Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 2 regions of the cranium
Neurocranium and viscerocranium
Role of the neurocranium
Surrounds the brain
Role of the viscerocranium
Makes up the facial skeleton
Name the contents of the internal acoustic meatus
CN 7+8
labyrinthine artery (internal auditory artery)
Where does the internal auditory artery branch from
The anterior inferior cerebellar artery from the circle of Willis
Role of the muscles of mastication
Control the opening and closing of the jaw and lips allowing things to pass through them
Name the muscles in the oral group of facial expression
Orbicular oris
Buccinator
Action of the orbicularis oris
Sphincter around the mouth
Innervation of the orbicularis oris
Facial nerve
Location of the buccinator
Between the mandible and maxilla, deep to other muscles of the face
Action of the buccinator
Assist in aligning a food bonus between the dentition
Innervation of buccinator
Facial nerve
TMJ consists of articulations between which 3 surfaces
Mandibular fossa
Auricular tubercle
Head of the mandible
What is another name for the head of the mandible
Mandibular condyle
Role of the upper part of the TMJ
Protrusion and retraction of the mandible
Role of the lower part of the TMJ
Elevation and depression of the mandible
What are the muscles of mastication associated with
Movements of the TMJ
Name the 4 muscles of mastication
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial and lateral pterygoid
What is the most powerful muscle of mastication
Masseter
Role of the Masseter
Elevates the mandible closing the mouth
Innervation of the muscles of mastication
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Role of the temporalis
Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth
Role of the medial pterygoid
Elevates the mandible closing the mouth
Action of the lateral pterygoid
Depresses and protracts the mandible opening the mouth
Blood supply to the Masseter
Masseteric artery which emerges from the maxillary artery
Which arteries supply the temporalis
Maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery
What is the arterial supply to the medial and lateral pterygoid
Pterygoid branch of the 2nd part of the maxillary artery
Role of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Control the movement of the tongue around the oral cavity
Name the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus
What nerves innovate which extrinsic muscle of the tongue
Hypoglossal nerve: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
Vagus nerve: palatoglossus
Role of the genioglossus
Protrusion and depression of the tongue
Role of the hyoglossus
Depression and retraction of the tongue
Role of the styloglossus
Retraction and elevation of the tongue
Role of the palatoglossus
Elevation of the posterior tongue
Role of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Help facilitate speech, eating and swallowing
Innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
Name the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Superior and inferior longitudinal
Transverse and vertical
What is the soft palate
Muscular continuation of the hard palate (posterior 1/3 of the palate)
What is the posterior process of the soft palate called
The Avula
What is the function of the soft palate
Elevates and tenses when swallowing to prevent the passage of food into the nasal cavity
How many muscles are in the soft palate
5 paired muscles
Name the 5 muscles of the soft palate
Tensor veli palatini
Lavator veli palitini
Palatopharyngeus
Palatoglossus
Musculus uvulae
Role of the tensor veli palatini
Tenses palatine aponeurosis
Role of levator veli palatini
Lifts palatine aponeurosis
Role of the palatopharyngeus
Elevates pharynx and depresses soft palate
Role of palatoglossus
Depresses soft palate towards the tongue
Role of the musculus uvulae
Shortens the uvula
Innervation of the skeletal muscles of the soft palate
Vagus nerve
EXCEPT tensor veli palatini: CN V3
How does the head and neck receive most of its blood supply
Carotid and vertebral arteries
Where does the external carotid arise from
The common carotid
How many branches does the external carotid have
8
Mnemonic to remember the branches of the external carotid artery
Some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students
Name the branches of the external carotid artery
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
Important about the internal carotid arterial supply to the head and neck
DOES NOT SUPPLY THE NECK
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity
Via the carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone
What does the internal carotid artery supply
The brain, eyes and forehead
What are vertebral arteries
Paired vessels that arise from the subclavian arteries
Pathway of vertebral arteries to the head and neck
Ascend on the posterior aspect of the neck and enter the cranium via the foramen magnum
What do vertebral arteries converge to form
Basilar artery
Venous distribution in the head and neck
Mimics the arterial distribution
Where do all veins of the head and neck eventually drain to
Internal jugular vein
Where does the internal jugular vein start in the cranial cavity
As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus
What drains the palatine tonsil
The jugulo-digastric node
Name the 4 parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck
Ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic ganglion
Nerve associated with the ciliary ganglion
Oculomotor nerve
Nerve associated with pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion
Facial nerve
Nerve associated with otic ganglion
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Name the 3 main ganglia in the sympathetic chain of the head and neck
Superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia
Where is the superior cervical ganglion located
Posterior to the carotid artery and anterior to C1-4 ganglion
Where is the middle cervical ganglion located
Anteriorly to the inferior thyroid artery and the C6 vertebra
What is interesting about the middle cervical ganglion
Not everyone has it
Where is the inferior cervical ganglion located
Anteriorly to the C7 vertebra
Cranial nerves involved in general somatic sensory innervation of the head and neck
5,9 and 10
Which cranial nerves are associated with smell and vision
1 and 2
What cranial nerves are associated with taste
7,9 and a bit of 10
Which cranial nerve is associated with hearing and balance
8
What supplies innervation to the external skin of the nose
Trigeminal nerve
How many pairs of paranasal sinuses do we have
4
Function of the paranasal sinuses
Reduce the weight of the skull and assist with resonance of the voice
Name the 4 paranasal sinuses
Frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid
Where do posterior ethmoid air cells and the sphenoid sinuses drain to
Superior meatus of the nasal cavity via the sphenoethmoidal recess
Where do the frontal and maxillary sinuses and anterior ethmoid cells drain to
The middle meatus of the nasal cavity via the semilunar hiatus
Where do middle ethmoidal air cells drain to
Middle meatus of the nasal cavity via the ethmoid bulla
name 4 jobs of the nasal cavity
Warms and humidifies the inspired air
Removes and traps pathogens and particulate matter from the inspired air
sense of smell
Drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts
name the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity
vestibule
respiratory region
olfactory region
what is the nasal vestibule
the area surrounding the anterior external opening to the nasal cavity
what lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
ciliated psudeostratified columnar epithelium, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells
where is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity located
at the apex
what lines the olfactory region of the nasal cavity
olfactory cells with olfactory receptors
what is the nasal septum composed of
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer and the septal cartilage
what are nasal conchae
curved shelves of bone projecting out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
what is another word for nasal conchae
turbinates
how many conchae are there
3: inferior, middle and superior
what are the superior and middle conchae formed from
the ethmoid bone
what do the nasal conchae do
create pathways for air to flow inferiorly and superiorly
how many meatuses do we have in each side of the nasal cavity
4
name the 4 meatus of the nasal cavity
inferior, middle and superior and the spheno-ethmoidal recess
role of the inferior meatus
drains the nasolacrimal duct
location of the inferior meatus
between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity
location of the middle meatus
between the inferior and middle concha
role of the middle meatus
drains the frontal and maxillary sinuses and anterior ethmoid air cells via the semilunar hiatus, and the middle ethmoidal air cells via the ethmoidal bulla
location of the superior meatus
between the middle and superior concha
location of the sphenoethmoidal recess
superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha
role of the sphenoethmoidal recess
drains the posterior ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinuses into the superior meatus
how do fibres of the olfactory nerve enter and exit the nasal cavity
via the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
where is the sphenopalatine foramen located
at the level of the superior meatus
what passes through the sphenopalatine foramen
The sphenopalatine artery, nasopalatine and superior nasal nerves
role of the sphenopalatine foramen
allows communication between the nasal cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa
what is the incisive canal
pathway between the nasal cavity and the incisive fossa of the oral cavity
what passes through the incisive canal
nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery
role of the nasolacrimal duct
drains tears from the eyes
where does the eustachian tube open into
the nasopharynx at the level of the inferior meatus
where does the nose receive blood from
internal internal and external carotid arteries
internal carotid branches in the nasal cavity
the ophthalmic artery branches into the anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery
external carotid branches in the nasal cavity
branches into the maxillary and facial artery
maxillary artery → sphenopalatine and greater palatine artery
facial artery → superior labial artery and lateral nasal artery
how many arterial inputs does Kiesselbach’s plexus have
5
where is the olfactory bulb located
lies on the superior surface of the cribriform plate, above the nasal cavity
olfactory pathway
Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium pass up through cribiform plateand synapse with olfactory bulb (ganglia)
neurons pass along the olfactory tract to temporal lobe and olfactory areas
what provides general sensory innervation to the nasal septum and lateral walls of the nasal cavity
nasopalatine nerve and the nasociliary nerve
what is the nasopalatine nerve a branch of
the maxillary nerve
what is the nasociliary nerve a branch of
ophthalmic nerve
