Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of form or structure
Physiology
The study of function
Inspection
looking at the body’s appearance
Palpation
feeling with hands
Auscultation
listening to body sounds
Percussion
taps on body, feel for abnormal resistance
Cadaver Dissection
cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships
Comparative Anatomy
study of more than one species to examine structural similarities and differences, analyze evolutionary trends
Exploratory Surgery
open the body and look inside to find whats wrong
Medical Imaging
view inside the body without opening, radiology
Gross Anatomy
study of structures with the naked eye
Cytology
study of structure and function of cells
Histology
Microscope Anatomy, exam cells with microscope
Ultrastructure
molecular detail, electron microscope
Histopathology
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
Neurophysiology
nervous system
Endocrinology
hormones
Pathophysiology
disease
Comparative Physiology
study of how different species have solved problems of life
Hippocrates
“father” of medicine, Hippocratic code, urged physicians to seek for natural causes, rather than attribute to acts of god
Aristotle
one of 1st philosophers to write about physiology, theologi (supernatual), Physiology (natural), physical and physilogy
Claudius Galen
Physician to roman gladiators, wrote book to advise to trust own observations, animal dissections
Maimonides
Jewish Physician, Moses ben Maimon, wrote 10 influential medical texts, physician to Egyptian sultan Saladin
Avicenna
Ibn Sina, “Galen of Islam”, wrote Canon of Medicine
Andreas Vesalius
Taught anatomy, performed own dissections, 1st atlas of anatomy, 1543
William Harvey
Early physiologist, early studies on blood circulation, blood from heart and back, De Motu Cordis, Motion of Heart 1628
Michael Servetus
1st Western scientist to realize blood must circulate, heart-organs-heart
Robert Hooke
Improvements to compound microscope, first to see and name cells, “micrographia” 1665
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
Cell theory
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of cells
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
Scientific Method, Philosophers, academies of science
Inductive Method
Francis Bacon
Hypothetico-Deductive Method
investigator begins by asking questions and forms a hypothesis
Falsifiabilty
if something is scientifically true, one must be able to provide evidence to falsify
Experimental Design
sample size, controls, psychosomatic effects,
Charles Darwin
Natural Selection(1859) Descent of Man(1871)
Evolution
change in genetic composition of organisms of population of organisms
Natural Selection
Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantage over competitors
Adaptations
features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to selection pressures and enable the organism to cope w/ challenges of environment
Vestigial Organs
remnants of organs that were better developed and more functional in ancestors of a species and now serve little or no purpose
Australophicetus
oldest bipedal primate
Hierarchy of Complexity
Organism-organ system, single complete indv. Organ system- Organs, Organs- Tissues tissues- cells cells- organelles organelles- molecules molecules- atoms
Reductionism
theory that a large complex system like a body can be understood by studying it simpler components
Holism
Theory that “emergent properties” of whole organism cannot be predicted from properties of separate parts
Characteristics of Life
organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution
Homeostasis
ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain stability Claude Bernard and Walter Cannon
Negative Feedback Loop
body senses a change and activates mechanisms to achieve dynamic equilibrium
Components of Negative Feedback Loop
Receptor, Integrating Center, Effector
Positive Feedback Loop
Self amplifying cycle, greater change in the same direction
Gradient
difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other between one point and another
