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Ophthalmology > Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Label the surface anatomy of the eye shown

A
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2
Q

Label the surface anatomy of the eye shown

A
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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye ?

A
  1. Fibrous - outer layer, this is divided into 2 parts:
  • Sclera – muscle attachment
  • Cornea – 2/3 of refractive power
  1. Uvea (vascular layer) - middle layer, this is divided into 3 parts:
  • Iris – pupil diameter
  • Ciliary body – controls iris, shape of lens and secretion of aqueous humour
  • Choroid – nutrition and gas exchange
  1. Retina (photosensitive) -inner layer many parts (3 to be learned):
  • Retina
  • Optic disc
  • Macula
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4
Q

What are the 2 main segments of the eye ?

A
  • Anterior segment = area infront of lens
  • Posterior segment = area behind lens
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5
Q

What is the anterior segment of the eye divided into ?

A

2 chambers:

  1. Anterior chamber (between cornea and iris)
  2. Posterior chamber (between iris and suspensory ligaments)
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6
Q

What does the posterior segment of the eye contain ?

A
  • Contains vitreous body also called vitreous humour - this is the clear gel like fluid between the lens and the retina
  • Vitreous body common location for ‘floaters’
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7
Q

Label the anterior segment of the eye shown

A
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8
Q

Describe the circulation of aqueous humour

A
  1. Ciliary body
  • Smooth muscle and blood vessels
  • Ciliary processes secrete aqueous
  1. Aqueous circulates
  • within posterior chamber
  • nourishes lens
  1. Aqueous then passes through pupil
  • into anterior chamber
  • nourishes cornea
  1. Aqueous reabsorbed
  • into scleral venous sinus (Canal of Schlemm)
  • at iridocorneal angle
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9
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the the iridocorneal angle?

A

It is the angle involve in “open-angle” & “closed-angle” glaucoma

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10
Q

What can raised IOP result in ?

A

ischaemia of the retina and glaucoma

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11
Q

What is the main arterial supply to the eye and what is it a branch of?

A

The ophthalamic artery - this is a branch off the internal carotid artery

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12
Q

Label the arterial supply of the eye

A
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13
Q

Define what an end artery is

A

This is an artery with insufficient anastomoses to maintain viability of the tissue supplied if arterial occlusion occurs

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14
Q

Label the venous drainage of the orbit

A
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15
Q

Define what the fundus is

A

is the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea

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16
Q

Label the structures indicated and state what the fovea, macula and otpic disc is

A

Optic disc:

  • Point of CN II formation
  • Only point of entry/exit for blood vessels and axons of CN II
  • Blind Spot

Macula:

  • Greatest density of cones

Fovea:

  • Centre of the macula
  • Depression, 1.5mm diameter
  • Area of most acute vision
17
Q

What are the 3 layers of the retina ?

A
  1. The photoreceptors
  2. The ganglion cells
  3. The axons of the ganglion cells
18
Q

What is the position of the retinal veins & arteries in relation to the retina ?

A

Retinal veins and arteries lie anterior to the retina

19
Q

Why is the optic disc the ‘blind spot’ ?

A

Because there are no photoreceptors in the optic disc

20
Q

Go over this pic of the structures identified on fundoscopy

A
21
Q

What does complete interruption of retinal artery branch(s)/retinal vein(s) result in ?

A

Loss of an area of visual field corresponding to the area of ischaemia

22
Q

What does complete interruption of flow of the central artery (end artery) or vein result in ?

A

Monocular blindness

23
Q

Draw out the visual pathway

A
24
Q

Light from objects in the right visual field is processed by what?

A

The left primary visual cortex (& vice versa)

25
Q

Light from objects in the lower visual field is processed by what?

A

The upper part of the primary visual cortex (& vice versa)

26
Q

Describe the main movements of the eye, consider 3 axis (vertical, transverse & anteroposterior)

A
  1. Vertical axis - abduction/adduction
  2. Transverse axis - elevation/depression
  3. Anteroposterior axis - intorsion/extorsion
27
Q

When testing the extraocular eye muscles what are also testing, beside the function of that specific muscle ?

A

You are testing nerve function also - SO4LR6AL3

28
Q

What are the different extraocular eye muscles ?

A

Note how the SO and IO both attach posteriorly to the eye ==> why they have opposite function of moving the eye than you would expect

29
Q

What is the nerve supply of the lateral rectus muscle of the eye ?

A

CN VI (Abducent)

30
Q

How do you specifically test the function of the lateral rectus muscle only ?

A
  • LR’s only function is to adbuct the eye.
  • Test function by attempting to bring line of gaze into same plane as superior rectus and inferior rectus
31
Q

What is the nerve supply of the nerve supply of the superior & inferior rectus muscles ?

A

CN III (oculomotor)

32
Q

How do you specifically check the function of the superior rectus muscle ?

A

When in abduction, SR can only elevate i.e. abduct the eye and if it can then be elevated then SR is working

33
Q

How do you specifically check the function of the inferior rectus muscle ?

A

When in abduction, IR can only depress i.e. abduct the eye and if you can then depress it, then the IR is functioning

34
Q

What is the nerve supply of the medial rectus & inferior oblique muscles?

A

CN III (oculomotor)

35
Q

How is the function of the medial rectus muscle checked?

A
  • MR can only adduct the eye
  • Check function by checking you can bring pt line of gaze into same plane as superior oblique and inferior oblique attachments
36
Q

How do you specifically check the function of the inferior oblique muscle ?

A

When in adduction, IO can only elevate i.e. adduct the eye and check that the eye can be elevated, if it can then the IO is functioning

37
Q

What is the neve supply of the superior oblique muscle ?

A

CN IV (trochlear)

38
Q

How do you specifically test the function of the superior oblique muscle ?

A

When in adduction, SO can only depress i.e. adduct the eye and check it can be depressed, if so the SO is functioning

39
Q

Movements of the eyes usually require actions of more than one muscle, what muscles work together to produce pure elevation of the eye and also pure depression of the eye ?

A
  • Pure Elevation - superior rectus and inferior oblique synergistically elevate eyes
  • Pure Depression - superior oblique and inferior rectus, synergistically depress eyes

Ophthalmology (23 decks)

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