

154
Q

Parietal layer of serous pericardium

A

Inner layer of pericardium
Attached to internal lining of fibrous pericardium
Aids in production of serous fluid secreted into pericardial sac thus permitting friction free movement of the heart within the thoracic cavity

155
Q

Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)

A

Innermost layer that adheres to cardiac tissue as the epicardium
Innervate by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers from the vagus nerve, insensitive to pain
Like parietal layer, aids in production of serous fluid secreted into pericardial sac

156
Q

Superior mediastinum

A

Space bound anteriorly by Manubrium of sternum and posteriorly by bodies of T1-T4 vertebrae.
Contains thymus, trachea, esophagus
Aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, arch of the azygos, thoracic duct

157
Q

Costal cartilages

A

Form anterior continuations of the ribs, upper seven join sternum directly
Eight , ninth and tenth articulate with inferior border of cartilage above
Eleventh and twelfth have free ends that cover the tips of the ribs

158
Q

Costal groove

A

Groove on inner surface of inferior border of the body of the rib

159
Q

False ribs

A

Ribs 8-10
Vertebrochondral ribs

160
Q

Floating ribs

A

11-12
Vertebral ribs

161
Q

Head of rib

A

Medial continuation of neck
Articulate with the adjacent thoracic vertebra

162
Q

True ribs

A

Ribs 1-7
Vertebrosternal ribs

163
Q

Tubercle of rib

A

Small prominence on external surface of ribs laters, to the neck of the rib
Articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra

164
Q

Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)

A

Allows connection of the anatomic structures of the thorax and neck.
Lies in an oblique transverse plane

165
Q

Jugular (suprasternal) notch

A

Large indentation found along superior border of Manubrium of the sternum
Between right and left clavicular notches
Attachment site for inter clavicular ligament

166
Q

Sternal angle

A

Inclined junction between anterior surfaces of the Manubrium and body of sternum

167
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Thin triangular lower part of sternum
Located at T10
Formed seventh Sternocostal joint with T7 left and right ribs

Fall 2022 (15 decks)

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