ANATOMY - Carnivore Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards
List the organs of the digestive tract
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
What are the four histological layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract?
Serosa/adventitia
Muscularis externa
Submucosa
Mucosa
What is the difference between serosa and adventitia?
Serosa is the outer layer of intraperitoneal organs and adventitia is the outer layer of retroperitoneal organs
What are the three regions of the oesophagus?
Cervical oesophagus
Thoracic oesophagus
Abdominal oesophagus
What is the name of the junction between the pharynx and the oesophagus?
Pharyngeosophageal junction
What is the name of the muscle surrounding the pharyngeosophageal junction?
Cricopharyngeal muscle (upper oesophageal sphincter)
Where does the cervical oesophagus run within the body?
The cervical oesophagus runs from the pharyngoesophageal junction dorsal to the trachea and towards the cranial thorax
Describe the topography of the thoracic oesophagus within the mediastinum
Within the mediastinum, the oesophagus runs dorsal to the trachea, medial to the aortic arch and the azygous vein and ventral to the aorta
Which region of the diaphragm does the oesophagus travel through to reach the abdominal cavity?
The oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
Which vein drains the abdominal oesophagus?
Splenic vein which drains into the hepatic portal system
What are vascular ring anomalies and how can they affect the oesophagus?
Vascular ring anomalies are malformations of major blood vessels and can cause oesophageal narrowing and occlusion
What are the two layers of the peritoneum?
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
What is the difference between the parietal and visceral peritoneum?
The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall and visceral peritoneum wraps around and suspends the intraperitoneal organs
What is the name of the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum?
Peritoneal cavity
What is peritoneum made up of?
Periotoneum is made up of serous membranes which are made up of layers of mesothelial cells
What is mesentery?
Mesentery is modified peritoneum which suspends the organs of the intraperiotoneal gastrointestinal system
What is the mesenteric boundary?
The mesenteric boundary is the side of the intestines that are attached to the mesentery
What is the antimesenteric boundary?
The antimesenteric boundary is the side of the intestines that are not attached to the mesentery
Describe the location of the two regions of the omentum
Greater omentum: omentum which extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and lies over the intestines
Lesser omentum: omentum which extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach and attaches to the hilus of the liver
What is the omental bursa?
The omental bursa is an outpouching of the omentum
Through which structure can the omental bursa be accessed?
The omental bursa can be accessed via the epiploic foramen
What are the two main functions of the omentum?
Immunoregulation
Tissue regeneration
What type of stomach does the carnivore have?
The carnivore has mono-gastric stomach
What are the four histological layers of the stomach wall?
Serosa
Muscularis externa
Submucosa
Muscosa
What is the name for the folds of mucosa within the stomach?
Rugae
What are the four main regions of the stomach?
Cardia
Fundum
Corpus
Pylorus
What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?
The cardiac sphincter regulates the movement of material from the oesophagus into the stomach
What are the two regions of the pylorus?
Pyloric antrum
Pyloric canal
What is the function of the pyloric canal?
The pyloric canal acts as a sphincter to regulate the movement of material between the stomach and the duodenum
What is the structure which attaches the stomach to the diaphragm and the spleen?
Gastrophrenic ligament
Which artery supplies the stomach?
Coeliac artery
Which veins drain the stomach?
Splenic vein and Gastroduodenal vein which both drain into the hepatic portal system
What is gastric dilatation (volvulus)?
Gastric dilatation (volvulus) is the twisting of the stomach around the cardia and the gastrophrenic ligament leading air to become trapped within the stomach due to the occlusion of the cardia and the pylorus
What are the three regions of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
What are the four histological layers of the small intestinal wall?
Serosa
Muscularis externa
Submuscosa
Muscosa
What are the cells that make up the small intestinal mucosal lining?
Enterocytes with microvilli
What is the name for the folds of small intestinal muscosa and submucosa?
Plicae circularies
What is the function of the villi present on the plicae circularies of the small intestine?
The villi present on the plicae circularies increase the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine
What are the Crypts of Leiberkuhn?
The Cryps of Leiberkuhn are the spaces between the villi of the small intestine which contain glandular tissue and stem cells for enterocyte production
What are the four regions of the duodenum?
Cranial flexure
Descending duodenum
Caudal flexure
Ascending duodenum
Which artery supplies the cranial region of the duodenum?
Coeliac artery
Which artery supplies the caudal region of the duodenum?
Cranial mesenteric artery
Which veins drain the duodenum?
Gastroduodenal vein and the Cranial mesenteric vein which both drain into the hepatic portal system
Which artery supplies the jejunum?
Cranial mesenteric artery
Which vein drains the jejunum?
Cranial mesenteric vein which drains into the hepatic portal system
List the artery which supplies the ileum
Cranial mesenteric artery
Which veins drain the ileum?
Cranial mesenteric vein and Caudal mesenteric vein which both drain into the hepatic portal system
What are the three regions of the large intestine?
Caecum
Colon
Rectum
What are the four histological layers of the large intestinal wall?
Serosa/adventitia
Muscularis externa
Submucosa
Muscosa
(T/F) There are no villi, microvilli or Crypts of Leiberkuhn present in the large intestinal mucosa
FALSE. There are no villi or microvilli but there ARE Crypts of Leiberkuhn
What is the caecum?
The caecum is a blind ending sac
Which artery supplies the caecum?
Cranial mesenteric artery
Which vein drains the caecum?
Caudal mesenteric vein which drains into the hepatic portal system
What is the iliocaecocolic junction?
The iliocaecocolic junction is the junction between the ileum, caecum and colon
What are the two components of the iliocaecocolic junction?
Caecocolic orifice: the junction between the caecum and colon
Ileocolic orifice: the junction between the ileum and colon
What is the function of the ileocolic orifice?
The ileocolic orifice prevent the back flow of colon material into the ileum
What are the five regions of the colon?
Ascending colon
Right colic flexure
Transverse colon
Left colic flexure
Descending colon
Which artery supplies the ascending and transverse colon?
Cranial mesenteric artery
Which artery supplies the descending colon?
Caudal mesenteric artery
Which vein drains the colon?
Caudal mesenteric vein which drains into the hepatic portal system
(T/F) The rectum is a retroperitoneal organ
FALSE. The caudal end of the rectum is retroperiotoneal but the cranial end of the rectum is intraperiotoneal
Which artery supplies the rectum?
Caudal mesenteric artery
Which vein drains the rectum?
Internal iliac vein which drains into the caudal vena cava
What is the Hepatic Portal System?
The Hepatic Portal System is a blood supply which carries nutrient rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract through the liver before draining into the caudal vena cava
The convergence of which four veins make up the hepatic portal vein?
Splenic vein
Gastroduodenal vein
Cranial mesenteric vein
Caudal mesenteric vein
What is portosystemic shunting?
Portosystemic shunting is an abnormal vascular connection between the hepatic portal system and the systemic circulation which causes the blood from the gastrointestinal system to bypass the liver
What are the three ganglia involved in the sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal system?
Coeliac ganglia
Cranial mesenteric ganglia
Caudal mesenteric ganglia
What are the two nerves involved in parasympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal system?
Vagus nerve
Pelvic nerve
