Anatomy Flashcards
C6 vertebral level
Larynx becomes trachea (anterior)
Pharynx becomes oesophagus (posterior)
Trachea palpation
At the Jugular notch of the manubrium
Tracheal Bifurcation
Trachea *Bifurcation* 2 main bronchi 5 lobar bronchi 10 segmental bronchi
Lung lobes
Right lung: 3 (upper, middle lower)
Left lung: 2 (upper, lower)
Bronchial tree lining
Hyaline cartilage - gradually decreases distally
Smooth muscle - becomes progressively more prominent distally
Mucociliary Elevator
Cilia sweep mucous superiorly towards the pharynx to get swallowed
Nasal Septum (anterior and posterior parts)
Cartilaginous anterior = septal (hyaline) cartilage
Bony posterior = ethmoid (superior) + vomer (inferior)
Epiglottis
Attached to the entrance of the larynx
Open during breathing to allow air into larynx
Closed during swallowing to prevent aspiration, forcing bolus of food down the oesophagus instead
Larynx
Voice box containing several cartilages: epiglottis thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage arytenoid cartilage (2) (posterior) surrounded by hyoid bone
Vocal Cords
Approximate in the midline
Close rima glottidis (narrowest part of larynx) to prevent entry of foreign bodies into the trachea
Pharynx (3)
Nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavities
Oropharynx - posterior to oral cavity
Laryngopharynx - posterior to larynx
Parietal Pleura
Outer lining of the pleural cavity is in contact with the chest wall
Visceral Pleura
Inner lining of the pleural cavity is in contact with the lung
Pleural Cavity
Contains pleural fluid.
Small space between the parietal and visceral pleura.
Provides lubrication and surface tension
Rib (head, tubercle)
Head - articulates with the body of the thoracic vertebrae of the same number and the body of the thoracic vertebrae above it!
Tubercle - articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae of the same number.
Intercostal Muscles
External
Internal
Innermost
Found in the intercostal spaces and they attach between adjacent ribs. Pull ribs up and sternum out.
Intercostal Spaces
Carry a NVB including a vein, artery and nerve.
The NVB is between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers
Intercostal Spaces - nerve supply
Intercostal nerves - arise from the anterior ramus of spinal nerves
Intercostal Spaces - blood supply
Posterior:
Arterial - thoracic aorta
Venous - azygous vein
Anterior:
Arterial - internal thoracic artery (arises from subclavian artery)
Venous - internal thoracic vein
Diaphragm
Floor of chest cavity
Roof of abdominal cavity
Skeletal muscle
Nerve supply: Phrenic nerve (C 3,4,5)
Phrenic Nerve
Found in the neck on the surface of scaliness anterior
Passes into thorax, descends over the lateral aspects of the heart.
Pectoralis Major
Attaches from sternum to humorous
Pectoralis Minor
Attaches between coracoid process of the scapula to ribs 3,4,5
Deltoid muscle
Covers the shoulder joint
Latissimus Dorsi
Back muscle
Serratus anterior
Lies laterally down the chest cavity.
Anchors scapula to ribs.
Supplied by long thoracic nerve.
Paralysis results in winged scapula.
Subclavian vein
Positioned in front of the scalenus anterior
Subclavian artery
Positioned behind the scalenus anterior
Costadiaphragmatic Recess
Most inferior part of the pleural cavity (when pt upright)
Abnormal fluid drains here and causes the costaphrenic angle to blunt (shown on CXR)
Root of lung
Located at the hilum
Pulmonary artery - superior
Pulmonary veins - anterior and inferior
Bronchus - Posterior
Lung features
Fissures - separate each lung lobe. R&L has oblique fissures, R only has horizontal fissures.
Apex - superior to the middle 1/3rd of the clavicle
Middle lobe - between ribs 4 and 6
Respiratory Epithelium
Columnar epithelium with ciliated cells, goblet cells and basal cells
Alveoli
Gas exchange occurs here
type 1 - simple squamous epithelium, minimal thickness to improve gas exchange
type 2 - secrete surfactant
Sternocleidomastoid
Attaches between sternum/clavicle to mastoid process of the temporal bone
Scalenus
Attaches between cervical vertebrae and ribs 1&2
Abdominal muscles - External oblique
Fibres run in hands in pockets direction
Superior attachment: superficial aspects of lower ribs
Inferior attachment: iliac crest & pubic tubercle
Abdominal muscles - Internal oblique
Fibres run from medial to lateral direction
Superior attachment: inferior aspects of lower ribs
Inferior attachment: iliac crest & thoracolumbar fascia
Abdominal muscles - transversus abdominus
Fibres run in horizontal direction
Superior attachment: deep aspect of lower ribs
Inferior attachment: iliac crest & thoracolumbar fascia
Abdominal muscles - rectus abdominus
Superior attachment: costal margin, xiphoid process
Inferior attachment: pubis
