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A and P Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribosenucleic acid, repository of our genes

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A

consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and a single or double ringed nitrogenous base, pyrimidine or purine

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3
Q

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

A

Purines- Adenine and Guanine, Pyrimides- Cytosine and Thymine

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4
Q

DNA structure

A

double helix, backbone- phosphate group, deoxyribose, connections- pairs of nitrogenous bases

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5
Q

Complementary Base Pairing

A

nitrogenous bases paired by hydrogen bonds, purine with pyrimidine

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6
Q

Law of Complementary Base Pairing

A

one strand determines base sequence on the next stand

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7
Q

Genes

A

genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins

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8
Q

Genome

A

all genes of one person, 25k to 35k, use only 2% of DNA, other 98% noncoding DNA

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9
Q

Chromatin

A

fine filament of DNA material complexed with proteins

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

46 long filaments that make up chromatin

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11
Q

Histones

A

a disc-shaped cluster of 8 proteins

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12
Q

Nucleosomes

A

core particle, histones with DNA

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13
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

two parallel filaments of chromosomes produced in the process of cell division

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14
Q

Centromere

A

pinched spot where sister chromatids are joined together

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15
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein plaques on either side of the centromere

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16
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, smaller cousin of DNA

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17
Q

Three main forms of RNA

A

messenger, ribosomal, and transfer RNA

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18
Q

Functions of RNA

A

interprets DNA, protein synthesis, functions in cytoplasm

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19
Q

Genomics

A

study of whole genome, how it codes, and DNA interaction

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20
Q

Codon

A

3-base sequence in mRNA

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21
Q

Stop Codons

A

signals to stop protein synthesis

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22
Q

Start Codon

A

signals to start protein synthesis

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23
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, mirror image of a gene, code for assembling amino acids

24
Q

Transcription

A

process of copying genetic instructions of DNA to RNA

25
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

enzyme that binds to DNA to assemble RNA

26
Q

Translation

A

converts language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids

27
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, binds to a free amino acid in the cytosol and delivers to ribosome to add to a protein chain

28
Q

polyribosomes

A

cluster of ribosomes, all translating the same mRNA

29
Q

Chaperone

A

an older protein that guides the new protein during production

30
Q

Cell Cycle

A

life cycle that extends from 1 division to the next, G1, S, G2, and M phase

31
Q

G1 Phase

A

first gap phase, interval between cell division and DNA replication, accumulates material needed to replicate DNA

32
Q

S Phase

A

synthesis phase, duplicates centrioles, when DNA replication occurs

33
Q

G2 Phase

A

second gap phase, finishes centriole duplication, repair DNA replication errors

34
Q

M Phase

A

mitotic phase, cell replicates nucleus, pinches and forms two daughter cells

35
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division in all cells but egg and sperm

36
Q

4 Phases of Mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

37
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes shorten and ticket into compact rods, line up along midline of cell

38
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosome align on cell equator, mitotic spindle

39
Q

Anaphase

A

enzyme cleaves two sister chromatids apart

40
Q

Telophase

A

chromatids cluster on each sides of cell, rough er creates new nuclear envelope

41
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm into 2 cells, myosin pulling on actin, creates cleavage, pinches in two

42
Q

Heredity

A

transmission of genetic character

43
Q

Karotype

A

chart of 46 chromosomes, size and features

44
Q

Diploid

A

cell with 23 chromosomes

45
Q

Haploid

A

half of chromosomes as somatic cells

46
Q

Locus

A

location of particular gene on chromosome

47
Q

Alleles

A

different forms of gene at same locus

48
Q

Genotype

A

alleles that an individual possesses for particular traits

49
Q

Phenotype

A

observable traits

50
Q

Gene Pool

A

collective genetic makeup as a whole

51
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

more than two alleles form for a trait

52
Q

Codominant

A

both alleles equally dominant, both phenotypically expressed

53
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

phenotype intermediance

54
Q

Pleiotropy

A

one gene provides multiple phenotypic effects, alkaptonuria

55
Q

Penetrance

A

percentage of a population with a given genotype that actually exhibits the predicted phenotype

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