Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

School > A and P Chapter 2 > Flashcards

A and P Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What six natural elements account for 98.5% of our body weight?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 6 elements make up .8% ?

A

sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Trace elements

A

elements that do not account for more than .2% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Protons

A

a single positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neutrons

A

no charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Electrons

A

tiny particles with a single negative charge and very low mass, determine chemical properties of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Valence Electrons

A

electrons of the outermost shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Isotopes

A

elements with varying neutrons and atomic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hydrogen with one nuetron

A

Deuterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Radioisotopes

A

unstable isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Radioactivity

A

decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

ejecting electrons from atoms, converting them to ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Three Kinds of Ionizing Radiation

A

Alpha, Beta particles, and Gamma rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Physical half life

A

time required for 50% of radioisotope atoms to decay to a more stable state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Biological half life

A

time required for half of a radioisotope to disappear from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Radon

A

gas produced by the decay of uranium in the Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ions

A

charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Anion

A

Particle gains electrons and becomes negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cation

A

Particle loses an electron and becomes positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Electrolytes

A

substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting solutons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Free Radicals

A

chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Antioxidant

A

chemical that neutralizes free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Molecules

A

chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Compounds

A

molecules composed of two or more elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Isomers

A

molecules with identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of their atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Molecular Weight

A

sum of the atomic mass of its atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ionic Bond

A

attraction of a cation to an anion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Van der Waals

A

weak brief attractions between neural atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mixture

A

substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Water

A

Atoms joined by covalent bonds and molecules are v-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Solvency

A

ability to dissolve other chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Hydrophilic

A

substances that dissolve in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hydrophobic

A

substances that do not dissolve in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Adhesion

A

tendency of one substance to cling to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Cohesion

A

tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Surface Film

A

cohesion of water at surface, forming an elastic layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Surface Tension

A

force holding surface film together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Chemical Reactivity

A

ability to participate in chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Thermal Stability

A

help stabilize internal temp of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Base unit of heat

A

Calorie (cal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Solution

A

consists of particles of matter, solute, mixed with solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Colloids

A

mixtures of protein and water, albumin in blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Suspension

A

particle suspension in solute

47
Q

Emulsion

A

suspension of one liquid in another

48
Q

Molarity

A

number of moles of solute per liter of solution

49
Q

Acid

A

proton donor

50
Q

Base

A

proton acceptor

51
Q

pH

A

measure derived from the molarity of hydrogen

52
Q

Bloods normal pH range?

A

7.35-7.45

53
Q

Buffers

A

chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

54
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state

55
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy of motion, doing work

56
Q

Chemical Energy

A

potential energy stored in bonds of molecules

57
Q

Heat

A

kinetic energy of molecular motion

58
Q

Electromagnetic Energy

A

kinetic energy of moving “packets” of radiation, photons

59
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken

60
Q

Chemical Equation

A

symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction

reactants–>products

61
Q

Decomposition Reactions

A

large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones

62
Q

Synthesis Reactions

A

two or more molecules combine to form a larger one

63
Q

Exchange Reactions

A

two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms

64
Q

Reversible Reactions

A

reaction that can go in either reaction under different circumstances

65
Q

Law of Mass Action

A

atoms proceed from reactants with greater quantity to the substances with the lesser quantity

66
Q

Concentration- Reaction Rates

A

reaction rates increase when the reactants are more concentrated

67
Q

Temperature- Reaction Rates

A

reaction rate increases as temperature rises

68
Q

Catalysts

A

substances that temporarily bind to reactants

69
Q

Metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions in the body

70
Q

Catabolism

A

energy-releasing decomposition reactions

71
Q

Anabolism

A

energy storing synthesis reactions

72
Q

Oxidation

A

any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

73
Q

Reduction

A

chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy

74
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

condensation, a hydroxyl group is removed and a hydrogen from another, creating water as a byproduct

75
Q

Hydrolysis

A

a water molecule ionizes creating a bond

76
Q

Carbohydrate

A

a hydrophilic organic molecule with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

77
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars, glucose, fructose, and galactose

78
Q

Disaccharides

A

sugars composed of two monosaccharides, sucrose, lactose, and maltose

79
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

three or more monosaccharides

80
Q

Polysaccharides

A

long chains of monosaccharides

81
Q

Glycogen

A

energy-storage polysaccharide made by the body

82
Q

Starch

A

energy-storage polysaccharide of plants

83
Q

Cellulose

A

structural polysaccharide that gives strength to cells walls of plants

84
Q

Lipid

A

hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

85
Q

Fatty Acid

A

a chain of 4 to 24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other end

86
Q

Phospholipids

A

similar to neutral fats but instead of a fatty acid, they have a phosphate group

87
Q

Steroid

A

lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings

88
Q

Cholesterol

A

parent steroid from which others are synthesized

89
Q

Protein

A

a polymer of amino acids

90
Q

Peptide

A

any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

91
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

joining of amino acids by dehydration synthesis

92
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

proteins sequence of amino acids

93
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

coiled or folded shape held together by by hydrogen bonds, alpha helix or beta sheet

94
Q

Denaturation

A

conformational change due to conditions such as extreme heat or pH

95
Q

Protein Functions

A

structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion

96
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that function as biological catalysts

97
Q

Substrate

A

the substance an enzyme acts upon

98
Q

Activation Energy

A

energy needed to get a reaction started

99
Q

Cofactor

A

non-protein partner for human enzmes

100
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic cofactors usually derived from niacin, riboflavin, and water-soluble vitamins

101
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

chain of reactions with each step usually catalyzed by a different enzyme

102
Q

Nucleotides

A

organic compounds with three principal components: single or double- carbon-nitrogen ring, monosaccharide, and one or more phosphate groups

103
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate, body’s most important energy transfer molecule

104
Q

ATPases

A

adenosine triphosphatases, hydrolyze third phosphate bond

105
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

106
Q

Phosphorylation

A

addition of an inorganic phosphate group

107
Q

Kinases

A

carry out phosphorylation

108
Q

Glycolysis

A

“sugar splitting” makes 2 ATP molecules, split six carbon glucose to two three carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

109
Q

Anaerobic Fermentation

A

pathway to convert excess pyruvic acid into lactic acid

110
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Breaking pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water when oxygen is present, 36 ATP molecules made for each glucose

111
Q

GTP

A

guanosine triphosphate, in some reactions, donates phosphate groups to other molecules, nucleotide

112
Q

cAMP

A

cyclic adenosine triphosphate, nucleotide formed by removal of both second and third phosphate groups from ATP

113
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

polymers of nucleotides, DNA and RNA

School (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions