Anatomy

Question 1

Function of the skeleton

Answer 1

Support

Protection of vital organs

Movement

Structure

Mineral storage

Blood cell production

Question 2

Types of bone

Answer 2

Flat bones - large, usually protect vital organs (e.g cranium, rib cage, pelvis)

Long bones - enable gross movements (radius, ulna)

Short bones - enable fine movements (talus, carpals)

Irregular bones - specifically shaped to protect specific organs (e.g vertebrae)

Question 3

Cartilaginous (slightly moveable) joints

Answer 3

Two bones separated by a cushion of cartilage

The bones can move a bit, but ligaments stop them from moving too far

E.g vertebrate

Question 4

Immovable joints

Answer 4

Formed by several bones fusing together

E.g cranium

Question 5

Synovial Joint

Answer 5

Fluid is retained inside the synovial membrane which lubricates the joint

All the moving parts are held together by ligaments

E.g knee, elbow

Question 6

Tendon

Answer 6

Connects muscle to bone

Not very elastic, if they were the force created by muscles would be absorbed instead of creating movement. They can be torn

Question 7

Ligaments

Answer 7

Connect bones to bones

Can tear, causing the joint to dislocate

Question 8

Cartilage

Answer 8

Prevents ends of bones rubbing together

Question 9

Flexion and Extension

Answer 9

F - angle between bones reduces

E - angle between bones increases

Question 10

Abduction and Adduction

Answer 10

Ab - limb is moved away from the body

Ad - limb is moved towards the body

Question 11

Rotation

Answer 11

Turning a limb along its long axis

Question 12

(Synovial Joint) Ball and socket joint

Answer 12

Rounded end of one bone fits inside a cup shaped ending on another. Allows full range of movement (shoulder, hips)

Question 13

(Synovial Joint) Hinge Joint

Answer 13

Allows forwards and backwards movement (knee, elbow, ankle)

Question 14

Types of muscle fibres

Answer 14

Cardiac - involuntary muscle (heart)

Smooth - involuntary muscle (around organs)

Skeletal - voluntary, make up 40% of body weight (e.g biceps)

Question 15

Agonistic muscle action

Answer 15

When muscles work in pairs, opposite each other, for movement to take place

Question 16

Agonist

Answer 16

Prime mover, muscle that causes the movement

Question 17

Antagonist

Answer 17

The muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract

Question 18

Shoulder muscle

Answer 18

Deltoids

Question 19

Back muscle

Answer 19

Latissimus Doris

Question 20

Isotonic muscle contraction

Answer 20

Muscle changes length

Concentric - shortens

Eccentric - lengthens (involved in downward movements such as a squat)

Question 21

Isometric

Answer 21

Length remains the same as it contracts

Question 22

First class lever

Answer 22

Load, Fulcrum, Effort

Question 23

Second class lever

Answer 23

Fulcrum, Load, Effort

Question 24

Third class lever

Answer 24

Fulcrum, effort, load

Question 25

Sagittal plane

Answer 25

Divides the body into left and right Links with transverse axis Flexion/Extension e.g Running

Question 26

Frontal plane

Answer 26

Separates the front and back halves Links with sagittal axis Abduction/adduction, e.g side stepping

Question 27

Transverse plane

Answer 27

Divides the body into top and bottom parts Links with longitudinal axis Rotation e.g pirouette

Question 28

Path of air in the body

Answer 28

Mouth -> throat (trachea) -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

Question 29

Alveoli adaptations

Answer 29

Thin and moist - promotes diffusion Alveoli touching blood capillaries - short diffusion pathway Rich blood supply Large surface area

Question 30

Inspiration and expiration

Answer 30

Inspiration - inhaling | Expiration - exhaling

Question 31

Lungs inspire/inhale via...

Answer 31

The contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles The chest cavity gets larger causing pressure in the lungs to fall Air moves into the lungs

Question 32

Lungs expire/expire via...

Answer 32

The relaxing of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles Chest cavity gets smaller causing pressure in the lungs to increase Air moves out of the lungs

Question 33

Tidal volume

Answer 33

The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal inspiration and expiration at rest Average - 500ml

Question 34

Inspiratory Reserve volume

Answer 34

The amount of extra air inspired (above that of tidal volume )during a deep breath

Question 35

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 35

The amount of extra air expired during a forceful breath out

Question 36

Residual volume

Answer 36

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 37

Vital capacity

Answer 37

The maximum range between IRV and ERV

Question 38

Cardiac cycle

Answer 38

When the heart fills with blood and pumps it around the body

Question 39

Systole

Answer 39

Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle (emptying of chambers)

Question 40

Diastole

Answer 40

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle (filling of chambers)