Anatomy

Question 1

C6 vertebral level

Answer 1

Larynx becomes trachea (anterior)

Pharynx becomes oesophagus (posterior)

Question 2

Trachea palpation

Answer 2

At the Jugular notch of the manubrium

Question 3

Tracheal Bifurcation

Answer 3

Trachea
*Bifurcation*
2 main bronchi
5 lobar bronchi
10 segmental bronchi

Question 4

Lung lobes

Answer 4

Right lung: 3 (upper, middle lower)

Left lung: 2 (upper, lower)

Question 5

Bronchial tree lining

Answer 5

Hyaline cartilage - gradually decreases distally

Smooth muscle - becomes progressively more prominent distally

Question 6

Mucociliary Elevator

Answer 6

Cilia sweep mucous superiorly towards the pharynx to get swallowed

Question 7

Nasal Septum (anterior and posterior parts)

Answer 7

Cartilaginous anterior = septal (hyaline) cartilage

Bony posterior = ethmoid (superior) + vomer (inferior)

Question 8

Epiglottis

Answer 8

Attached to the entrance of the larynx
Open during breathing to allow air into larynx
Closed during swallowing to prevent aspiration, forcing bolus of food down the oesophagus instead

Question 9

Larynx

Answer 9

Voice box containing several cartilages: 
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage (2) (posterior)
surrounded by hyoid bone

Question 10

Vocal Cords

Answer 10

Approximate in the midline

Close rima glottidis (narrowest part of larynx) to prevent entry of foreign bodies into the trachea

Question 11

Pharynx (3)

Answer 11

Nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavities
Oropharynx - posterior to oral cavity
Laryngopharynx - posterior to larynx

Question 12

Parietal Pleura

Answer 12

Outer lining of the pleural cavity is in contact with the chest wall

Question 13

Visceral Pleura

Answer 13

Inner lining of the pleural cavity is in contact with the lung

Question 14

Pleural Cavity

Answer 14

Contains pleural fluid.
Small space between the parietal and visceral pleura.
Provides lubrication and surface tension

Question 15

Rib (head, tubercle)

Answer 15

Head - articulates with the body of the thoracic vertebrae of the same number and the body of the thoracic vertebrae above it!
Tubercle - articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae of the same number.

Question 16

Intercostal Muscles

Answer 16

External
Internal
Innermost
Found in the intercostal spaces and they attach between adjacent ribs. Pull ribs up and sternum out.

Question 17

Intercostal Spaces

Answer 17

Carry a NVB including a vein, artery and nerve.

The NVB is between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers

Question 18

Intercostal Spaces - nerve supply

Answer 18

Intercostal nerves - arise from the anterior ramus of spinal nerves

Question 19

Intercostal Spaces - blood supply

Answer 19

Posterior:
Arterial - thoracic aorta
Venous - azygous vein

Anterior:
Arterial - internal thoracic artery (arises from subclavian artery)
Venous - internal thoracic vein

Question 20

Diaphragm

Answer 20

Floor of chest cavity
Roof of abdominal cavity
Skeletal muscle
Nerve supply: Phrenic nerve (C 3,4,5)

Question 21

Phrenic Nerve

Answer 21

Found in the neck on the surface of scaliness anterior

Passes into thorax, descends over the lateral aspects of the heart.

Question 22

Pectoralis Major

Answer 22

Attaches from sternum to humorous

Question 23

Pectoralis Minor

Answer 23

Attaches between coracoid process of the scapula to ribs 3,4,5

Question 24

Deltoid muscle

Answer 24

Covers the shoulder joint

Question 25

Latissimus Dorsi

Answer 25

Back muscle

Question 26

Serratus anterior

Answer 26

Lies laterally down the chest cavity.
Anchors scapula to ribs.
Supplied by long thoracic nerve.
Paralysis results in winged scapula.

Question 27

Subclavian vein

Answer 27

Positioned in front of the scalenus anterior

Question 28

Subclavian artery

Answer 28

Positioned behind the scalenus anterior

Question 29

Costadiaphragmatic Recess

Answer 29

Most inferior part of the pleural cavity (when pt upright)

Abnormal fluid drains here and causes the costaphrenic angle to blunt (shown on CXR)

Question 30

Root of lung

Answer 30

Located at the hilum
Pulmonary artery - superior
Pulmonary veins - anterior and inferior
Bronchus - Posterior

Question 31

Lung features

Answer 31

Fissures - separate each lung lobe. R&L has oblique fissures, R only has horizontal fissures.
Apex - superior to the middle 1/3rd of the clavicle
Middle lobe - between ribs 4 and 6

Question 32

Respiratory Epithelium

Answer 32

Columnar epithelium with ciliated cells, goblet cells and basal cells

Question 33

Alveoli

Answer 33

Gas exchange occurs here
type 1 - simple squamous epithelium, minimal thickness to improve gas exchange
type 2 - secrete surfactant

Question 34

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 34

Attaches between sternum/clavicle to mastoid process of the temporal bone

Question 35

Scalenus

Answer 35

Attaches between cervical vertebrae and ribs 1&2

Question 36

Abdominal muscles - External oblique

Answer 36

Fibres run in hands in pockets direction
Superior attachment: superficial aspects of lower ribs
Inferior attachment: iliac crest & pubic tubercle

Question 37

Abdominal muscles - Internal oblique

Answer 37

Fibres run from medial to lateral direction
Superior attachment: inferior aspects of lower ribs
Inferior attachment: iliac crest & thoracolumbar fascia

Question 38

Abdominal muscles - transversus abdominus

Answer 38

Fibres run in horizontal direction
Superior attachment: deep aspect of lower ribs
Inferior attachment: iliac crest & thoracolumbar fascia

Question 39

Abdominal muscles - rectus abdominus

Answer 39

Superior attachment: costal margin, xiphoid process

Inferior attachment: pubis