Anatomy Exam 5 Flashcards
Enzyme that inhibits the growth of bacteria
Salivary Lysozyme
(Stomach Functions)
Secretes mucous, gastric enzymes, HCL acid & hormones that aid in ______
Digesting food
(Tonsils of Oropharynx)
located at base of tongue
Lingual Tonsils
Air inhaled & exhaled in one breath
(500 ml)
Tidal volume
decrease peristalsis
Sympathetic nervous system effect
(3 Divisions of Pharynx)
Contains two sets of tonsils
Oropharynx
(Structure of Teeth)
Joins crown of tooth to root;
Surrounded by gingiva (gums)
Neck of tooth
(Digestion End Products)
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Increase peristalsis;
stimulates salivary glands & increases production of saliva
Parasympathetic nervous system effect
Enzyme begins Starch digestion;
Moves food to throat for deglutition (swallowing)
Salivary Amylase
(Liver Functions)
Regulates ____, _____ & amino acid metabolism
Carbohydrate, lipid
(Structure of Teeth)
Main structure of tooth;
Mineralized matrix, similar to bone – hardest substance;
Does not contain living cells
Dentin
(Stomach Functions)
Serves as a ______ while food undergoes mechanical & chemical changes & becomes chyme
Temporary receptacle
___ is needed for the absorption of iron in the small intestine
Vitamin C
During Inhalation, intrapulmonic pressure ____ and air enters the alveoli
Decreases
____ and _____ are needed for fluid balance
Sodium, potassium
_____ is needed for the production of hemoglobin and melanin
Copper
(3 Divisions of Pharynx)
Middle portion;
Lies behind mouth & between palate & hyoid bone
Oropharynx
On expiration, diaphragm _____ & _______ decreasing size of cavity
Relaxes, moves upward
___ is needed for carbon dioxide transport
zinc
Carries most oxygen and will release that oxygen where PO2 is low
Hemoglobin
The Larynx lies at the upper end of the _____, just below the _____
Trachea, Pharynx
water changing into vapor through heat
Evaporation
Lowest cartilage of Larynx body
Cricoid cartilage
Are we going to get a high grade on this exam?
Yes
___ is needed for blood clotting
calcium
(Types of Pyrogens)
___ reactions,
Central nervous system ____
Persons own ____ (endogenous pyrogens)
1) Vaccine
2) Diseases
3) Cells
(3 Divisions of Pharynx)
Contains pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids
Nasopharynx
Three projections on lateral walls of each nasal cavity;
Purpose is to provide more surface area to warm, moisturize, & filter air
Nasal conchae (turbinates)
Made up of skeletal muscle – separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Diaphragm
Muscle tone increases;
Increase cell metabolism
Heat loss
Vocal folds;
Lie directly under false vocal cords
True Vocal Cords
(Liver Functions)
Removes ____, ____ & old or damaged RBC’s from blood
Pathogens, cellular debris
Constrict skin blood vessels;
Shiver
Heat loss
Keep the lungs inflated by creating a pressure that helps to oppose the elastic recoil of the lungs
Intrapleural Pressure
Builds simple compounds into needed substances;
Term for Synthesis reactions
Anabolism
Largest cartilage of Larynx body;
forms Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
Volume of air left in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation
Residual Air
(Liver Functions)
Synthesis of ____
Plasma proteins
Innervated by branch of vagus nerve = recurrent laryngeal
Larynx
(3 Divisions of Pharynx)
Communicates with eustachian tube
Nasopharynx
Anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx
Trachea (Windpipe)
(Liver Functions)
Manufactures, stores & distributes ___
Cholesterol
(Liver Functions)
Regulates ____ volume
blood
(Liver Functions)
Produces body ____
heat
Occurs when rate or efficiency of breathing decreases;
Carbon dioxide accumulates in body fluids, decreases pH
Respiratory Acidosis
high CO2 level (acidosis)
Hypercapnia
the energy required to remain alive, to maintain the body at rest
Basal metabolic rate
Dilates skin blood vessels;
Stimulate sweat glands
Overheating
In response to alkalosis, the kidneys will excrete ___
Less bicarbonate
Lies in ventral cavity of body;
Extends in one long tube from mouth to anus
Alimentary Tube
(Structure of Teeth)
Exposed part of tooth that is hard, white, & smooth
Crown of tooth
Contains cough reflex
Larynx
(Structure of Teeth)
Embedded in jawbone
Root of tooth
___ is needed for blood clotting
Vitamin K
The pressure within the bronchial tree and alveoli is called ____
Intrapulmonic Pressure
(3 Divisions of Pharynx)
Upper portion, lies behind nasal cavity & above palate
Nasopharynx
During swallowing, covers the nasopharynx
Epiglottis
located in the medulla and pons
CNS Respiratory Centers
Contains two pair of bands or cords
Larynx
turns proteins into amino acids
Trypsin
Oily secretion coating alveolar surfaces
Surfactant
Covers entrance into larynx, or glottis when swallowing
Epiglottis
(Tonsils of Oropharynx)
Removed during tonsillectomy
Palatine tonsils
During exhalation, intrapulmonic pressure ____ and air enters the alveoli
Increases
Strengthened & held open by 16 to 20 C- shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Trachea (Windpipe)
Smallest of air passage ways within lungs
Bronchioles
The result of acidosis is ___
confusion, coma, death
a substance, typically produced by a bacterium, which produces fever when introduced or released into the blood
Pyrogens
Chemical breakdown of food into smaller pieces with more surface area
Mechanical digestion
Hyaline cartilage prevent ______ or _______ of the trachea
Collapse, overexpansion
The result of alkalosis is ___
Irritability, muscle spasms, convulsions
J-shaped pouch lying obliquely in LUQ;
Epigastric, umbilical, & left hypochondriac regions
Stomach
Liver is located in ___
RUQ
Conducts air between larynx & lungs
Trachea (Windpipe)
(Liver location)
Upper convex surface fits under ____ in right hypochondriac & epigastric regions
Diaphragm
Primary function is storage & concentration of bile
Gallbladder
turns fat into glycerol & fatty acids
Lipase
___ is needed for body structure
Calcium
Purpose is to reduce surface tension in the alveoli & enhance diffusion of gases
Surfactant
Function is to deliver air to alveoli
(O2 pulled into these on inhalation, CO2 collected by alveoli and released upon exhale)
Bronchioles
Acts as passageway for air between pharynx & trachea
Larynx
(Stomach Functions)
Connects _____ to small intestine
Esophagus
is the first to warm and moisten air
Nasal Mucosa
Breaks down complex compounds into simpler compounds;
Term for Decomposition reactions
Catabolism
Body of _____ is formed by three large & prominent cartilages
Larynx
Air passing through glottis vibrates _____ to produce sound
True Vocal Cords
Prevents liquids or solids from entering respiratory passages
Epiglottis
Changes complex food molecules into simpler ones
Chemical digestion
(Types of Pyrogens)
____, _____,
____ injuries,
____ reactions
1) Infection
2) malignancies
3) Brain
4) Toxic
Lies posterior to the trachea and anterior to the spine;
Goes through esophageal hiatus (opening) in diaphragm
Esophagus
___ is needed for muscle contraction
calcium
Both thyroid & cricoid cartilages protect _______ & ______
Glottis, Entrance to trachea
Normal body temperature
36°C to 38°C
(96.5°F to 99.5°F)
____ is needed for synthesis of rhodopsin in the retina
Vitamin A
depresses synaptic transmission in the central nervous system
Acidosis
Body loses water from ___, ____, _____ and _____
Kidneys, skin, lungs, intestinal tract
On inspiration, diaphragm _____, ______, & ________ to enlarge thoracic cavity
Contracts, flattens, moves downward
sweeps mucous and pathogens toward the pharynx
Ciliated Epithelium
provides for the continuous exchange of gases
Residual Air
(Digestion End Products)
Proteins
Amino Acids
Part of the brain that regulates body temperature
Hypothalamus
the process of losing heat through the movement of air or water molecules across skin
Convection
low CO2 level (alkalosis)
Hypocapnia
the energy content of food
Kilocalories
turns starch to sugar
Amylase
(Structure of Teeth)
___ is covered by enamel (hardest & most chemically stable tissue in body) & provides a hard chewing surface
Crown of tooth
___ and ___ are needed for nerve impulse conduction
Sodium, potassium
Help prevent foreign bodies from entering glottis;
Protect delicate true vocal cords
False Vocal Cords
Muscle tone decreases (relaxation)
Overheating
Lubricating fluid secreted by serous glands;
Reduces friction
Serous fluid
Air passage from lower end of larynx to carina
Trachea (Windpipe)
Vestibular folds;
Lie at upper end along sides of larynx
False Vocal Cords
(Digestion End Products)
Fats
glycerol & fatty acids
_____ is the stimulus for the respiratory system
Amount of CO2 within blood
Accumulation in pleural cavity results in collapsed lung of affected side
Atmospheric Pressure
___ is an antioxidant that prevents destruction of cell membranes
Vitamin E
(3 Divisions of Pharynx)
Lower portion;
Lies immediately below hyoid bone & above larynx
Laryngopharynx
(Structure of Teeth)
Contains the blood vessels & nerves
Pulp cavity
The concentration of dissolved materials in a solution
Osmolarity
increases synaptic transmission in the peripheral and central nervous system
Alkalosis
Rate of respiration increases;
Carbon dioxide is rapidly expelled, increases pH
Respiratory Alkalosis
helps the large intestine absorb vitamins (vitamin K)
Normal flora
Changes volume & pressure within thoracic cavity on inhalation & exhalation
Diaphragm
In response to acidosis, kidneys will excrete ___
More bicarbonate
____ is a pear -shaped, muscular organ found on undersurface of ___ in RUQ
Gallbladder, liver
(Liver Functions)
Removal of ______ / Detoxifies ______
Waste Products, harmful substances
___ becomes part of gastric juice
chlorine
(Liver Functions)
Produces ____
Bile
Normal respiratory rate
12-20 / min
Branches or bifurcates into right & left bronchi
Trachea (Windpipe)
(Stomach Functions)
Produces intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin ____
B12
(Liver Functions)
Stores ____, ____ & fat-soluble vitamins
Iron, copper
The esophagus begins at lower end of
______ & ends in upper cardiac portion of _____
Pharynx, stomach
