anatomical changes associated with growth and development

Question 1

where do you find the primary ossification centre

Answer 1

diaphysis - brith

Question 2

where do you find the secondary ossification centres

Answer 2

ends of long bones - after birth at the epiphysis

epiphyseal line between diaphysis and epiphysis - growth on diaphysis line

Question 3

in middle age the xyphoid process fuses with the body and then in old age the manubrium and costal cartilages fuse making it

Answer 3

resitciting breathing and vulnerable to fractures

Question 4

changes in the infant hand
at brith you see cartilangeous PO of metacarpals

at 6 months what appears
at 9 years what appears

Answer 4

capitate

pisiform

Question 5

hip bone is made of 3 bones
ilium - 3 month
ischium - 4 month
pubic bone - 5 month

the three fuse between 20-25 years
babies have a relatively small pelvis which makes what organ an abdominal organ

age of sosficaiton of down facing and up facing joints

Answer 5

the bladder

pointing up 18 and down is 16

Question 6

achondroplasia is most common cause of dwarfism mutation in G380R in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 symptoms are

Answer 6

short stature 
characters face 
macropheaaly 
exaggerated umbar lordiosis 
limitation of elbow extension 
genu varum 
Trent like hands

Question 7

hydrochrondoplasia is a less severe form of dwarfism this is also causes by the FGR3 mutation and symtposma re

Answer 7

similar to adrochonlroplasia
less pronounced skeletal disproportion and spinal abnormalities
final height is a bit taller

Question 8

gigantism

Answer 8

caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone or IGF-1 in pubetu before epiphyseal fusion

benign tumour of the pituitary gland
extreme height, age orgs and muscle hand and feet
thick facial features and delayed puberty

Question 9

acromegaly is

Answer 9

causes by excessive growth hormone in adulthood after epiphyseal closure

pituitary umoru

enlargement of hand and feet 
crossing of facial features 
frontal bossing 
thick nose 
enlarged tongue 
growth of jaw 
hirutis mand excessive sweat

Question 10

posterior fontanelle closes when

Answer 10

2 month

Question 11

sphenoid fontallen close when

Answer 11

3 month

Question 12

mastoid fontanelle close

Answer 12

1 year

Question 13

antihero fontanelle

Answer 13

18m-2y

Question 14

craniosynotosis

Answer 14

abnormal premature fusion of sutures affecting cranial shape and brain growth

when old alveolar ridge of mandible disappears

Question 15

adult breast tissue is made of

Answer 15

Parenchyma (mammary glands; lactiferous ducts, secretory acini) - ectoderm
Stroma (fat and fibrous strands) - mesoderm

oestrogen surge stimulates stroll growth leading to increase adipose tissue enlarging size which support parenchyma

and parenchymal growth which leads to ductal elongation and branching and lactiferous ducts which secret milk

Question 16

beast changes

Answer 16

Menstrual cycle
Estrogen and progesterone changes
Proliferation of glandular tissue
Breast enlargement and pain in late luteal phase
Preparation for potential pregnancy
Pregnancy
Prolactin, oestrogen and progesterone
Ductal and acinar proliferation
Increased adipose tissue and vascularity
Facilitate lactation
Weaning
Ceasation of lactation leads to parenchymal  involution
Postmenopausal
Decreased oestrogen, GH and IGF-1
Glandular atrophy
Decreased elasticity of connective tissues

Question 17

excessive kypnosis results from

Answer 17

osteoporosis

Question 18

epidermal changes

Answer 18

Epidermis thins
Flattened dermal-epidermal junctions (number of cell layers remain)
Melanocyte density slowly declines
Langerhans cells decrease in number
Sun damage spots – age spots, liver spots, lentigos, solar elastosis
Skin tags, warts, keratoses more common
= thinner paler heterogeneous appearance
Connective tissue changes reduce strength and elasticity (all layers)
Including coarsening of collagen fibres with an increase in density of the collagen network
= fragility

Dermal changes
Decrease in sebaceous glandular activity/oil production
=dryness and itchiness
Blood vessels more fragile
= easy brusing, cherry angiomas
Decrease sweat gland production
= harder to keep cool, more risk of heat stroke
Decline in hair number, rate of growth and diameter
Each follicle has a finite number of pigment cells – stop producing melanin
= thin grey hair
Subcutaneous changes
Fat layer thins
=less protection to injury and cold

Question 19

are liver spots a normal part of aging?

Answer 19

yes

so are cherry angiomas