ANATOMY - Carnivore Gastrointestinal Accessory Organs

Question 1

What are the gastrointestinal accessory organs?

Answer 1

Liver
Pancreas

Question 2

What are the six liver lobes seen in the carnivore liver?

Answer 2

Left lateral lobe
Left medial lobe
Quadrate lobe
Right medial lobe
Right lateral lobe
Caudate lobe

Question 3

What are the two regions of the caudate liver lobe?

Answer 3

Caudate process
Papillary process

Question 4

Which liver lobe contains the renal fossa?

Answer 4

Caudate process of the caudate lobe

Question 5

Describe the topography of the carnivore liver within the abdominal cavity

Answer 5

The carnivore liver is found in the cranial region of the abdominal cavity, caudal to the diaphragm and cranial to the stomach

Question 6

What are the three functions of the hilus/porta hepatis?

Answer 6

Point of entry and exit for blood vessels
Point of entry for the common/terminal bile duct
Point of attachment for the lesser omentum

Question 7

What is the outer layer of the liver found directly under the serosa?

Answer 7

Tunica fibrosa

Question 8

Which regions of the liver are not covered by a layer of serosa?

Answer 8

Hilus/porta hepatis
Ligament attachments
Gallbladder fossa
Renal fossa

Question 9

What are hepatic lobules?

Answer 9

Hepatic lobules are the functional units of the liver

Question 10

What shape are the hepatic lobules?

Answer 10

Hexagonal

Question 11

Where is the portal triad located?

Answer 11

The portal traid is located at the corners of the hepatic lobules

Question 12

Which three structures make up the portal triad?

Answer 12

Branch of the Hepatic artery
Branch of the Hepatic portal vein
Bile ductile

Question 13

What is the pattern of bile flow?

Answer 13

Hepatocytes > Bile canuliculi > Bile ductiles > Small bile ducts > Large bile ducts > Common/terminal bile duct

Question 14

What are the four cell types found within the liver?

Answer 14

Hepatocytes
Epithelial cells
Kupffer cells
Hepatic stellate cells

Question 15

Describe the pattern of blood flow seen within the hepatic lobules

Answer 15

Blood flows through the branches of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein of the portal triad at each corner of the hepatic lobule. Blood is transported to the centre of the lobule via hepatic sinusoids and drains via the central hepatic venule

Question 16

Why are there small gaps between the epithelial cells of the hepatic sinusoids?

Answer 16

The small gaps between the epithelial cells of the hepatic sinusoids allow for the blood travelling to the centre of the hepatic lobule to come into contact with the hepatocytes in order to carry out metabolic functions

Question 17

What are the four functions of the hepatocytes?

Answer 17

Bile synthesis
Carbohydrate storage and metabolism
Temporary lipid storage
Protein synthesis

Question 18

What is the function of the epithelial cells found in the liver?

Answer 18

Epithelial cells line the hepatic sinusoids

Question 19

What is the function of the kupffer cells?

Answer 19

Kupffer cells are resident macrophages which line the hepatic sinusoids for immune-surveillance

Question 20

What are the two functions of the hepatic stellate cells?

Answer 20

Vitamin A storage
Collagen synthesis

Question 21

Where is the gallbladder located?

Answer 21

The gallbladder is located between the quadrate and right medial liver lobes

Question 22

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 22

Bile storage

Question 23

What are the three hepatic ligaments?

Answer 23

Triangular ligaments
Coronary ligaments
Falciform ligament

Question 24

What is the function of the triangular ligaments?

Answer 24

The triangular ligaments suspend the liver from the dorsal abdominal wall

Question 25

What is the function of the coronary ligaments?

Answer 25

The coronary ligaments suspend the liver from the diaphragm

Question 26

What is the function of the falciform ligament?

Answer 26

The falciform ligament suspends the liver from the ventral abdominal wall

Question 27

Which two vessels supply blood to the liver?

Answer 27

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein

Question 28

Which vein drains the liver?

Answer 28

Hepatic vein which drains into the caudal vena cava

Question 29

How is blood flow within the liver controlled?

Answer 29

Multiple small sphincters that regulate blood flow throughout the liver

Question 30

What are the three regions of the pancreas?

Answer 30

Body
Left limb
Right limb

Question 31

Describe where the central body of the pancreas is located within the abdominal cavity

Answer 31

Adjacent to the pylorus

Question 32

Describe where the left limb of the pancreas is located within the abdominal cavity

Answer 32

Extends across the caudal surface of the corpus

Question 33

Describe where the right limb of the pancreas is located within the abdominal cavity

Answer 33

Extends alongside the descending duodenum

Question 34

What are the two ducts found within the pancreas?

Answer 34

Pancreatic duct
Accessory pancreatic duct

Question 35

Where does the pancreatic duct empty into?

Answer 35

The pancreatic duct joins with the common/terminal bile duct and empties into the major duodenal papilla

Question 36

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct empty into?

Answer 36

The accessory pancreatic duct empties into the minor duodenal papilla

Question 37

Which animal often doesn’t have a pancreatic duct? Why is there no clinical consequences for this?

Answer 37

Dogs often don’t have a pancreatic duct but since both of the ducts drain both pancreatic limbs, there are no clinical consequences

Question 38

Which three arteries supply the pancreas?

Answer 38

Pancreatic artery
Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery
Caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery

Question 39

Which two veins drain the pancreas?

Answer 39

Gastroduodenal vein and Cranial mesenteric vein which both drain into the hepatic portal system