anatomy 211 Flashcards
Why are water balance and electrolyte balance considered to be interdependent?
A) Because water dissolves in electrolytes
B) Because water and electrolytes are both in an ionic state in the blood
C) Because both form ions in blood
D) Because electrolytes are dissolved in water
D) Because electrolytes are dissolved in water
Which of the following is a type of transcellular fluid?
A) Cerebrospinal fluid
B) Interstitial fluid
C) Blood plasma
D) Cytoplasm
A) Cerebrospinal fluid
High concentrations of__________ are found in intracellular fluid.
A) chloride and potassium ions
B) sodium and phosphate ions
C) potassium and phosphate ions
D) sodium and chloride ions
C) potassium and phosphate ions
What is the largest compartment of extracellular fluid?
A) Plasma
B) Lymph
C) Interstitial fluid
D) Transcellular fluid
C) Interstitial fluid
What is metabolic water?
A) Water that a person drinks after exercising
B) Water that is in food
C) A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients
D) Water consumed in beverages
C) A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients
31) The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by__________ of the extracellular
fluid, and is inhibited by__________.
A) an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water
B) a decrease in the osmotic pressure; stimulation of osmoreceptors
C) a decrease in sodium ions; an increase in sodium ions
D) nerve impulses from the cerebrum; nerve impulses from the thalamus
A) an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water
A decrease in total body water of only__________ will trigger thirst.
A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 58%
A) 1%
By what route would a person in a moderate environment lose the greatest volume of
water?
A) Sweat
B) Breathing
C) Feces
D) Urine
D) Urine
What is the action of the hormone aldosterone?
A) Increased reabsorption of sodium ions from kidney tubules
B) Increased secretion of calcium ions into kidney tubules
C) Increased kidney tubule permeability to water
D) Increased reabsorption of potassium from kidney tubules
A) Increased reabsorption of sodium ions from kidney tubules
How do buffer systems minimize pH changes?
A) By converting weak acids to strong acids
B) By converting strong acids to weak acids
C) By increasing breathing rate
D) By promoting the excretion of hydrogen ions
B) By converting strong acids to weak acids
47) Increased carbon dioxide production is associated with a(n)__________ in fluid pH.
A) decrease
B) increase
A) decrease
48) Which of the following is a physiological buffer?
A) Bicarbonate buffer
B) Phosphate buffer
C) Protein buffer
D) Renal mechanism
D) Renal mechanism
Which of the following will cause the respiratory center to increase the breathing rate?
A) Decrease in plasma concentration of carbonic acid
B) Decrease in plasma pH
C) Increase in plasma osmolarity
D) Increase in plasma concentration of bicarbonate ion
B) Decrease in plasma pH
What acid-base imbalance results from hyperventilation?
A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalos
B) Respiratory alkalosis
Why are the chemical buffers considered the first line of defense against shifts in pH?
A) They have fewer components than other regulators of pH.
B) They are slow to react and have prolonged effects.
C) They occur in everyone.
D) They can rapidly correct pH change.
D) They can rapidly correct pH change
How does the respiratory system function as a physiological buffer?
A) By changing breathing rate, the PO2 of the blood is changed, which helps to
reestablish a normal pH.
B) By changing breathing rate, the PCO2 of the blood is changed, leading to a change in
blood pH.
C) By changing breathing rate, the amount of hydrogen ion expelled via the exhaled air
can be changed. This will alter blood pH.
D) By changing breathing rate, the amount of bicarbonate ion expelled via the exhaled
air can be changed. This will alter blood pH.
B) By changing breathing rate, the PCO2 of the blood is changed, leading to a change in
blood pH.
53) What blood pH occurs with the condition called acidosis?
A) above 7.45
B) 7.35 to 7.45
C) below 7.35
C) below 7.35
54) What blood pH occurs with the condition called alkalosis?
A) Above 7.45
B) 7.35 to 7.45
C) Below 7.35
A) Above 7.45
Prolonged vomiting of stomach contents can lead to__________.
A) metabolic alkalosis
B) metabolic acidosis
C) respiratory alkalosis
D) respiratory acidosis
A) metabolic alkalosis
What is the function of a diuretic?
A) To promote urine production
B) To increase sodium reabsorption from the kidneys
C) To increase glucose secretion into kidney tubules
D) To increase potassium reabsorption from the kidney
A) To promote urine production
Dehydration can be caused by__________.
A) excessive water intake
B) prolonged sleep deprivation
C) prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea
D) obstruction of airway
C) prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea
What is edema?
A) A response to dehydration
B) Hyperproteinemia
C) Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
D) Decreased venous pressure
C) Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
What is an effect of hypokalemia?
A) Severe arrhythymias
B) Acne
C) Excessive sweating
D) Diabetes insipidus
A) Severe arrhythymias
