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Endocrine > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What effect can pituitary tumours have on vision?

Explain why

A

Can lead to bitemporal hemianopia -> pituitary compresses optic chiasmia -> compresses optic nerves coming from nasal retina -> affects sight in temporal visual fields

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2
Q

What part of the brain processses visual stimuli?

A

Visual cortex in occipital lobe

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3
Q

What lies directly superior to the pituitary gland?

Describe what it is

A

Diaphragma sellae

Tought sheet of dura matter

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4
Q

What is the name of the dura mater that covers the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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5
Q

The pituitary gland forms off the hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus and thalamus together form what?

A

Diencephalon

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6
Q

For each of the following parts of the pituitary gland. Identify if they are in the anterior or posterior lobe:

Pars nervosa
Pars tuberalis
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia

A

Pars nervosa - posterior lobe

Anterior lobe

  • pars tuberalis
  • pars distalis
  • pars intermedia
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7
Q

What is the name of the stalk that leads from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

Pituitary fossa -> sella turcica -> sphenoid bone

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9
Q

How is venous blood transported in the brain/cranial cavity?

A

Venous sinuses

- made of foldings of dura mater -> internal jugular veins

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10
Q

How can you tell the difference between the internal and external carotid arteries?

A

External has branches unlike internal

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11
Q

What sinuses surround the pituitary gland?

Where is the internal carotid artery in relation to this?

A

Cavernous and intercavernous sinuses

Internal artery passes from cavernous sinuses

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12
Q

When performing pituitary surgery on a relatively uncomplicated case, the TRANSSPHENOIDAL method is used.
What must be disected through to reach the pituitary?

A

Nasal septum

Floor and roof of sphenoid sinus

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13
Q

Name the 4 paranasal sinuses found in the skull

What is found within paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal sinus
Ethmoid air cells
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus (antrum)

Resp mucosal lining -> secrete mucus

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14
Q

What muscle splits the neck into anterior and posterior triangle?

What muscle is found posterior to the posterior traingle?

What nerve innervates both these muscles?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

CN XI - spinal accessory nerve

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15
Q

What is the offical name for the Adam’s apple?

A

Larngeal prominance of the thyroid cartilage

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16
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found?

Describe its appearance?

A

Anterior of the larynx

Two lateral lobes joined by an ISTHMUS

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17
Q

What is a pyramidal lobe in relation to the thyroid?

What embryological remnant does it originate from?

A

Extra growth of thyroid that is often found originating from left lateral lobe (but not always) and growing superiorly

Not in everyone

Thyroglossal duct

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18
Q

If recurrent larngeal nerves become damaged what effect does this have.

Unilaterally affected
Bilaterally affected

A

Effects the ability of the rima glottis to move

Unilateral - hoarse voice

Bilateral - no sound at all - Aphonia

19
Q

Where do the left and right recuurent laryngeal nerves wrap around

A

Left = arch of aorta

Right = sublavian artery

20
Q

Where does the vagus nerve (CN X) exit the cranium?

A

Jugular foramen

21
Q

What is found in the carotid sheath?

A
  • Vagus nerve
  • Lymph nodes
  • Common carotid artery
  • Internal jugular vein
22
Q

What is the name of the fascia that encompasses the whole neck and covers the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Investing fascia

23
Q

What muscle is most superfical in the neck?

What is it innervated by?

A

Platysma muscle - found in superfical fascia (subcutaneous tissue)

CN VII - facial nerve - part of muscles of facial expression

24
Q

What is the name of the fascia which surrounds the cervical verterbrae and postural neck muscles?

A

Prevertebral

which dissecting from anterior found before vertebrae

25
Q

What does the pretracheal fasica encompass?

A
  • Thyroid
  • Trachea
  • Oesphagus
  • Recurrent larnygeal nerves
  • Strap muscles
26
Q

Where does the thyroid get its blood supply; aterial and venous?

A

Arterial
- supperior thyroid artery from external carotid

  • inferior thyroid artery from thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian)

Venous
- superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

27
Q

Which of the veins that drain the thyroid flows straight into the brachiocephalic vein?

A

Inferior thyroid vein

28
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands found and how many are there?

What must be noted about them when perfroming surgery of thyroid?

A

4 - 2 superior + 2 inferior

Posterior surface of thyroid gland

They have very variable positioning so need to be carefully disected

29
Q

What is the most superfical strap muscle?

Name them all from lateral to medial

What innervates these?

A

Sternohyoid

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

C1-3 = ansa cervicalis

Look at diagram in onenote NOE

30
Q

Through what vessel do hormones secreted by the hypothalamus pass into the anterior pituitary cells?

These hormones can be either stimulating or inhibitory

A

Hypophyseal portal veins

31
Q

What 3 arteries supply the pancreas?

A 
Dorsal pancreatic (branch of splenic)
Superior pancreaticoduodenal (branch of gastroduodenal -> common hepatic artery)
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal (branch of SMA)
32
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found?

A

Superior to the kidneys retroperitoneal

33
Q

The adrenal glands are in 2 distinct sections:
name them
what do they secrete?

A

Adrenal cortex (outer)

  • gluccocorticoids
  • mineralcorticoids
  • androgens

Adrenal medulla (inner)

  • noradrenaline
  • adrenaline
34
Q

What is important to note about the vascular of the right and left adrenal glands?
Name the 3 arteries and 1 vein that supply them

where on the abdominal artery do these arteries appear?

A

Asymmetry between right and left

Arteries

  • Superior suprarenal artery - above coeliac trunk
  • Middle suprarenal artery - above coeliac trunk
  • Inferior suprarenal artery - below SMA

Vein
- suprarenal vein

35
Q

The ovary is supplied by an anastomosis between the SMA and internal iliac artery.
Name them.

A

Ovarian artery - SMA - from most lateral

Uterine artery - internal iliac artery - from most medial

36
Q

What nerve is found in the posterior triangle?

A

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

37
Q

After the waves from the temporal visual fields have reached the nasal retina what is their pathway?

A 
Nasal retina
Optic nerve (CN II)
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
Occipital lobe
38
Q

When accessing the pituitary gland for surgery during the common transsphenoidal method, what bones must be broken?

A

Nasal septum

Floor and roof of the sphenoid sinus

39
Q

What kind of incision is made to access the larynx?

A

“Collar” incision - superior to the clavicles and jugular notch
In the natural crease of the neck

40
Q

Is it left or right vagus nerve that wraps around the arch of the aorta?

A

Left

41
Q

What nerves are found in the cavernous sinus?

A

3, 4, V1, V2 and VI

42
Q 
Match the cell type to the pituitary hormone they secrete:
Somatrope
Corticotroph 
Lactotroph 
Thyrotroph 
Gonadotroph
A 
Somatrope - GH
Corticotroph - ACTH
Lactotroph - Prolactin 
Thyrotroph - TSH
Gonadotroph - LH + FSH
43
Q

Inside the thyroid there are follicles filled with a sticky substance called colloid. What makes up the main component of colloid?

A

Thyroglobulin

44
Q

What cell type makes up 50% of the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatropes

(so much atrope) - excess also = GH

Endocrine (23 decks)

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