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NMBA > Anatomy Intro - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Intro - Lecture 1 Flashcards

intro

1
Q

What is Physarum polycephalum?

A
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2
Q

What does LBA stand for?

A. Logical Block Addressing
B. Linear Ballistic Accumulator
C. Line Bisection Analysis

A
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3
Q

Who developed the diffusion model?

A. Roger Rabitt
B. Roger Ratcliff
C. Roger Randolf

A
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4
Q

Is the Subthalamic Nucleus part of the Basal Ganglia?

A
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5
Q

How much stronger is the 7 Tesla MRI magnetic field
compared to the earth magnetic field?

A. 20.000x
B. 70.000x
C. 140.000x

A
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6
Q

When the information of the cortical regions are transferred to the Basal Ganglia, is this then done in a:

A. Information segregated way
B. Information integrated way
C. There is no information transferred from the cortical
regions to the Basal Ganglia.

A
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7
Q

Describe the striatal vs. subthalamic theory of setting decision thresholds

A
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8
Q

How many subcortical structures are there in the brain? According to the Federative Community
on Anatomical Terminology (1998)

How many have been mapped with
MRI?

A

455

7%

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9
Q

Why is it so difficult to map the human subcortex?

A

Subcortical nuclei are small.

They lie in close proximity to
each other.

Some of them have high iron
content or neuromelanin.

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10
Q

What can deep-brain stimulation of the
human subcortex used to treat?

A

Movement
disorders
OCD
Anorexia
Depression
Chronic Pain
Cluster headache
Epilepsy

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11
Q

What are the three functional subdivisions in the STN?

A

Motivational
Cognitive
Motor

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12
Q

What can ultra-high field (UHF) MRI provide?

A

Allows the direct visualization of small subcortical nuclei.

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13
Q

Three major fibers connecting the limbic system (hippocampus)

A

The cingulum connecting the prefrontal, parietal and occipital cortex to the temporal lobe and hippocampus

The stria terminalis connecting the hypothalamus to the amygdala

The fornix, which is a projection fiber, connecting the medial temporal lobe to the mamillary bodies and hypothalamus.

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14
Q

5 main association fibers (connecting the cortical lobes)

A

The superior longitudinal orarcuate fasciculus connecting the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe

The inferior longitudinal fasciculus connecting the temporal and occipital lobe

The superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, connecting the frontal and parietal lobe

The inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus connecting the orbital cortex to the ventral occipital lobe

The uncinate fasciculus connecting the anterior temporal lobe and lateral orbital frontal regions.

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15
Q

What are the five major brainstem white matter tracts?

A

the superior,middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles, the corticospinal tract, and the mediallemniscus

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16
Q

What are projection fibers, association tracts and commissural tracts?

A

Projection fibers connect cortical and subcortical gray matter

Association tracts connect two cortical areas

Commissural tracts connect the brain’s hemispheres

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17
Q

Which brain region has the most neurons?

A

Cerebellum

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18
Q

What are the three peduncles that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem?

A

the superior cerebellar peduncle -> the midbrain
the middle cerebellar peduncle -> pons
the inferior cerebellar peduncle -> medulla oblonga

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19
Q

What are the three lobules of the cerebellum (in each hemisphere)?

A

anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobe

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20
Q

Degeneration of which specific, crescent-shaped, dopamine-producing region is a main hallmark of Parkinson’s disease.

A

The substantia nigra

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21
Q

Which two areas are functionally but not ontologically considered to be part of the basal ganglia?

A

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the substantia nigra

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22
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

Deep in white matter of the cerebral hemispheres anterior to the thalamus, positioned medial to the lateral ventricles.

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23
Q

3 regions of occipital cortex according to Broadmann’s classification

A

The occipital lobe consists of three areas (17–19)

The primary visual cortex corresponds to area 17

Area 18 and 19 form the visual association cortex

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24
Q

4 temporal cortex regions according to Broadmann’s classification

A

the primary auditory cortex (area 41)

Adjacent is the auditory association cortex (area 42, 22, partly overlays with Wernicke’s area)

The temporal visual association cortex (areas 20, 21, 37)

one of the paralimbic areas, occupies the temporopolar cortex (area 38)

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25
Q

What are the 4 regions of the parietal cortex according to Broadmann’s classification

A

Areas 1–3 correspond to the somatosensory cortex and its cytoarchitecture strongly resembles that of the primary motor cortex

The more laterally located areas 5 and 7 together form the superior polymodal parietal cortex

Areas 39 and 40 are located in the inferior polymodal parietal cortex, corresponding to the Geschwind’s territory

The medial parts of areas 31, 5, and 7 form the precuneus, and area 43 is considered a transition region of the fronto-parietal operculum

26
Q

What are the 5 frontal cortex regions according to Broadmann’s classification?

A

Area 4 corresponds to the primary motor cortex, containing neuronal bodies, as well as cortico-spinal projection fibers which show a somatotopical organization

Area 6 contains the premotor region and is subdivided into the lateral premotor cortex (PMC), and the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)

Area 44 and 45 correspond to Broca’s area

Area 8–10, and 46 include dorsolateral prefrontal areas, and 47 to the ventrolateral prefrontal corex

areas 11 and 47 represent the main parts of the orbitofrontal cortex

27
Q

Brain components overview:

A
28
Q

Brain components :
Surface-level bulges & spaces

A

Gyri (bulges)

Sulci (spaces)
– Sylvian Fissure
– Central sulcus

29
Q

Brain components:
Neurons

A

Parts:
cell body
axon
axon terminal
dendrite (input)
synaptic terminal (output)
astrocyte
nudeus

Several types, complex networks

30
Q

Brain components:
Glia - Microglia

A

Microglia:
- Phagocytotic (they clean up)

** Activated microglia are hypothesized to give rise to MRI differences as observed in the substantia nigra of Parkinson patients

31
Q

Brain components:
Glia - Astrocyte

A
  • Control the microenvironment around the neurons
  • Provide structural integrity
  • Important in maintaining the blood brain barrier
32
Q

Brain components:
Glia - Oligodendrocytes

A

Oligodendrocytes
- Important for myelination of neurons
- CNS
- Formation: 4 mo of preg - 2nd decade of life
- Myelinates mulitple axons

** When the myelin system fails: Demyelinating disease (MS), can exist for a long time

Schwann cells: Oligodendrocytes of the PNS

33
Q

Brain components:
Glia - Ependymal cells

A

Line ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord

34
Q

Brain components:
Lobes - Frontal

A

Primary motor cortex
– Damage: Contralateral spastic paresis (a weakening of voluntary movement)

Premotor cortex
– Damage: Apraxias (inability to perform purposeful actions)

35
Q

Brain component Orientation:
Lobes - Frontal

A

premotor ctx
motor ctx
prefrontal

36
Q

Brain components:
Lobes - Frontal - Motor homunculus

A

Muscles of the head:

Ventral: closest to lateral fissure

Dorsal: neck, upper limbs, trunk on lateral aspect

Medial: pelvis and lower limb

** Supplied by branches of the anterior cerebral artery

37
Q

Brain components:
Lobes - Frontal - Prefrontal

A

Located rostral to premotor area
- ¼ of human cerebral cortex
- Organizing and planning of intellectual and emotional aspects of behavior

Lesions
– Loss of concentration
– Distraction
– Lack of initiative, foresight and perspective
– Apathy
– Suckling and grasp reflexes are evident
(Late-stage Alzheimer’s Symptoms)

LEFT-frontal:
Expressive Aphasia
- Area in left or dominant hemisphere affected
- Damage to Broca’s area produces motor, nonfluent/expressive aphasia resulting in difficulty to produce expressive speech

38
Q

Brain components:
Lobes - Parietal

A

Primary somatosensory cortex
– Begins posterior to the central sulcus (postcentral gyrus)

Post-central gyrus
Sensory homunculus:
– Head, neck, upper limbs and trunk laterally
– Pelvis and lower limbs medially

Posterior parietal association cortex
– Lesions in the dominant hemisphere result in apraxia (inability to perform purposeful movements)
– Astereognosia may be present (inability to recognize objects by touch)
– No loss of tactile or proprioceptive sensations

Receptive aphasia
- Inability to comprehend spoken language
- Possible inability to read (alexia)
- Fluent verbalization, that lacks meaning
- Unawareness of the deficit

39
Q

Brain components:
Lobes - Occipital

A

Primary visual cortex
- Retinal surface orderly represented
– Damage produces scotoma
– Lesions produce contralateral hemianopsia

40
Q

Brain component Orientation:
Lobes - Temporal

A

. Angular
Wernicke’s
Area 41
Area 42
Broca’s

  • Angular Gyrus
  • Broca’s (area 44, 45)
  • Wernike’s (area 22)
    A-1 Region:
  • Transverse Temporal
    gyrus of Heschl (area 41)
  • Area 42
41
Q

Brain components:
Lobes - Temporal

A

Primary auditory cortex
– On the two transverse gyri
of Heschl
– Cross the superior
temporal lobe deep within
the lateral sulcus
– Unilateral lesions result in
difficulties locating sounds
in the contralateral field

42
Q

Brain components:
Cerebellum

A
  • Derived from metencephalon
  • Dorsal to pons and medulla
  • 4th Ventricle between pons and cerebellum
  • Fine tuning of movement and muscle coordination

Cerebellar lesions:
- Tremor with intended movement without paralysis or paresis
- Ipsilateral symptoms
- Posture, gait or balance are affected by lesions

43
Q

Brain components:
Cerebellum - Microzones

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei:
- GABA/Purkinje
- Glutamate/mossy and climbing fibers

44
Q

Brain components:
Thalamus

A

Major relay for ascending tactile, visual,
auditory, and gustatory information to the
neocortex
~ 25 individual nuclei

45
Q

Brain components:
Hypothalamus

A
  • Water balance
  • Adenohypofysis (releasing factors)
  • Neurohypofysis (hormones)
  • Hunger
  • Autonomic regulation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Sexual urges and behavior
  • ~25 individual nuclei
46
Q

Brain Components:
Basal Ganglia

A

Striatum
– Caudate nucleus
– Putamen

Globus pallidus
– Externa
– Interna

Substantia Nigra

Subthalamic nucleus

47
Q

Brain Components:
Ventricular system

A
  • Brain and spinal cord are in a bath of protective
    CSF
  • Constant production by the Choroid Plexus
  • Four ventricles
    – 2 lateral ventricles deep in each hemisphere
    – 3rd ventricle midline diencephalon
    – 4th ventricle, dorsal surface of the pons, and upper medulla
  • Ventricles are connected and CSF flows through
48
Q

Brain Components:
Ventricular system - CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid
- Lateral ventricles è
- interventricular foramen of Monro è
- third ventricleè
- cerebral aqueductè
- fourth ventricleè
- subarachnoid space either through the foramen of Magendie or of Luschska

Sidestep: Hydrocephalus

49
Q

Brain Components:
Blood Brain Barrier

A

Formed by capillary endothelium, connected by tight junctions
- Astrocytes important for maintenance
- Numerous long processes with expanded vascular end foot attaching to capillary walls
- Water goes through passive diffusion, for most molecules active transport is needed

50
Q

What can and what can we
not see with MRI in vivo?

  • Cortical folding?
  • Borders between cortical areas?
  • Individual cells?
  • Signal from neurons or glia?
  • Lesions?
  • Activation or inhibition?
  • Deep cerebellar nuclei?
  • Thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei?
  • CSF?
A
  • Cortical folding?
  • Borders between cortical areas?
  • Individual cells?
  • Signal from neurons or glia?
  • Lesions?
  • Activation or inhibition?
  • Deep cerebellar nuclei?
  • Thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei?
  • CSF?
51
Q

Orientations

A

. Dorsal/Superior

Rostral (<eye)rat Caudal

        Ventral/Inferior
52
Q

Orientations - Lobes

A

.frontal parietal
occipital
temporal

53
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides the brain in a left and right part

54
Q

Axial/Transverse plane

A

divides the brain in inferior and superior parts

55
Q

Coronal/Frontal plane

A

the vertical plane perpendicular to the sagittal plane

56
Q

Dorsal/Superior
Ventral/Inferior

A
57
Q

Rostral & Caudal

A
58
Q

Distal & Proximal

A

Directional orientations:
indicates location of an area relative to another area

Distal: moving away from

Proximal: moving towards

59
Q

Ipsilateral & Contralateral
Bilateral & Unilateral

A

Ipsi: (connections between areas)
on the same side

Contra: (connections between
areas) on different sides

Bilateral: present in both hemispheres

Unilateral: present in one hemisphere

60
Q
A

NMBA (12 decks)

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