Anatomy

Question 1

-The ureters pass ……… to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis

Answer 1

anterior

Question 2

what is is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?

Answer 2

the rectovesicle pouch

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

in males – the ureter runs …….. to the vas deferens

in females the ureter enters bladder by passing …… the uterine artery

Answer 4

Inferiorly

under (water under the bridge)

Question 5

bladder wall formed mainly by …..

Answer 5

detrusor muscle

Question 6

what contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation?

Answer 6

internal urethral sphincter muscle

Question 7

in males what is the name of the pouch between the rectum and the bladder?

Answer 7

Rectovesical pouch

Question 8

what are the 2 routes of catheterising a patients bladder?

Answer 8

urethral (more common)
suprapubic (through anterior abdominal wall, avoiding peritoneal cavity)

Question 9

inside the scrotum the testis sit within a sac called the……

excess fluid within this sac is called a……

Answer 9

tunica vaginalis

hydrocele

Question 10

most prostate cancers arise from the…..

Answer 10

peripheral zone

Question 11

root of penis laterally attached to …….

has 3 cylinders of erectile tissue

….. (right and left) and …..

Answer 11

ischium of pelvis

corpus cavernosum

corpus spogiosum (transmits spongy urethra)

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

retraction of the ….. can constrict the neck of the glans causing the glans to swell

This is called……

Answer 13

prepuce

paraphimosis

Question 14

what is the blood supply of the penis and the scrotum?

Answer 14

Question 15

where does lymph from the testes, penis and scrotum drain?

Answer 15

Question 16

Which ribs offer protection to the kidneys?

What vertebral level are the kidneys?

Answer 16

11 &12

Left Kidney (T12 - L2)

Right Kidney (L1 - L3)

Question 17

what is the mnemonic for retroperitoneal organs?

Answer 17

S: suprarenal (adrenal) gland
A: aorta/IVC
D: duodenum (second and third part)

P: pancreas (except tail)
U: ureters
C: colon (ascending and descending)
K: kidneys
E: (o)esophagus
R: rectum

Question 18

Answer 18

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

• the renal veins are ……. to the renal arteries
• aorta bifurcates at the level of ……
• the common iliac arteries are …… to the common iliac veins

Answer 20

anterior

umbilicus

anterior

Question 21

lymph from kidneys goes to…..

lymph from ureters goes to…..

Answer 21

lumar nodes (AA nodes from left kidney and IVC nodes take lymph from right kidney)

Lumbar and iliac nodes take lymph from ureters

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

where wre the common sites of ureteric constriction?

Answer 24

pelviureteric junction

ureter crossing anterior aspect of the common iliac artery (often crosses the bifurcation)

ureteric orifice (opening into one corner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder)

Question 25

what is hydronephrosis?

Answer 25

Hydronephrosis – “water inside the kidney” urine back pressure into the calyces compresses the nephrons within the medullary pyramids leading to renal failure acute hydronephrosis causes painful stretching of the renal capsule kidney enlargement due to unilateral hydronephrosis is palpable during clinical examination

Question 26

which is the only part of the renal system under somatic motor control?

Answer 26

external sphincter and levator ani

Question 27

what parts of the renal sensory sytem are viceral and what is somatic

Answer 27

all visceral sensory with the exception of somatic sensory in the perineum

Question 28

between what spinal cord levels do sympathetic fibres leave the spinal cord to join the sympathetic chain?

Answer 28

thoracolumbar outflow is between levels T1-L2

Question 29

how do sympathetic nerve fibres get from the CNS to the ureters, kidneys and bladder?

Answer 29

they exit the spinal cord between levels T10-L2 they pass through the sympathetic chain without synapsing they travel within abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves and synapse at abdominal sympathetic ganglia around the abdominal aorta after synapsing they travel alongside arteries supplying the organs and join with parasympathetic and visceral sensory nerves to form a periarterial plexus

Question 30

how do parasympathetic nerves leave the cns to supply the kidneys, ureter and bladder?

Answer 30

the vagus nerve supplies the kidneys parasympathetic nerves from spinal nerves S2, S3 and S4 supply the bladder

Question 31

the only parts of the renal system that somatic fibres go to are......

Answer 31

those within the perineum, e.g the urethra (distal to the pelvic floor) and its sphincter (external urethral sphincter and levator ani)

Question 32

what nerve somatic nerve supplies the urethra and where does come from?

Answer 32

pudendal nerve S2, S3, S4

Question 33

where is pain from the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra usually felt?

Answer 33

kidneys- loin ureters- loin to groin bladder- suprapubic midline urethra- perineum

Question 34

what do nerve fibres entering and leaving at S2-S4 do?

Answer 34

visceral afferents transmit pain signals from urethra pudendal nerve carries somatic motor nerve fibres that control external urethral sphincter S3 and S4 form the nerve of the levator ani (Somatic Motor) parasympathetic nerves also exit at S2-S4

Question 35

which spinal nerve rami form plexuses?

Answer 35

anterior

Question 36

* the majority of nerves in a plexus carry what type of nerve fibres?

Answer 36

somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic

Question 37

nerves from the lumbar plexus supply the ...... nerves from the sacral plexus supply the.... and.....

Answer 37

lumbar plexus- lower limbs sacral plexus- lower limbs and peroneum

Question 38

what are the nerve roots of the sciatic, obturator, femoral and later cutaneuos nerve of the thigh

Answer 38

sciatic- L4-S3 Femoral and Obturator- L2-L4 Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh- L2-L3

Question 39

Answer 39

Question 40

Answer 40