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PE > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the skeleton

A

Support

Protection of vital organs

Movement

Structure

Mineral storage

Blood cell production

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2
Q

Types of bone

A

Flat bones - large, usually protect vital organs (e.g cranium, rib cage, pelvis)

Long bones - enable gross movements (radius, ulna)

Short bones - enable fine movements (talus, carpals)

Irregular bones - specifically shaped to protect specific organs (e.g vertebrae)

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3
Q

Cartilaginous (slightly moveable) joints

A

Two bones separated by a cushion of cartilage

The bones can move a bit, but ligaments stop them from moving too far

E.g vertebrate

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4
Q

Immovable joints

A

Formed by several bones fusing together

E.g cranium

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5
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Fluid is retained inside the synovial membrane which lubricates the joint

All the moving parts are held together by ligaments

E.g knee, elbow

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6
Q

Tendon

A

Connects muscle to bone

Not very elastic, if they were the force created by muscles would be absorbed instead of creating movement. They can be torn

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7
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bones to bones

Can tear, causing the joint to dislocate

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8
Q

Cartilage

A

Prevents ends of bones rubbing together

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9
Q

Flexion and Extension

A

F - angle between bones reduces

E - angle between bones increases

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10
Q

Abduction and Adduction

A

Ab - limb is moved away from the body

Ad - limb is moved towards the body

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11
Q

Rotation

A

Turning a limb along its long axis

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12
Q

(Synovial Joint) Ball and socket joint

A

Rounded end of one bone fits inside a cup shaped ending on another. Allows full range of movement (shoulder, hips)

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13
Q

(Synovial Joint) Hinge Joint

A

Allows forwards and backwards movement (knee, elbow, ankle)

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14
Q

Types of muscle fibres

A

Cardiac - involuntary muscle (heart)

Smooth - involuntary muscle (around organs)

Skeletal - voluntary, make up 40% of body weight (e.g biceps)

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15
Q

Agonistic muscle action

A

When muscles work in pairs, opposite each other, for movement to take place

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16
Q

Agonist

A

Prime mover, muscle that causes the movement

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17
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract

18
Q

Shoulder muscle

A

Deltoids

19
Q

Back muscle

A

Latissimus Doris

20
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction

A

Muscle changes length

Concentric - shortens

Eccentric - lengthens (involved in downward movements such as a squat)

21
Q

Isometric

A

Length remains the same as it contracts

22
Q

First class lever

A

Load, Fulcrum, Effort

23
Q

Second class lever

A

Fulcrum, Load, Effort

24
Q

Third class lever

A

Fulcrum, effort, load

25
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into left and right

Links with transverse axis

Flexion/Extension e.g Running

26
Q

Frontal plane

A

Separates the front and back halves

Links with sagittal axis

Abduction/adduction, e.g side stepping

27
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body into top and bottom parts

Links with longitudinal axis

Rotation e.g pirouette

28
Q

Path of air in the body

A

Mouth -> throat (trachea) -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

29
Q

Alveoli adaptations

A

Thin and moist - promotes diffusion

Alveoli touching blood capillaries - short diffusion pathway

Rich blood supply

Large surface area

30
Q

Inspiration and expiration

A

Inspiration - inhaling

Expiration - exhaling

31
Q

Lungs inspire/inhale via…

A

The contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

The chest cavity gets larger causing pressure in the lungs to fall

Air moves into the lungs

32
Q

Lungs expire/expire via…

A

The relaxing of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Chest cavity gets smaller causing pressure in the lungs to increase

Air moves out of the lungs

33
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal inspiration and expiration at rest

Average - 500ml

34
Q

Inspiratory Reserve volume

A

The amount of extra air inspired (above that of tidal volume )during a deep breath

35
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The amount of extra air expired during a forceful breath out

36
Q

Residual volume

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

37
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum range between IRV and ERV

38
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

When the heart fills with blood and pumps it around the body

39
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle (emptying of chambers)

40
Q

Diastole

A

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle (filling of chambers)

PE (11 decks)

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